it iis slides of bio

1. Introduction to
Biology
MODULE 1.0

2. Studying Life
Section 1

3. What is Biology?
 Biology is the
science that seeks
to understand the
living world
 Literally, biology
means “the study of
life”
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4. Themes of Biology
All living organisms share common characteristics of life. Living things share a common set
of abilities that are not associated with non-living things…. For example, all living things…..
 Are made of structures called cells.
 The cell is the most basic and simple component of living organisms.
 Have a complex internal biochemical environment
 Maintained within specific limits or “normal” ranges.
 For example, maintain an internal body temp of ~ 37 degrees
 Respond to changes in the internal and immediate external environment
 Produce sex cells for the purpose of sexual reproduction and continuity of a species
 Pass traits onto their offspring through the inheritance of parental genes
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5. 1. Biological Systems
Shows how a
combination of
parts can form a
more complex
organization
called a system.
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6. 2. Cellular Basis of Life
• Organisms are made
of cells
• Multicellular
organisms have cells
specialized for
different functions
• Cells contain DNA
Nerve Cell

7. 3. Form and Function
 Organisms have
designed structures
that are shaped in
a way that help
them perform a
certain function or
many functions.
 Structure dictates
function
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8. 4. Reproduction &
Inheritance
 All living things
reproduce organisms
of their own kind.
 Traits are passed
from one generation
to the next through
DNA.
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9. 5. Interaction w the
Environment
 Each organism
interacts
continuously with
other organisms and
the non-living
environment.
 All forms of life
are interconnected.
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10. 6. Energy and Life
 Energy is needed for
activities of life,
including moving, growing
and reproducing.
 Energy is also converted
throughout ecosystems from
one form to another.
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11. 7. Regulation
 The ability of organisms
to regulate their internal
conditions so they are
relatively constant is
called homeostasis.
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12. 8. Adaptation
 Reflects each individual’s particular combination
of inherited genes that make it possible for a
population to adapt to its environment.
 An adaptation refers to the process of
becoming adjusted to an environment.
Adaptations may include structural,
physiological, or behavioral traits that improve
an organism's likelihood of survival, and thus,
reproduction.
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13. 9. Biology and Society
 Our everyday lives are
affected by modern
biology in many ways
such as advancements in
medical and
environmental research.
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14. 10. Scientific Inquiry
 Involves asking
questions about nature
and using observations
and investigations to
find possible answers
to those questions.
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15. Question:
Reptiles are cold-blooded so they will
lay out in the sun to warm up.
Which theme of biology is represented
here?
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16. Answer
Regulation
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17. Levels of
Organization
Section 2

18. Levels of Organization
Tiers of ecological order
o Atom
o Molecule
o Cell
o Tissue
o Organ
o Organ system
o Organism
o Population
o Community
o Ecosystem
o Biome
o Biosphere
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19. Fields of Biology
 Living systems are so
diverse that biology
is divided into
different specialties
or fields of study. Biology
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20. Fields of Biology
Biology
Microbiology
Marine
biology
Botany
Zoology
Entomology
Examples of
biology fields
include:
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21. Levels of Organization
 Various fields of biology focus on the
study of living systems at different levels
of organization.
− Hematologist, blood
− Infectious diseases
− Pathogenic viruses COVID-19
− Bacteria, salmonella
− Environmental biologist, monitors environmental
conditions and conducting impact assessments
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22. Biosphere
 The biosphere includes all living things within all of their
environments. It includes every part of the environment where life
exists, from the upper reaches of the atmosphere to the top few
meters of soil, to the bottoms of the oceans
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23. Ecosystem
 An ecosystem is made up of
the relationships among
smaller groups of organisms
with each other, and with
their environment.
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24. Community
A community
includes
populations that
live together in
a defined area.
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 A community is made up of the
relationships between groups of
different species. For example, the
desert communities consist of rabbits,
coyotes, snakes, birds, mice and such
plants as sahuaro cactus, ocotillo, and
creosote bush. Community structure
can be disturbed by such dynamics as
fire, human activity, and over-
population.

25. Population
 A population is a group of
individuals of a single species that
mate and interact with one another in a
limited geographic area. For example,
a field of flowers which is separated
from another field by a hill or other
area where none of these flowers occur.
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26. Organism
An individual
living
 Animal
 Plant
 Bacteria
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27. Organ System
Several organs
that together
carry out a
major body
function
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28. Organ
Several types of
tissues that make
up a structure
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29. Tissue
Groups of cells that
work together to
perform a specific
function
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30. Cells
Cells are the
smallest
functional unit
of life
All living
things are made
of one or more
cells
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31. Organelles
 Tiny specialized
structures within cells
that perform specific
functions
 Organelle means “little
organ”
 The largest structure
within this cell is the
nucleus
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32. Molecules
 Groups of atoms are
called molecules
 They are the
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
 The most abundant
molecule in living
things is water
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33. Atoms
 The smallest
particle of an
element that
retains properties
of the element is
an atom
 Subatomic particles
include protons,
neutrons and
electrons
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34. Question
A pack of wolves is an example of what type of
organization level?
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35. Answer
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Population

36. Question
What is the smallest functional unit of life?
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37. Answer
Cell
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38. What is Science?
Section 3
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39. Science
• An organized way of using evidence to learn about
the natural world
• Goals of science:
• investigate and understand the natural world
• explain events in the natural world
• use explanations to make useful predictions
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40. Scientific Method
Organized set of investigational
procedures that typically include the
following steps:
1) Make an observation
2) Ask a question
3) Form a hypothesis
4) Perform a controlled experiment
5) Collect and analyze data
6) Draw conclusion and communicate results
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41. Observation
The process of
gathering information
about events or
processes in a
careful, orderly way
Any information
recorded from an
experiment can be
called an observation

42. Theory
A proposed scientific explanation for
a set of observations
A scientific theory summarizes a
hypothesis or group of hypotheses
that have been supported with
repeated testing
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43. Controlled Experiment
 An experiment in which only one variable is
changed at a time
 The independent variable is deliberately
changed by the experimenter
 The variable that is observed and changes
in response to the independent variable is
the dependent variable
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44. Data
Information gathered from
observations
In this example of data collection,
Adelie penguins are identified and
weighed each time they cross an
automated weighbridge on their way to
or from the sea
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45. Types of Data
Quantitative data are numbers that
come from measurements or counting
Qualitative data are descriptive
recordings of observations
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46. Inference
A logical
interpretation based
on prior knowledge
An idea or conclusion
can be drawn from
evidence you observe

47. Drawing Conclusions
A conclusion should state whether or not the
hypothesis was supported by experimental data
There is no right or wrong answer
The hypothesis may accepted, rejected or revised

48. Technology
 Technology is the
application of
science to create
devices that can
solve problems and
perform tasks
 Science uses
technology to make
new discoveries and
explore nature in new
ways
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49. Question
A researcher puts one plant in the dark and another in the
light for two weeks then measures the growth of each.
What are the independent and dependent variables?

50. Answer
Independent variable – amount of light the plants
received.
Dependent variable – the growth of each plant.

51. Tools &
Procedures
Section 4
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52. Metric System
 A decimal system of
measurement whose units
are based on certain
physical standards and
are scaled on multiples
of 10.
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53. Computers as Tools
 Biologists use computers
in many ways, including:
• Record and graph
data
• Determine structures
of molecules
• Search through DNA
to discover certain
regions that affect
organisms
• Gather satellite
data to make
predictions

54. Question
You need to measure a small amount of liquid – what
metric unit would you use?
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55. Answer
Milliliter (mL) is used for measuring volume
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56. Microscope
 Produce magnified images
of structures that are
too small to see with
the unaided eye
 Light microscopes focus
visible light rays; can
magnify up to 1000x
 Electron microscopes
focus beams of
electrons; can magnify
1000x greater than a
light microscope
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57. Compound Light Microscope
 Most commonly used
microscope
 Allows light to pass
through the specimen &
uses two lenses to
form an image
 Can view and study
dead organisms and
their parts and some
tiny living organisms
and cells
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58. Transmission Electron
Microscope
Shine a beam of
electrons through a
thin specimen
Reveal interior
structures of cells
and details of
large molecules
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59. Scanning Electron Microscope
 Scan electrons back and
forth across the surface
of a specimen
 Produce realistic, 3D
images of the surfaces of
objects
 Samples must be preserved
and dehydrated
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60. Comparison

61. Cell Culture
Cells are able to reproduce so that a
group of cells, called a cell culture,
develops from the single original cell.
Can be used to:
 test cell responses under certain conditions
 study interactions between cells
 select specific cells for further study.
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62. Cell Fractionation
Cell fractionation is a technique
used to separate cell parts
A broken cell is placed in a
centrifuge which separates cell parts
by density allowing a specific part
of the cell to be studied
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63. Question:
Which microscope will be used in the
classroom during this year of
biology?
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64. Answer:
Compound light microscope
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65. The End
Introduction to Biology