This assignment will be uploaded automatically to Turnitin upon submission to verify this is your original work and no parts were copied from another student. Turnitin is now more closely integrated with Canvas. Overall, you will find Turnitin assignments easier to use, but the steps to submit an assignment have changed somewhat. Directions are as follows: 1. Click the orange “Submit Assignment” button at the top of the page to open the upload window. 2. Click on “Choose File” to select your assignment file you want to upload. 3. Check the box to agree to the Turnitin End-User License Agreement. 4. Click “Submit Assignment.” 5. Your Turnitin report will be visible in the “Grades” section of your course.   Please refer to the pages below for more information about these changes. • Turnitin Submitting a Paper (Links to an external site.) explains how to submit a file. • Turnitin Assignment Student View (Links to an external site.) lets you submit a paper, then view feedback on the file you have submitted. • Turnitin Viewing Instructor Feedback (Links to an external site.) helps you view your instructor feedback. DIRECTIONS · Do not stereotype a cultural/ethnic group. Stereotyping will result in point deduction. See rubric.  Below are my chosen topics: Approved specific/ethnic population _____ Hispanic/Latinos- population Approved health problem ___ New cases of diagnosed diabetes in the population · Address the questions on the provided template: · Description of Issue, Indicator, and Focus · Describe approved transcultural nursing issue from Course Project · Describe approved Healthy People 2030 Leading Health Indicator · Describe approved cultural focus · References with Permalink · Provide APA references for two peer-reviewed scholarly professional journal articles related to your nursing issue, cultural focus and/or health indicator. · Articles must be published within the last five (5) years. If you are unsure whether the article is appropriate, ask your instructor. · Include the permalink to the article. · For more information on finding Permalinks in the Chamberlain Library, see Learn the Library and Finding Permalinks (Links to an external site.). · Summary · Summarize the key points from each peer-reviewed scholarly professional nursing journal articles selected in one or two paragraphs. Be clear and concise. · Educational Plan · Imagine you are educating a group of fellow nurses. · Clearly describe what key points would you share with them? · What would you suggest as best practices? · What ethical issues or conflict of care could potentially exist? · Please reach out to your instructor with any questions or concerns. Template Week 4: Course Project Part 2 Template(Download here) (Links to an external site.) Best Practices · Please use your browser's File setting to save or print this page. · Use the template provided. If the template is not used, a deduction will be applied. See rubric below. · Spell check for spelling a ...

1. This assignment will be uploaded automatically to Turnitin
upon submission to verify this is your original work and no
parts were copied from another student.
Turnitin is now more closely integrated with Canvas. Overall,
you will find Turnitin assignments easier to use, but the steps to
submit an assignment have changed somewhat. Directions are as
follows:
1. Click the orange “Submit Assignment” button at the top of
the page to open the upload window.
2. Click on “Choose File” to select your assignment file you
want to upload.
3. Check the box to agree to the Turnitin End-User License
Agreement.
4. Click “Submit Assignment.”
5. Your Turnitin report will be visible in the “Grades” section
of your course.
Please refer to the pages below for more information about
these changes.
• Turnitin Submitting a Paper (Links to an external
site.) explains how to submit a file.
• Turnitin Assignment Student View (Links to an external
site.) lets you submit a paper, then view feedback on the file
you have submitted.
• Turnitin Viewing Instructor Feedback (Links to an external
site.) helps you view your instructor feedback.
DIRECTIONS

2. · Do not stereotype a cultural/ethnic group. Stereotyping will
result in point deduction. See rubric.
Below are my chosen topics:
Approved specific/ethnic population _____ Hispanic/Latinos-
population
Approved health problem ___ New cases of diagnosed diabetes
in the population
· Address the questions on the provided template:
· Description of Issue, Indicator, and Focus
· Describe approved transcultural nursing issue from Course
Project
· Describe approved Healthy People 2030 Leading Health
Indicator
· Describe approved cultural focus
· References with Permalink
· Provide APA references for two peer-reviewed scholarly
professional journal articles related to your nursing issue,
cultural focus and/or health indicator.
· Articles must be published within the last five (5) years. If
you are unsure whether the article is appropriate, ask your
instructor.
· Include the permalink to the article.
· For more information on finding Permalinks in the
Chamberlain Library, see Learn the Library and Finding
Permalinks (Links to an external site.).
· Summary
· Summarize the key points from each peer-reviewed scholarly
professional nursing journal articles selected in one or two
paragraphs. Be clear and concise.
· Educational Plan
· Imagine you are educating a group of fellow nurses.

3. · Clearly describe what key points would you share with them?
· What would you suggest as best practices?
· What ethical issues or conflict of care could potentially exist?
· Please reach out to your instructor with any questions or
concerns.
Template
Week 4: Course Project Part 2 Template(Download here) (Links
to an external site.)
Best Practices
· Please use your browser's File setting to save or print this
page.
· Use the template provided. If the template is not used, a
deduction will be applied. See rubric below.
· Spell check for spelling and grammar errors prior to final
submission.
· Use the rubric as a final check prior to submission to ensure
all content is clearly addressed
Scholarly Source and Citations
· Scholarly sources are required
· Cite all sources in APA format
Running head: DISEASE PREVENTION IN HOSPITALS
1
DISEASE PREVENTION IN HOSPITALS
2

4. Disease Prevention in Hospitals
Yoslaine Guevara
Miami Regional University
Disease Prevention in Hospitals
Theoretical Framework
There are several theories that are in place supporting the
disease prevention and health promotion approach in healthcare.
The theories and models explain how the planning to understand
the people heath behavior would assist much in the
identification, development and implementation of intervention.
There are several factors that need to be considered when
choosing a theory and this includes the specific health problem
targeted, health promotion and the disease prevention. Social
cognitive theory is one of the theories and is more about
influencing individual health behaviors. The social cognitive
theory (SCT) offers the possibility of giving an opportunity of
social support to the patients and healthcare providers towards
prevention from the disease infections (RHI, 2021). The nurses
and doctors have the understanding and behavior capability of
considering preventing themselves from contracting diseases by
using the personal protective gear required before attending to
patients.
Educating and promoting disease promotion by nurses to the
patients under the SCT is an approach that helps towards
disease prevention in the hospital setting. The second theory is
the reasoned action/planned behavior theory that suggests that
an individual health behavior is determined by their intention to
perform the behavior. A person behavioral intention is based on
their attitude and subjective norms regarding the behavior and
this is what guides the patients, staff and the healthcare
providers in the hospital setting in the approach in offering
necessary disease prevention from spreading (RHI, 2021). The
hospital management intention or the reasoned action of
creating the best environment in the hospital that ensure that the
staff are safe from disease infections and the patients have

5. enough space to minimize possible infections within the
facility.
Research Questions
Determine the possible ways in which disease infections are
prevented in hospital?
Identify the best practices that will minimize hospital
infections?
The five studies have discussed similar research questions have
highlighted above but the differences are associated on the type
of diseases that they are preventing from being infected in the
hospital facility. The research study by (Schoppenthau et al,
2021) answers the research question about the best prevention
ways against in-hospital Covid-19 infections targeting on
protecting the patients and hospital staff. Lindsey et al (2016)
study research question is about determining the ways of
preventing the healthcare-associated antibiotic-resistant (AR)
infections. The (Lindsey et al, 2016) study has dealt with 4000
short-term acute care hospitals, 501 long-term acute care
hospitals and 1135 impatient rehabilitation facilities in all the
50 states. Gan et al (2020) study also targets on answering the
question about the best practices that should be adopted in the
hospitals in order to achieve zero occupational infections in the
hospitals. The research study conducted by (Robin et al., 2018)
is about answering about the newer approaches to preventive
intervention against infectious diseases in older adults in long-
term facilities, hospital and nursing facilities.
Data Collection Methods
The data collection methods highlighted in the articles were the
use of questionnaires and survey methods where the participants
were subjected to a monitoring program in checking the
outcome of the prevention strategies.
Sampling and Sampling Size
The research conducted by (Robin et al., 2018) target the
elderly population of the patients of 65 years and above and the
process of sampling most was done through volunteering
process where the target facilities are chosen. The volunteering

6. approach is more necessary when handling a sensitive topic like
the health status of a patient. The sampling technique adopted in
the study (Schoppenthau et al, 2021) involves strategically
targeting the hospital facility employee. The employees are the
nurses, physicians and other staff and they are all of age range
between 19 and 71 years. A sample size of 394 staff was
subjecting to the SARS-CoV-2 testing and 589 tests were
conducted on the patients. The study by Gan et al (2020) was
more about assessing the general improvements and targets
towards achieving a zero occupational infections in Singapore
and make sure that the healthcare providers are protected from
infections. Bearman et al (2019) implemented the cluster
randomized method in choosing the participants of the study
that comprised of healthcare providers of 20 medical and
surgical ICUs in 20 US hospitals. The cluster randomized trial
was used in gloving and gowning the medical staff in the ICU
facilities and the impact on patient and healthcare interactions
are monitored and recorded.
Research Designs
The highlighted articles employed distinct research designs
based on the objective of the study. The study by (Schoppenthau
et al, 2021) collected data through voluntary approach and this
means that the administering of the treatment was not done
randomly but there was the consent from the patient or
healthcare provider. A quasi experimental design was adopted
for the study where testing was conducted on the effectiveness
of the preventive techniques against the SARS-CoV-2. A
questionnaire was used to collect the participants’ feedback that
was subjected to a periodical monitoring. A true experimental
design was adopted in the study by (Bearman et al., 2019) and
this was demonstrated by the cluster randomized design
treatment on the universal gloving and gowning and the
outcome of the prevention strategy monitored for the patients
and healthcare workers in terms of infectious disease
prevention. A correlation research study was adopted for the
(Lindsey et al., 2016) study where different data for the 50

7. states about the infectious disease and the impact of the
preventive approaches.
Goals and Health Outcome
The goal of the study is to define the appropriate ways in which
disease infections are avoided in the hospital setting especially
in protecting the patients and the healthcare providers. The
findings of all the five articles indicates that the physicians,
nurses and healthcare leaders are required to follow the required
infectious disease prevention protocols and recommendation for
a better outcome. According to (Bearman et al., 2019), hospital -
acquired infections are associated with a significant increase in
morbidity and mortality. The existing infectious disease
prevention processes are known to prevent approximately 70%
of the infectious diseases and the prevention protocols include
gloving, gowning and implementing contact precautions. The
study on (Schoppenthau et al, 2021) has illustrated about the
massive testing conducted in the healthcare institutions about
the highly infections Covid-19 and the adoption of the isolation
strategies and masking has resulted to a decrease in the
infection rate among the patients and the staff members. There
is a high possibility of a zero occupational infections in the
hospitals and this is achieved by adhering to all the prevention
techniques and always being cautious on using the protective
equipments and gear.
Research Findings and Implementing Strategy
The findings obtained by (Lindsey et al., 2016) demonstrate that
there has been a tremendous progress in the approach towards
preventing infectious diseases within the hospital facility. The
many remaining infections that are experienced in the hospitals
are mainly contributed by the failure of the healthcare providers
by failing to implement the existing recommended practices that
include masking, gloving and gowning. According to
(Schoppenthau et al, 2021), a comprehensive testing of the
patients and the hospital staff for the SARS-CoV-2 and the use
of surgical face masks for both parties helps in the early
detection of the infectious Covid-19.

8. Early detection of the COVID-19 play a major role in
preventing the spread to the vulnerable hospital population
(Schoppenthau et al, 2021). The other articles support the
masking and gowning and the use of all the protective gear as
the preventive strategies to the infectious diseases. The hospital
management should consider offering the necessary resources
needed to achieve a healthy work environment to achieve a zero
occupational infections (Bearman et al., 2019). Based on the
findings, there is the need to sensitize more about implementing
the safety precaution of preventing the infectious diseases from
spreading in the hospital to meet the requirement of the
healthcare providers to avoid harming the already vulnerable
population.
Interrelationship between Theory, EPB and research
The theories discussed include the social cognitive theory
(SCT) and the reasoned action theory. The theories express
more about the understanding and the intention of an
individual’s to perform the prevention behavior like adhering to
the provided guidelines. The theories relate with the evidence
based practice (EBP) in a manner that there is the need of
training and building a subjective behavior and norms of
adhering to the safety protocols to minimize spreading the
infectious disease in the hospital facility. Evidence based
research works in a manner that the highlighted source of the
problem is addressed through research to find the necessary
solutions. An example is the issue that the healthcare
professionals are not masking or gowning and the concern is
directed towards researching the reasons that contribute to the
non-adherence.
Credibility of the Sources
The five sources used in the research paper are credible and
their findings and outcomes are true since they are resources
that are scholarly and peer-reviewed. The chosen articles are
credible in a manner that they were published in between the
period of 3-5 years.

9. References
Bearman, G., Doll, M., Cooper, K., & Stevens, M. (2019).
Hospital Infection Prevention: How Much Can We Prevent and
How Hard Should We Try?. Current Infectious Disease
Reports, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-019-0660-2
Gan, W., Lim, J., & Koh, D. (2020). Preventing Intra-hospital
Infection and Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in
Health-care Workers. Safety And Health At Work, 11(2), 241-
243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2020.03.001
Jump, R., Crnich, C., Mody, L., Bradley, S., Nicolle, L., &
Yoshikawa, T. (2018). Infectious Diseases in Older Adults of
Long-Term Care Facilities: Update on Approach to Diagnosis
and Management. Journal Of The American Geriatrics
Society, 66(4), 789-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15248
RHI. (2021). Social Cognitive Theory Model - Rural Health
Promotion and Disease Prevention Toolkit. Ruralhealthinfo.org.
Retrieved 27 June 2021, from
https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/toolkits/health-
promotion/2/theories-and-models/social-cognitive.
Schöppenthau, D., Weiß, K., Estepa-Martinez, M., Hommel, M.,
Miera, O., & Schoenrath, F. et al. (2021). Preventing SARS-
CoV-2 In-Hospital Infections in Cardiovascular Patients and
Medical Staff: An Observational Study From the German Heart
Center Berlin. Frontiers In Medicine, 7.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.616648
Weiner, L., Fridkin, S., Aponte-Torres, Z., Avery, L., Coffin,
N., & Dudeck, M. et al. (2016). Vital Signs: Preventing
Antibiotic-Resistant Infections in Hospitals - United States,
2014. American Journal Of Transplantation, 16(7), 2224-2230.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13893