bonding and banding cements in orthodontics

1. Banding and Bonding cements
By Dr.Govind Hari
1st year MDS
Dept of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Kannur Dental College

2. Banding and bonding in orthodontics
Orthodontic devices should interfere minimally with the patient’s comfort, appearance, oral
function, and hygiene.
Cementation of orthodontic bands and appliances has been in use for at least about
hundred years and has a wide spread clinical acceptance.
Although various dental cements and resin adhesives are used to attach orthodontic devices
to teeth, the higher-strength dental cements and improved resin adhesives permit the use
of smaller, more patient-friendly orthodontic devices.
New orthodontic cements, adhesive resins, and hybrid cement-resin combinations offer
improved physical properties and clinical benefits, but there are clear differences in the
clinical indications and contraindications for each class of material.
With an understanding of the features, chemical properties, benefits, and limitations, the
practitioner can choose the material wisely to obtain optimal results.

3. Contents
 Introduction
 History
 Zinc Phosphate Cement
 Zinc Silicophosphate Cements
 Zinc polycarboxylate Cements
 Glass ionomer Cements
 Resins
 Bonding to unconventional surface
 Summary
 References

4. Introduction
 Dental cement is defined as a substance that hardens to act as a base,
liner, filling material, or adhesive to bind devices & prostheses to
tooth structure or to each other.
 Dental cements consist of an acid component and an alkaline
component that, when combined, result in the hardening or setting of
the mixture.
 Cements set by a neutralization reaction.
 Typically, the hardened cement’s microstructure shows partially
reacted glass particles (alkaline) suspended in a salt matrix formed
when the acid component reacts with the alkaline glass.
 Cements are brittle, with relatively high compressive strength, low
tensile strength, and relatively low fracture resistance
Dr. Meer Juned Ali and 2,Dr. Supratim Tripathi International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 06, Issue, 03,
7135-7143, March, 2016

5. QUALITIES OF IDEAL CEMENT
 It should have very low resolution ratios within the liquids inside the mouth.
 It should be well adapted to living dental tissues, it should contain no pulp irritating toxic material and it
should further have anticariogenic qualities.
 In order to reach the smallest details between restoration and tooth, it should possess low viscosity and
film thickness.
 It should have sufficient light transparency
 It should be resistant against mastication forces and pulling forces formed through the effect of gummy
foods.
 It should provide sufficient heat insulation to protect living tooth from thermal effects.
 It should be able to bond to hard dental tissues.
 It should have a long shelf-life.
 It should give sufficient working time and be easy to manipulate
Bakshi Y, Ahuja N. Luting agents used in dentistry: A review of literature. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Science Research 2016;4(3):46-50.

6. Classification
 A. Based on matrix bond type (O’Brien)
 B. Based on setting reaction(Wilson):
Phosphate zinc phosphate and Silicophosphate
Phenolate zinc oxide-eugenol and calcium hydroxide
Polycarboxylate zinc polycarboxylate and glass-ionomer cements
Resin cements
Resin-modified glass-ionomer
Acid base reaction
Polymerising
Bakshi Y, Ahuja N. Luting agents used in dentistry: A review of literature. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Science Research
2016;4(3):46-50

7.  ISO Classification
 Based on knowledge and experience of use
 Based on the chief ingredients (Craig):
 Bakshi Y, Ahuja N. Luting agents used in dentistry: A review of literature. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Science Research
2016;4(3):46-50
Water based Zinc phosphate, GIC
Oil based ZOE and noneugenol cements
Resin on polymer based Resin cements, compomer
Conventional zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass- ionomer
Contemporary resin-modified glass ionomers,resin
Zinc phosphate
Zinc silicophosphate
Zinc oxide-eugenol
Zinc polyacrylate
Glass-ionomer
Resin

8. Uses
Cements are used for -
 Luting of preformed restorations and orthodontic bands
 Thermal and chemical insulators under restorative materials
 Temporary or permanent restorations
 Root canal sealers
Cements are used In orthodontics –
 Luting of appliances
 Luting of molar bands
 Bonding of Brackets on tooth surface

9. Properties:
 Bakshi Y, Ahuja N. Luting agents used in dentistry: A review of literature. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Science Research 2016;4(3):46-50

10. Banding and bonding cements
 Zinc Phosphate cement
 Zinc silicophosphate cement
 Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement
 Glass ionomer Cement
 Resin Cement

11. History
 Zinc phosphate and zinc polycarboxylate cement were used earlier.
 Glass ionomer cement was first bracket adhesive to release fluoride and bond to
enamel
 Direct bonding only really became practical with the introduction of Resin
composite orthodontic adhesive and phosphoric acid etching of enamel.
 Resin modified glass ionomer cements bond to unetched enamel in a moist
environment.

12.  Paul Gange, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2015;147:S56-63

13. Zinc Phosphate
• Zinc phosphate cement is the oldest of the luting cements; it has been used in dentistry to secure cast
restoration for about 130 years.
• It serves as standard cement with which newer cements can be compared as it has the longest track
record
• Widely used for cementation of orthodontic bands and brackets
• When set, zinc-phosphate cement is dimensionally stable with relatively good physical properties,
including low solubility in oral fluids.
Sita Ramaraju DV, Rama Krishna Alla, Venkata Ramaraju Alluri, and Raju MAKV, “A Review of Conventional and Contemporary Luting Agents Used in
Dentistry.” American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 28-35. doi: 10.12691/ajmse-2-3-1

14.  Synonyms-
 crown and bridge cement
 zinc oxyphosphate cement
 American Dental Association (ADA) specification number- 8;
 type I form is used for luting applications.
 Available as-
 form of powder and liquid system
 preproportioned capsules.

15. Composition
Powder is available in variety of shades such as yellow,
gray, golden brown, pink and white.
Manufacture-
• The powder is manufactured by a process called
sintering.
• The ingredients of the powder are mixed and heated
at temperatures between 1000°C and 1400°C for 4 to
8 hours.
• The cake formed is then ground into a fine powder.
The liquid is produced by ---
adding aluminum and sometimes zinc or their
compounds into orthophosphoric acid solution
Sita Ramaraju DV, Rama Krishna Alla, Venkata Ramaraju Alluri, and Raju MAKV, “A Review of Conventional and Contemporary Luting Agents Used in Dentistry.”
American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 28-35. doi: 10.12691/ajmse-2-3-1.

16. Setting Reaction
 Alkaline powder is dissolved by the acid liquid
 Exothermic reaction
 The set zinc phosphate cement is essentially a hydrated amorphous network
of zinc phosphate that surrounds unreacted particles of zinc oxide .
Sita Ramaraju DV, Rama Krishna Alla, Venkata Ramaraju Alluri, and Raju MAKV, “A Review of Conventional and Contemporary Luting Agents Used
in Dentistry.” American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 28-35. doi: 10.12691/ajmse-2-3-1.

17. MANIPULATION
 Mixing powder/liquid cement products is technique
sensitive. Ideally, zinc-phosphate cement should be
kept cool during mixing.
 Powder-to-liquid ratio for the cement affects the
working and setting times.
 A thin consistency (low viscosity) used as a luting agent,
to ensure adequate flow during cementation of
orthodontic bands
 Working time: between 3 and 6 minutes

18. Powder should be incorporated into the liquid in small portions and at a relatively slow
rate
 Exothermic setting reaction is retarded
 Reduction in heat generation.
 The viscosity of the mixture remains low
 Working time is increased

19. Mixing → over a large area of the glass slab
lower temperature increase from the setting
reaction
provides extended time

20. Care of the Liquid
exposure to dry air
loss of water
lengthened setting
Hence,
The bottle tightly closed when not dispensing the
material
Liquid dispensed just before mixing

21. Frozen Slab Method
Advantage:
 working time of the mix on the glass slab Is
increased (about 10 minutes)
 setting time in oral cavity is reduced (about 20 to
40%).
 exhibits porosity as a result of entrapment of air
during mixing of the powder and liquid
Glass slab and spatula
are cooled below 5°C
at freezer
thin layer of moisture
deposited on the slab
when taken out from
freezer
Cement Is quickly
mixed incorporating as
much powder as
possible.

23.  For luting permanent metal restorations
 As a base
 Cementation of orthodontic bands
 As a provisional restoration.
APPLICATIONS

24. Properties
 This cement show relatively
 high compressive strength,
 convenient setting time and
 easy removal of excess cement,
 Thus more preferable for routine cementation of orthodontic bands.
 The greatest drawback to zinc-phosphate cement is that it does not bond
chemically to enamel and metals and relies entirely on mechanical means for
retention and therefore cannot be used to attach brackets to teeth.
 Nevertheless, it has been used as a dental cement for more than a century.
 Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics
Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8

25.  Gross decalcifications observed after the removal of orthodontic bands
 Loss of the luting material between the band and the tooth, resulting in a favorable
environment for bacterial action
 The decalcification sometimes found under orthodontic bands is not due to the
action of the phosphoric acid in the cement binding the band to the tooth.
However, it appears to the contrary, that covering the tooth surface with phosphate
cement increases its resistance to decalcification.
 The Role of Zinc Phosphate Cement in Enamel Surface Changes on Banded Teeth;
Per Johan Wisth; Angle Orthodontics Vol: 40, No: 4

26. Zinc Silicophosphate
 Hybrids of zinc phosphate and silicate materials.
 Other names: Zn silicate, silicate Zn, silicoPO4
 Supplied - as a powder and liquid.
 Liquid is an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid
 Powder is mixture of zinc oxide and black copper oxide.
 The settings reaction is similar to that for Silicophosphate but more formation of ZnPO4. It
is of Acid – Base type. Powder particles are attacked by acid. Ca, Al, F ions are released.
Metal ions precipitates as phosphates.
 Setting Time : 3 to 15 min
Powder liquid
Silicate glass H3PO4
ZO Powder Zn and Al salts
MgO Water

27.  Application:
 Luting agent for restoration& orthodontic appliance (type 1)
 Intermediate restoration
 Die material
 Properties-
 Translucent and esthetically superior
 Strength of zinc Silicophosphate Is superior than zinc phosphate cement
 Effective in caries inhibition due to fluoride
 Use is declining because of development of esthetically better materials such as
resin and glass ionomer cements.

28. Zinc polycarboxylate
 In the quest for an adhesive luting agent that bond strongly to tooth structure, zinc
polycarboxylate cements evolved as an adhesive bond to tooth structure.
 Introduced by Dennis Smith in 1967
 Polycarboxylate cement was the first chemically adhesive dental cement developed
with adhesive potential to enamel and dentin.
 Clinically similar to those for zinc phosphate cements.
Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial
Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8)

29. composition
Powder
Zinc oxide 89% Main constituents
Magnesium oxide 9% Principle modifier
Barium oxide 0.2% Radiopacity
Other oxides 1.4% Smoothness of mix and filler
Liquid
Polyacryilic acid or copolymer
of acrylic acid
32%-48% Controls rate of reaction
Other carboxylic acud such as
itaconic acid or maleic acid
30-55% Adjust setting time and
increase strength
Stannous fluoride

30. Bonding to Tooth Structure
 Bonds chemically to the tooth structure
 The carboxyl groups spaced along the polycarboxylic
acid chain chelate to calcium in enamel and dentin,
resulting in a chemical bond between the cement and
the tooth.
 The chelation of carboxyl groups to divalent and
trivalent cations results in a chemical bond to tooth
surfaces and metal surface oxides.
 Bond strength to enamel is greater than that to
dentin.
Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8)

31. Chemistry of setting
 When the powder and liquid are combined the
cement forming mechanism is thought to be a
reaction of zinc ions with polyacrylic acid via the
carboxyl group.
 The zinc can also react with the carboxyl group of
adjacent polyacrylic acid chain so that an ionically
cross-linked structure is formed.
 Thus the set cement consists of zinc oxide particles
dispersed in a structure less matrix of zinc
polycarboxylate.
 In the single system polycarboxylate cement, the
polycacrylic acid is dried and the powdered acid is
mixed with water, the polyacrylic acid goes into
solution and the setting proceeds as described for
conventional powder and liquid system

32. Manipulation
 These cements are powder liquid systems and is a reaction
product of zinc oxide and polycarboxylic acid solution.
 As with zinc-phosphate cement, the mixing technique takes time
to master because incorporating zinc-oxide powder into the
relatively viscous polycarboxylic acid is difficult.
 Water powder ratio: 1:1 to 2:1
 Working time: 2-5 min at room temperature (230C)
 Setting time: 6-9 min at 370C
 powder should be rapidly incorporated into the liquid in large
quantities
 working time extended by lowering the temperature of the glass
slab

33. Cements used while it has glossy surface appearance
 Glossy appearance-Sufficient no. of free carboxylic acid
groups on the surface of the mixture
 Dull looking mixture-Insufficient no. of unreacted
carboxylic acid groups are available to bond to the calcium
in the enamel
Removal of excess cements
 Excess cements may extrude beyond the margins of
orthodontic bands
 Should not be removed while the cement is in rubbery
stage
 Danger that cement may be pulled out from beneath the
margin leaving void
 Excess cements removed when the cements become hard.

34. Applications
 cementation of restorations
 thermal insulating base
 intermediate restoration
 luting agent for orthodontic purposes
Sita Ramaraju DV, Rama Krishna Alla, Venkata Ramaraju Alluri, and Raju MAKV, “A Review of Conventional and Contemporary Luting Agents Used in
Dentistry.” American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 28-35. doi: 10.12691/ajmse-2-3-1.

35. Disadvantage of Zinc phosphate/Zinc
polycarboxylate as a banding cement
 Extensive chair time.
 Frequent screening for caries or decalcification under tooth structure
 Chemical and mechanical irritation of the gingiva
 The requirement of additional arch space to accommodate placement

36. Glass ionomer cements
Glass ionomer is the generic name of a group of materials that use silicate glass particles and an
aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid.Hybrid of silicate and polycarboxylate.
It is also called as polyalkenoate cements.
Developed by Wilson and Kent in the early 1972.
Dr. Meer Juned Ali and 2,Dr. Supratim Tripathi International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 06, Issue, 03, 7135-7143, March, 2016

37. composition
 These cements are available in powder and liquid system, and are also available in
preproportioned capsules.
 Powder contains silica, alumina, fluorides like calcium fluoride, aluminium fluoride,
and sodium aluminium fluoride.
 Fluorides act as fluxes and also as anticariogenic agents.
 The powder is manufactured by sintering process.
 The liquid mainly contains poly acrylic acid with copolymers, and also contains
tartaric acid and water.
 Water serves as a reaction medium initially and slowly hydrates the cross-linked
matrix
Sita Ramaraju DV, Rama Krishna Alla, Venkata Ramaraju Alluri, and Raju MAKV, “A Review of Conventional and Contemporary Luting Agents Used in Dentistry.” American
Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 28-35. doi: 10.12691/ajmse-2-3-1.

38. Anti cariogenic properties
 Fluoride release has been measured during the GIC setting
reaction and after setting. Additional fluoride is released
when GICs are exposed to acids.
 Caries inhibition has been associated with a sustained low-
level fluoride release from GICs.
 Furthermore, GICs contain hydrogel phases, supporting the
movement of calcium, strontium, and other ions associated
with the remineralization of enamel and dentin.
 GIC hydrogel phases are thought to be responsible for the
uptake and rerelease of added environmental fluoride from
topical gels, rinses, and dentifrices.
 Compared with polycarboxylate cements, GICs show higher
bond strengths to enamel, dentin, and metals
Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8)

39. Properties
 Mixing GICs, however, is technique sensitive, and the hydrogels desiccate and crack in dry
environments.
 Low fracture resistance limits their orthodontic use primarily to band cementation; however,
clinical use of GICs for bracket bonding has been reported.
 GICs have been used for orthodontic bracket bonding, but bracket retention was poor
compared with resin controls.
 There is agreement among orthodontists that conventional GICs lack the physical properties
necessary to retain brackets throughout treatment.
 Despite the low bracket-retention rates of GICs, their chemical adhesion and moisture
tolerance eliminate the need for acid etching and drying.
 Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8

40. Setting reaction
 Material was based on reaction between silicate glass powder &
polyacrylic acid.
 Bond chemically to tooth structure & release fluoride for relatively
long period.
 Glass ionomer cements (GICs) capitalize on carboxyl chelation to
enamel, dentin, and most metals by employing various mixtures of
carboxyl-containing acids (polyalkenoic acids) reacted with
aluminosilicate glass.
 Aluminosilicate glass fused in the presence of fluoride fluxes results
in an alkaline composition that releases fluoride ions when reacted
with acids.
Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8)

41. Uses
 Restorations
 Pit and fissure sealants
 Cavity liners
 Luting agents for inlays and crowns.
 In orthodontics for band cementation.
 Recommended as an alternative to adhesive resins in orthodontics

42. Commercial products

43. Advantage over adhesive resins
 Avoid the enamel etching procedure
 Elimination of the mineral loss that occurs during
debonding
 The development of capsulated GICs eliminated
most mixing variables.
 GIC’s inhibition of demineralization in adjacent
enamel and its improved band retention are the
chief reasons that it remains useful to orthodontists
for cementing bands in caries-prone patients

44.  Calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass particles

45. Chemistry of Setting
 When the powder & liquid are mixed, surface of glass
particles are attacked by acid.
 Ca, Al, sodium, & fluoride ions are leached into matrix.
 Calcium poly salts are formed first, then followed by
aluminum poly salts which cross-link with poly anion chain.
 Set cement consist of unreacted powder particle surrounded
by silica gel in amorphous matrix of hydrated calcium &
aluminum poly salts.
 Water plays an important role in structure of cement.
 Water contamination makes it prone to the cracking &
crazing, due to drying of loosely bound water.
 Hence cements must be protected by application of varnish

46. Adhesion with tooth structure
 Bonds chemically to the tooth structure
 Reaction occur between carboxyl group of poly acid &
calcium of hydroxyl apatite.
 Bonding with enamel is higher than that of dentin due to
greater inorganic content.
 Barriers to adhesion
 smear layer not removed
 contamination (blood, saliva, too much water)
 setting reaction too far advanced before application

47. Luting GIC
 Has extended working times (3 to 5 minutes)
 Relatively short setting times (5 to 9 minutes),
 Rheological properties enable the formation of a film
ranging from 25 35 µm in Luting GIC
 Have the lowest strength among the different types of glass-
ionomer cements.
 Compressive strength of the luting glass ionomer cements
ranges between 90 and 140 MPa

48. Resin modified glass ionomer cement
 Powder consist of fluroalumino silicate glass particles &
initiator for light curing.
 Liquid component consist of water & poly acrylic acid with
methacrylate & hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate monomer.
 provide higher bond strength than the conventional glass-
ionomer cements and a decreased probability for bond
failure.
 Glass ionomer cements and light cured glass ionomer
cements are routinely used in orthodontics for cementing
bands.
 Preteatment with polyacrylic acid facilitates chemical bond
between glass ionomer and enamel- should be performrd

50.  In vivo bonding of orthodontic brackets with glass ionomer cement Axel Voss,
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. dent.; Reinhard Hiekel, Prof. Dr. med. dent.;Stefan Mölkner, Dr.
med. dent.; The Angle Orthodontist Vol. 63 No. 2
 The adhesion of orthodontic bracket bases was examined in vivo 24 to 32 hours
after bonding with glass ionomer cement (GIC).
 In contrast to bonding with composite resin, with GIC there is no need to etch the
enamel surface of the tooth.
 Conventional metal brackets with mesh pad, bonded with GIC, showed an average
shear bond strength of 3.6 ± 1.1 MPa, approximately

51. Resin Cements
 Resin modified glass ionomer cements are hybrid materials of traditional glass
ionomer cements with small addition of light curing resin or self curing resin and
hence exhibit properties superior to conventional glass ionomer materials.
 Based on the methyl methacrylate.
 High esthetics and high bond strengths.
 Widely used for the cementation of orthodontic brackets and resin bonded
restorations.

52. Resin Adhesives
 Resin adhesives consist of resin monomers and inert fillers.
 Because resins harden solely through a polymerization reaction, they neither contain nor form hydrogels,
and water is not a significant component.
 Although some resin adhesives release fluoride, the amount is quite low and most likely has no effect on
caries. Soluble fillers are subject to dissolution and ion release.
 Without hydrogel formation, there is little fluoride recharge and movement of remineralization ions.
 Resin adhesives attach to dry, etched enamel by the same mechanical bonding mechanism as do RMGICs.
Because resin monomers contain few, if any, carboxyl groups, chelation to enamel, dentin, and metal
surfaces does not occur.
 Optimal adhesion with resins requires acid etching or other surface treatments and a dry operating field.
Resin polymerization with light activation is operator controlled, and resin adhesives acquire their optimal
physical properties quickly.
 Generally, resins are less brittle and more fracture-resistant than cements.
Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8

53. Composition
Resin matrix
 monomer
 initiator
 inhibitors
 pigments
Inorganic filler
 glass
 quartz
 colloidal silica
 Coupling Agent

54. Monomer
 Binds filler particles together
 Provides “workability”
Typical monomers
 Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA)
 Urethane dimethacrylate (UEDMA)
 Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGMA)
Bonding agent
 Unfilled resins
 absence of filler particles
 Lower viscosity and thus superior diffusion into the enamel rods
 Improved interfacial adaptation

55. Classification of Orthodontic Adhesive Systems
 1. Chemically activated
 2. Light-cured (also termed photocured)
 3. Dual-cured (chemically activated and lightcured)
 4. Thermocured
Chemically Activated Orthodontic Adhesive Systems
 Initiator: benzoyl peroxide
 Activator: a tertiary aromatic amine such as dimethyl-p toluidine or dihydroxyethyl-
ptoluidine

56. Chemically Activated Orthodontic
Adhesive Systems
 Initiator: benzoyl peroxide
 Activator: a tertiary aromatic amine such as
dimethyl-p toluidine or dihydroxyethyl-
ptoluidine

57. Two-Paste Adhesive Systems
 Used in earlier days.
 Mixing of paste and liquid components.
 May create surface porosity and air voids in the bulk material
 Gradually eliminated from very active orthodontic practices.
One phase adhesive system
 Application of liquid component on enamel and bracket base
 No mixing is involved
 May not be recommended in applications where the adhesive thickness is increased,
as in bonding molar tubes.

58. Light cured Orthodontic Adhesive Systems
 Exposure to light curing source initiate polymerization
 Rapid setting reaction
 Reduces time available for atmospheric oxygen to diffuse and deactivate
the free radicals (oxygen inhibition process)
 superior mechanical properties
Advantages
 Permits increased working time for optimal bracket placement.
 Ideal for educational purposes.
Disadvantages
 Time-consuming process.
 Increased chair time

59. Dual cured Orthodontic Adhesive Systems
 Activation of polymerization → visible light
 Polymerization in the bulk material → chemical curing
process.
 Improved surface and bulk material properties
 Clinical application process for this type of adhesive is
prolonged because both mixing and photocuring are
required.

60. Thermocure Systems
 For indirect orthodontic bonding and restorations.
 Increased polymerization rates
 Superior properties
Use is currently limited -
 increased temperature required for polymerization
 Necessity for adapting an indirect bonding

61. Moisture-Active Adhesives
 can perform in the presence of moisture
 based on the hydrophilic attraction of its constituents.
 Suitable for difficult moisture control situation
 Second molar bonding
 Risk of blood contamination on half of erupted teeth
 On impacted canines.

62. Adhesive Precoated (APC) Brackets
 These are the brackets coated with adhesives.
 increased bonding efficiency
 application of the APC approach to clinical
conditions may have merit .

63. Bonding to non conventional surfaces
Bonding to porcelain
 Deglaze the bracket base area by sandblasting
with aluminium oxide for 2 minutes
 Etching with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid in a gel
form applied for 2 minutes.
Bonding to Amalgam
 Sandblasting with aluminium oxide for 3
seconds
 Etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 15
seconds

64. Bonding to Gold
 No excellent bonding.
 New technologies includes sandblasting, electrolytic tin plating,
plating with gallium tin solution
Bonding to Composite Restoration
 less unreacted methacrylate groups remain on the surface for
cross-linking with the bonding resin.
 the exposed filler particles are freed (“plucked out”) from the
silane coupling agent.
 Uppermost resin composite layer removed with a diamond or
carbide bur

65.  Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of orthodontic adhesive associated with
chlorhexidine-thymol varnish in bracket bonding Carolina Freire de Carvalho
Calabrich, Marcelo de Castellucci e Barbosa, Maria Regina Lorenzetti Simionato,
Rogério Frederico Alves Ferreira; (Dental Press J Orthod 2010 July-Aug;15(4):62-8)
 The association of chlorhexidine -thymol varnish with an adhesive system used in
orthodontics proved to be advantageous due to its antimicrobial activity

66.  Mutans streptococci and incipient caries adjacent glass ionomer cement or
resin-based composite in orthodontics T. Ortendahl, B. Thilander, and M.
Svanberg Goteborg and Viixj6, Sweden (American Journal of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics September 1997 )
 This suggests that in patients who, before treatment, have relatively high
salivary levels of mutans streptococci and especially in those who harbor S.
sobrinus, the use of GIC for bonding may prevent incipient caries formation

67. Compomers
 Compomers behave much like resin adhesives; they bond primarily through
physical interaction with dry surfaces.
 Although compomers contain carboxylmodified resin monomers, they are
packaged as singlecomponent materials, suggesting limited reactivity between
alkaline glass and acidic monomers.
 Studies characterizing the setting reaction of compomers confirm that little setting
occurs after light activation, despite the acid-base reaction.
 Compomer bonding studies have failed to confirm the chelation of carboxyl groups
to enamel or dentin.
 The fluoride release from compomers is lower than that from GICs but higher than
that from resins.
 Fluoride recharging and caries inhibition of compomers have been reported.

68. Overview
 Cements differ from resins in that cements are 2- component systems that harden because of acid-
base reactions between components. Cements contain water and, in the case of carboxyl-
containing cements, will bond to moist surfaces.
 The water in hardened dental cements in the form of hydrogels supports ion movement within the
cement and ion exchange between the cement and its environment.
 Ionically active cements are associated with caries inhibition, remineralization,and chemical
bonding to enamel, dentin, and many metals.
 Orthodontic resin adhesives do not inherently contain water and therefore bond best to acid-
etched or roughened, dry surfaces through mechanical retention rather than chemical bonding.
 Light-activated resin adhesives are single-component materials, are easier to manipulate than
cements, and have better physical properties.
 Resins harden through a polymerization reaction and have limited ionic activity. Water-soluble
elements added to resins will diffuse into the environment, but their effect on caries inhibition and
remineralization appears to be insignificant.
Paul Gange, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 2015;147:S56-63

69. Sita Ramaraju DV, Rama Krishna Alla, Venkata Ramaraju Alluri, and Raju MAKV, “A Review of Conventional and Contemporary Luting Agents Used in Dentistry.” American Journal of
Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 28-35. doi: 10.12691/ajmse-2-3-1.

70. summary
 It is important to know the properties of the banding and bonding cements as it is
widely used in orthodontics.
 Proper manipulation and proper handling of the material gives the best result.

71. References
 Tancan Uysal, DDSa; Zafer Sari, DDS, PhDb; Abdullah Demir, DDS, Msa (Angle Orthodontist, Vol 74, No 5, 2004)
 Immediate versus Delayed Force Application after Orthodontic Bonding; An In Vitro Study
 M. Basafa 1, F. Farzanegan 2 (Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (2006; Vol:3, No.1)
 The Role of Zinc Phosphate Cement in Enamel Surface Changes on Banded Teeth; Per Johan Wisth; Angle Orthodontics Vol: 40, No: 4
 Phillips’ science of dental materials, 11th ed, Anusavice
 Orthodontic Materials, Scientific and Clinical Aspects; William A. Bra ntley, Theodore Eliades
 Dental material and its selection ,3rd ed. William j O’ brien
 Restorative dental materials, 11th ed. Robert G Craig and John M Powers
 Are the Flowable Composites Suitable for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding?
 Anusavice K J. Dental Cements: Phillips’ Science of Dental Materials, 11th ed. W B Saunders. Indian reprint 2004: 443-494.
 Nels Ewoldsen, DDS, MSD, and Richard S. Demke, DDS ( American Journal of Orthodontics Dentofacial Orthopedics 2001;120:45-8)
 Bakshi Y, Ahuja N. Luting agents used in dentistry: A review of literature. Journal of Advanced Medical and Dental Science Research
2016;4(3):46-50
 Sita Ramaraju DV, Rama Krishna Alla, Venkata Ramaraju Alluri, and Raju MAKV, “A Review of Conventional and Contemporary Luting
Agents Used in Dentistry.” American Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 3 (2014): 28-35. doi: 10.12691/ajmse-2-3-1.
 Dr. Meer Juned Ali and 2,Dr. Supratim Tripathi International Journal of Development Research, Vol. 06, Issue, 03, 7135-7143, March, 2016

72. THANKYOU