Pathophysiology

1. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Presented by:
Gauri.Prashant.Bhatt
Class:F.Y, Div: A RollNo:8
Guided by:
Prof.Aishwarya Mane Mam
Shree Rishikesh Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's
Shri .D.D. Vispute College of Pharmacy Research & Center

2. CONTENT
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INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF ELECTROLYTE
REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
MECHANISM OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

3. Electrolyte imbalance refers to disruptions in the
levels of electrolytes in the body, leading to
physiological disturbances.
INTRODUCTION
The pathophysiology of electrolyte imbalances, exploring
the underlying mechanisms involved.

4. ROLE OF ELECTROLYTES
• Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge when
dissolved in bodily fluids.
• They play a crucial role in maintaining proper fluid balance,
conducting nerve impulses, and facilitating muscle contractions.
• Common electrolytes include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+),
calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl-), phosphate
(PO43-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-).

5. REGULATION OF ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
Several organs and systems in the body work together to
regulate electrolyte balance:
• Kidneys: Control the excretion and reabsorption of electrolytes.
• Intestines: Absorb electrolytes from the diet.
• Hormones: Influence electrolyte levels through their effects on kidney function and
cellular transport mechanisms.

6. MECHANISMS OF ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCE
• Dehydration: Inadequate fluid intake or excessive fluid loss through sweating, vomiting,
or diarrhea can lead to electrolyte imbalances.
• Renal Dysfunction: Impaired kidney function can disrupt the excretion and reabsorption
of electrolytes, causing imbalances.
• Hormonal Disorders: Conditions affecting hormone production, such as adrenal
insufficiency or hyperparathyroidism, can disrupt electrolyte balance.
• Acid-Base Imbalance: Disturbances in the body's acid-base balance can influence the
distribution and transport of electrolytes.
• Medications: Certain drugs can interfere with electrolyte regulation, either directly or
by affecting

7. 01 03 04
Sodium Imbalance Pathophysiology
• Hyponatremia (low sodium):
• Excessive fluid retention or inadequate sodium
intake.
• Kidney dysfunction or hormonal imbalances
affecting sodium excretion.
Symptoms
• weakness,
• confusion,
• seizures.

8. CONTINUE...
• Inadequate fluid intake or excessive
sodium intake.
• Impaired thirst mechanism or water loss.
• thirst,
• dry mouth
• neurological changes
2.Hypernatremia (high sodium):
Symptoms

9. POTASSIUM IMBALANCE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1.Hypokalemia (low potassium):
• Increased potassium excretion or inadequate intake.
• Medications (diuretics) or gastrointestinal losses
(diarrhea).
Symptoms
• muscle weakness,
• cardiac arrhythmias, and
• fatigue.
1.Hypokalemia (low potassium):

10. CONTINUE...
2.Hyperkalemia (high potassium):
• Impaired potassium excretion or excessive intake.
• Kidney dysfunction or cell damage (e.g., trauma or burns).
Symptoms
• muscle weakness
• cardiac arrhythmias,
• paralysis.

11. CALCIUM IMBALANCE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1.Hypocalcemia (low
calcium):
• Inadequate calcium intake or impaired absorption.
• Vitamin D deficiency or kidney dysfunction.
Symptoms
• muscle cramps
• tetany, and
• numbness.

12. CONTINUE...
2.Hypercalcemia (high calcium):
• Excessive calcium intake or impaired excretion.
• Hyperparathyroidism or certain malignancies.
Symptoms
• fatigue,
• bone pain, and
• kidney stones.

13. MAGNESIUM IMBALANCE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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1.Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium):
• Inadequate magnesium intake or increased renal
excretion.
• Malabsorption syndromes or certain medications.
Symptoms
• muscle spasms,
• tremors,
• cardiac arrhythmias.

14. 2.Hypermagnesemia (high
magnesium):
Continue
• Impaired renal excretion or excessive intake.
• Kidney dysfunction or magnesium-containing
medications.
Symptoms
• muscle weakness,
• hypotension,
• respiratory depression.

15. • Electrolyte imbalances can result from various factors, including
dehydration, renal dysfunction, hormonal disorders, acid-base
imbalances, and medications.
• Understanding the pathophysiology of electrolyte imbalances is
crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
• Further research and clinical studies are necessary to deepen our
understanding of electrolyte imbalance mechanisms and develop
targeted therapies.
Conclusion

16. THANK YOU