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13.
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VDOD GH UHFHSomR ORFDO GH GHVFDQVR SDUD VHXV WUDEDOKDGRUHV jV YH]HV VDODV GH P~VLFD H SHTXHQDV ELEOLRWHFDV 1DLU FRPHQWRX FRPLJR 2EVHUYH 3DWUtFLD TXH SRU RQGH SDVVDPRV VHPSUH Ki ERQV OLYURV H PXLWRV H[HPSODUHV GR (YDQJHOKR H GH 2 (YDQJHOKR 6HJXQGR R (VSLULWLVPR 1mR VH LQVWUXL TXHP QmR TXHU 5HVSRQGL 9RFrV VDEHP TXDQWRV FULVWmRV RX TXH VH GL]HP FULVWmRV WrP XPD UHOLJLmR H QmR FRQKHFHP R (YDQJHOKR ,YR QRV LQGDJRX 'HYHP VHU PXLWRV QmR FRQKHFHP H QHP VHJXHP D QRWDU SHORV PXLWRV VRFRUULGRV UHVSRQGL e SHQD ([FODPRX ,YR 2 (YDQJHOKR QmR VHU OLGR H YLYLGR (VWiYDPRV QXP 3RVWR WRGRV DWDUHIDGRV TXDQGR HVFXWDPRV LGD JULWDU /HYHL WDPDQKR VXVWR TXH ILTXHL SDUDGD SRU VHJXQGRV GHSRLV FRUUL WDPEpP LGD HVWDYD QD VDOD GD IUHQWH D GH FXUDWLYRV )UHGHULFR YHLR WmR GHSUHVVD TXH WURPERX FRP )ORU $]XO DOPD LGD 4XH KRXYH ,QGDJRX )UHGHULFR (QWURX XP KRPHP DTXL URXERX XP HVSDUDGUDSR H VDLX FRUUHQGR 8ID )UHGHULFR H[FODPRX DOLYLDGR $FKR TXH JULWHL j WRD GLVVH LGD VHP JUDoD ¬ WRD H HVFDQGDORVDPHQWH LGD GLVVH ' ,VDXUD FDULQKRVDPHQWH 1mR SUHFLVDYD ID]HU D JULWDULD 3HoROKHV GHVFXOSDV GLVVH LGD 2 LUPmR TXH SHJRX R HVSDUDGUDSR QmR SDVVDUi SHOR SRUWmR Vy VH R SRUWHLUR GHL[DU ( PXLWDV YH]HV GHL[DP (OH HQWURX DTXL TXHUHQGR REMHWRV SDUD ID]HU XP FXUDWLYR jV YH]HV QHOH RX HP FRPSDQKHLURV 3HOD 7HUUD DR UHGRU GRV 3RVWRV HVWmR VHPSUH PXLWRV LUPmRV D YDJDU ILFDP D YDPSLUL]DU RV HQFDUQDGRV 0XLWRV YDPSLUL]DP DOFRyODWUDV H VH PHWHP HP EULJDV ¬V YH]HV YrP DTXL SDUD ID]HU FXUDWLYRV PDV VDEHP TXH HVFXWDUmR DOJXPDV YHUGDGHV TXH LQFRPRGDP DVVLP SUHIHUHP QRV URXEDU H[SOLFRX DWHQFLRVDPHQWH XP DWHQGHQWH GR 3RVWR TXH ILQDOL]RX EHPKXPRUDGR (VSHUR TXH R VXVWR WHQKD SDVVDGR 9RFrV UHFHEHP PXLWRV DWDTXHV ,YR SHUJXQWRX 1mR PXLWRV 6mR PDLV DWDTXHV GH LUPmRV TXHUHQGR VH GLYHUWLU PDV FRPR QRVVRV UDLRV HOpWULFRV VmR IRUWHV H OKHV GmR D LPSUHVVmR GH PRUWH GLILFLOPHQWH QRV DWDFDP RPR HVVH KRPHP HQWURX DTXL /Xt]D LQGDJRX FXULRVD e FRQKHFLGR GR SRUWHLUR H QRVVR 3HGLX DR SRUWHLUR TXH IRVVH DWHQGLGR H HOH R GHL[RX HQWUDU H WDPEpP VDLU VHP SUREOHPDV 2V TXH YDJDP HP VXD PDLRULD FRVWXPDP QRV SHGLU FRLVDV FRPR UHPpGLRV H DOLPHQWRV H p UDUR QRV IXUWDUHP (VWH KRMH UHVROYHX ID]rOR -RVp GH $ULPDWpLD R QRVVR GLVWUDtGR =p H[FODPRX DOWR -i VHL SRU TXH XVDPRV XQLIRUPHV e SDUD QmR VHUPRV FRQIXQGLGRV FRP RV GHPDLV ELUXWDV 2 VXVWR SDVVRX YROWDPRV jV WDUHIDV -i HUD QRLWH DOWD TXDQGR UHJUHVVDPRV DR DULGDGH H /X] SDUD R PHUHFLGR GHVFDQVR 'RLV GLDV IL]HPRV HVVDV YLVLWDV H GHVFDQVDPRV QR DEULJR )RUDP PXLWR SURYHLWRVDV DV H[FXUV}HV *RVWHL PXLWR GHVVHV SRVWRV GH DX[tOLR HQWUH RV HQFDUQDGRV 6mR UHDOPHQWH GH PXLWD DMXGD RQGH D FDULGDGH p YHUGDGHLUDPHQWH DSOLFDGD
14.
3RVWR 9LJtOLD 'H PDQKm]LQKD
VDtPRV QRYDPHQWH Vy TXH GHVWD YH] D Sp $QGDU SHOR 8PEUDO p HVWUDQKR 6H D RO{QLD p XPD IHVWD DRV PHXV ROKRV R 8PEUDO FRP VHX DPELHQWH DQJXVWLRVR H GHSUHVVLYR p SDUD PLP XPD YLVmR WHUUtYHO H KRUULSLODQWH 6DELD TXH PXLWRV HVStULWRV YDJDYDP SRU Oi H DSLHGHLPH GHOHV FRPR WDPEpP VDELD TXH PXLWRV DOL HVWDYDP SRU JRVWDU R TXH DFKHL WUHPHQGD IDOWD GH JRVWR PDV WHPRV WRGRV R OLYUHDUEtWULR H FDGD XP JRVWD GH XP OXJDU DPLQKDPRV KRUDV HP ILOD WRGRV MXQWRV ' ,VDXUD QD IUHQWH 5DLPXQGR QR PHLR H )UHGHULFR QR )LQDO )ORU $]XO DR PHX ODGR 1mR FRQYHUVDPRV tDPRV HP VLOrQFLR 7LYHPRV UHFRPHQGDo}HV GH QmR FRQYHUVDU SDUD QmR VHUPRV QRWDGRV DPLQKiYDPRV FDXWHORVRV SLVDQGR HP WHUUHQR PDLV ILUPH SRUTXH Ki PXLWD ODPD 9HVWLPRV FDSDV GH FRU PDUURP TXH YLQKDP DWp RV MRHOKRV FRP FDSX] GHL[DQGR VRPHQWH R URVWR GH IRUD H FDOoDPRV ERWDV HVSHFLDLV /Xt]D FRPHQWRX HQTXDQWR QRV YHVWtDPRV 3RU TXH QRV YHVWLPRV DVVLP SDUD DQGDU SHOR 8PEUDO 3DUHFH WmR HVWUDQKR (VWDPRV VRPHQWH QRV SURWHJHQGR UHVSRQGHX ' ,VDXUD DVR VHMDPRV DWDFDGRV DV FDSDV QRV SURWHJHUmR $V ERWDV VmR SDUD GDU VHJXUDQoD QD FDPLQKDGD $R FDPLQKDU SHOR 8PEUDO HQWHQGL R SRUTXr GH QRV YHVWLUPRV DVVLP 2 8PEUDO p VXMR WHP SDUWHV HVFRUUHJDGLDV $V ERWDV QRV GDYDP ILUPH]D H DV FDSDV FRQIRUWR 'HVOXPEUDGD FRP R TXH YLD DR GDU SRU PLP PXLWDV YH]HV HVWDYD FRP RV ROKRV DUUHJDODGRV 3HQVHL ´6H HVWLYHVVH DTXL VR]LQKD PRUUHULD GH PHGR VH SRUYHQWXUD LVWR IRVVH SRVVtYHO´ (P FHUWR PRPHQWR XPD JUDQGH DYH YRRX SHUWR GH QyV $VVXVWHLPH H DEDIHL XP JULWR TXH ILFRX SUHVR QD JDUJDQWD 0DV QmR IXL Vy HX D OHYDU R VXVWR /Xt]D H 1DLU DFRQFKHJDUDPVH D )ORU $]XO TXH HVWDYD WUDQTLOR H QRV ROKDYD VRUULQGR 2 UHVWR GR FDPLQKR ILTXHL EHP SHUWR GHOH )L]HPRV R WUDMHWR HP SHUIHLWR VLOrQFLR H VHP SUREOHPDV $ FODULGDGH p HVFDVVD SDUHFLD R DQRLWHFHU HQWUH RV HQFDUQDGRV 6HP PXLWD QHEOLQD RX QHYRHLUR 'H ORQJH R 3RVWR SDUHFH VRPHQWH XP PXUR QmR VH Yr QDGD GHOH SRU IRUD $R DSUR[LPDUPRQRV PDLV YLPRV R PXUR FLQ]HQWR H R SRUWmR SDUHFLGR FRP XP GH PDGHLUD SHVDGR WUDEDOKDGR HP UHOHYR ERQLWR H VLPSOHV ' ,VDXUD IH] VRDU D FDPSDLQKD H R SHVDGR SRUWmR IRL DEHUWR (QWUDPRV QR SiWLR HUD TXDGUDGR FRP SRXFDV IORUHV HP DOJXQV FDQWHLURV D HQIHLWiOR URGHDGR GH SHTXHQDV iUYRUHV VHP PXLWD EHOH]D SDUHFLGDV FRP PXLWDV TXH SRVVXHP RV HQFDUQDGRV )RPRV UHFHELGRV SHOR VHX DGPLQLVWUDGRU GLUHWRU RX UHVSRQViYHO %RD WDUGH 6RX *XLOKHUPH 6HMDP EHPYLQGRV DR 3RVWR 9LJtOLD 3RU IDYRU YHQKDP FRPLJR PRVWUDUHL VHXV DORMDPHQWRV SRLV SUHVXPR TXH TXHLUDP GHVFDQVDU $V RO{QLDV H 3RVWRV GH 6RFRUUR VHJXHP R PHVPR KRUiULR GD 7HUUD 6H QD FLGDGH GRV HQFDUQDGRV IRVVHP TXDWRU]H KRUDV DOL WDPEpP HUD 2 3RVWR 9LJtOLD ILFD QR 8PEUDO QXPD ]RQD GH PXLWR VRIULPHQWR e XPD FDVD WUDQVLWyULD RX URWDWyULD RX VHMD PXGD GH OXJDU -RDTXLP XP GRV QRVVRV FROHJDV WUDEDOKRX DOL SRU DQRV H HVWDYD DIDVWDGR SDUD ID]HU R FXUVR 'HSRLV GH FRQFOXtOR UHWRUQDUi D VXDV DWLYLGDGHV )RL UHFHELGR FRP DOHJULD DEUDoDGR SHORV WUDEDOKDGRUHV GR 3RVWR 3HUFHEHPRV TXH WRGRV DOL VH DPDYDP IRUPDQGR XPD JUDQGH IDPtOLD /X]HV DUWLILFLDLV LOXPLQDP R 3RVWR GLD H QRLWH 'R SiWLR SDVVDPRV j SDUWH GHVWLQDGD DRV KyVSHGHV )LFDPRV /Xt]D H HX MXQWDV QR TXDUWR TXH HUD VLPSOHV VHP HQIHLWHV PDV FRQIRUWiYHO $SyV QRV KLJLHQL]DUPRV IRPRV DR UHIHLWyULR RQGH WRPDPRV D UHIHLomR FRPSRVWD GH IUXWDV H FDOGRV 5HXQLPRQRV ORJR DSyV QR VDOmR GH SDOHVWUDV SDUD FRQYHUVDUPRV 5HFHEHPRV H[SOLFDo}HV VREUH R 3RVWR 9LJtOLD (VWH DEULJR IRL FULDGR QD PHVPD pSRFD HP TXH VH IRUPRX XP SRYRDGR SDUD RV HQFDUQDGRV 4XDQGR R DPELHQWH FRPHoD D ILFDU GHYHUDV SHVDGR YHP D WHPSHVWDGH GH IRJR H PXGDPRV GH OXJDU H[SOLFRX *XLOKHUPH 4XHULD YHU XPD ([FODPRX -DPHV 1mR HVWDPRV HVSHUDQGR SDUD Mi FRQWLQXRX R DGPLQLVWUDGRU GR 3RVWR 2 IRJR FDL FRPR UDLRV TXHLPDQGR WXGR SXULILFDQGR RV IOXLGRV SHVDGRV 7RGRV IRJHP H RV TXH HVWmR SDUD VHU VRFRUULGRV UHFHEHP DTXL R DEULJR 0XGDVH SDUD ORQJH ,QGDJXHL
15.
1mR VHPSUH ILFDPRV
QD UHJLmR +i FDVDV FRPR HVWDV HP RXWUDV RO{QLDV TXH FKHJDP D PXGDUVH SDUD ORFDLV YLQWH D FLQTHQWD TXLO{PHWURV GLVWDQWHV 1yV QRUPDOPHQWH QRV PXGDPRV SDUD VHWH D GH] TXLO{PHWURV )D] WHPSR TXH WUDEDOKD DTXL 3HUJXQWRX 1DLU +i WULQWD DQRV 3X[D ([FODPRX 0DUFHOD 'HYH WHU DGTXLULGR PXLWD H[SHULrQFLD RPR YHLR SDUD R 3RVWR 4XDQGR HQFDUQDGR IXL SHVVRD ERD FXPSULGRUD GRV PHXV GHYHUHV $PDYD H DPR RV (YDQJHOKRV H WXGR IL] SDUD VHJXLU RV H[HPSORV GH -HVXV 'HVHQFDUQHL H DR VHU VRFRUULGR IXL OHYDGR SDUD XPD RO{QLD $FKHL HQFDQWDGRU WXGR R TXH YL Oi PDV DPHL HVWH 3RVWR ORJR TXH R YLVLWHL HP XPD H[FXUVmR FRPR D TXH YRFrV HVWmR ID]HQGR DJRUD (QWHQGL TXH VmR SRXFRV RV TXH FRPR HX VmR VRFRUULGRV DR GHVHQFDUQDU H PH DSLHGHL DR YHU WDQWRV LUPmRV LPSUXGHQWHV TXH VRIUHP TXLV WUDEDOKDU QR 9LJtOLD 0HX SHGLGR IRL DFHLWR H SRU DQRV VHUYL DTXL IL] XP SRXFR GH WXGR 3XGH VRFRUUHU DPLJRV SDUHQWHV H DRV SRXFRV WRGRV RV VRFRUULGRV SDVVDUDP D VHU PHXV LUPmRV $TXL DSUHQGL D DPDU D WRGRV FRPR -HVXV QRV HQVLQRX 7HQKR XP DPRU HVSHFLDO SRU HVWH UHFDQWR GH DX[tOLR +i WUH]H DQRV DGPLQLVWUR R 9LJtOLD *XLOKHUPH DR IDODU GR 9LJtOLD WLQKD RV ROKRV EULOKDQGR HQWXVLDVPDGRV 2OKHL SDUD HOH FRP DGPLUDomR FHUWDPHQWH QmR HUD R VHX WUDEDOKR IiFLO $OL HVWDYD VRPHQWH SRU DPRU DRV VHPHOKDQWHV H GHL[DYD WUDQVSDUHFHU LVVR HP VHXV PRGRV QR VHX ROKDU WUDQTLOR H ERQGRVR $ DGPLUDomR IRL GH WRGRV $ FRQYHUVD FRQWLQXRX WURFDPRV LGpLDV VREUH R 8PEUDO GD SDUWH TXH YLPRV RQYHUVDPRV DWp DV YLQWH KRUDV H QRV UHWLUDPRV SDUD QRVVRV DSRVHQWRV 1D RO{QLD TXDVH QmR PH DOLPHQWDYD RX GRUPLD 1HVVDV H[FXUV}HV DQGDU SHOR 8PEUDO H DMXGDU QRV 3RVWRV QRV FDQVDYD GHVSHQGtDPRV HQHUJLD $VVLP SUHFLViYDPRV GH DOLPHQWDomR SHOR PHQRV XPD YH] DR GLD H GH GHVFDQVR (VVH GHVFDQVDU HUD OHU DOJR HGLILFDQWH PHGLWDU H DWp PHVPR GRUPLU DOJXPDV KRUDV 1R RXWUR GLD jV FLQFR KRUDV GD PDQKm SDUWLFLSDPRV GD SUHFH PDWLQDO *XLOKHUPH FRQYLGRX ' ,VDXUD SDUD ID]HU D RUDomR 1RVVD RULHQWDGRUD RURX FRP XP IHUYRU TXH QRV FRPRYHX 3pWDODV FODUDV GH IOXLGRV FDtUDP VREUH 2 3RVWR H VREUH QyV IRUWDOHFHQGRQRV VDWXUDQGRQRV GH PXLWD HQHUJLD /RJR DSyV IRPRV FRQKHFHU R 3RVWR 9LJtOLD e XP 3RVWR GH WDPDQKR PpGLR 7HP VDOmR SDUD SDOHVWUDV WDPEpP RFXSDGR SDUD P~VLFD VDOD GD GLUHWRULD UHIHLWyULR SiWLR VDODV GH FRQVXOWDV DORMDPHQWRV GRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV H HQIHUPDULDV 1RVVRV WUrV LQVWUXWRUHV ILFDUDP GHVGH QRVVD FKHJDGD QDV VDODV GH FRQVXOWDV DWHQGHQGR RV DEULJDGRV FRQIXVRV HP EXVFD GH RULHQWDomR )ORU $]XO ILFRX R WHPSR WRGR DMXGDQGR QDV HQIHUPDULDV 5HSDUWLPRQRV HP JUXSRV GH VHWH H IRPRV FRP RV WUDEDOKDGRUHV DMXGDU QDV HQIHUPDULDV (ODV VmR FRPSULGDV FRP OHLWRV QRV GRLV ODGRV WrP EDQKHLURV VLPSOHV WXGR PXLWR OLPSR H FODUR 2V DEULJDGRV WrP QHFHVVLGDGHV DOL FRPHP H XVDP R EDQKHLUR 7rP IRPH H VHGH Vy QmR VHQWHP IULR RX FDORU SRUTXH R 3RVWR WHP XP VLVWHPD SDUHFLGR FRP R DU FRQGLFLRQDGR GRV HQFDUQDGRV (VVH VLVWHPD p FHQWUDO GHL[DQGR R 3RVWR H DWp VHXV SiWLRV FRP WHPSHUDWXUD DJUDGiYHO 3ULPHLUDPHQWH HQWUDPRV QDV HQIHUPDULDV HP TXH RV GRHQWHV HVWDYDP HP FRQGLo}HV PHOKRUHV RQYHUVDPRV FRP HOHV H RV DMXGDPRV D VH DOLPHQWDUHP H D VH OLPSDUHP 9RFr p ERQLWD 'LVVH GLULJLQGRVH D PLP XPD VHQKRUD PXLWR PDJUD GH ROKRV HQWULVWHFLGRV 2EULJDGD RPR HVWi D VHQKRUD $JRUD QmR 3RVVR PH TXHL[DU -i VRIUL PXLWR 0DV IRL PHUHFLGR 4XDQGR HQFDUQDGD DSURQWHL PXLWR 6RUUL DSHQDV 6DELD TXH D FXULRVLGDGH QmR OHYD D QDGD 7tQKDPRV UHFRPHQGDo}HV SDUD DQLPDU RV HQIHUPRV IDODU GR (YDQJHOKR H GH -HVXV 0DV WDPEpP GH HVFXWDU VHXV GHVDEDIRV 9RFr p WmR ERD 6RIUHX DR GHVHQFDUQDU ,QGDJRXPH 1mR VHQWL TXH LD GRUPLU H DFRUGHL EHP H HQWUH DPLJRV (QWUH DPLJRV 3DUD WHU DPLJRV p QHFHVViULR ID]rORV QmR p 1mR RV IL] H RV TXH SHQVHL WHU HUDP SLRUHV GR TXH HX $SRVWR TXH QmR VRIUHX SRUTXH IRL ERD 7DOYH] GHYHVVH WHU VLGR PHOKRU 0DV QmR FRPHWL HUURV GHVHQFDUQHL HP SD] H D KDUPRQLD PH DFRPSDQKRX 9RFr QmR TXHU PH HVFXWDU XP SRXTXLQKR $V YH]HV WHQKR YRQWDGH GH FRQYHUVDU 2V WUDEDOKDGRUHV GDTXL VmR yWLPRV PDV WmR RFXSDGRV 6DEH QmR IXL ERD HP QDGD )XL Pi ILOKD IXJL GH FDVD DRV WUH]H DQRV SDUD R PHUHWUtFLR IL] PXLWRV DERUWRV 7LYH WUrV ILOKRV GHL GRLV R RXWUR DQWHV R WLYHVVH GDGR (UD XP UDSD]LQKR HVSHUWR XP ODGUmR
16.
8P GLD DR
URXEDU GH XP FOLHQWH PHX HVWH R PDWRX 1mR IXL ERD PmH %HELD PXLWR HQYHOKHFL UiSLGR H D PRUWH PH EXVFRX SDUD R VRIULPHQWR )LTXHL GH]HVVHWH DQRV QR 8PEUDO 4XDQGR PH VRFRUUHUDP HUD XP IDUUDSR HVWDYD PXLWR FDQVDGD +i EDVWDQWH WHPSR HVWRX DTXL ( LUi PHOKRUDU ORJR GLVVH DQLPDQGRD 7LUH GRV HUURV GR SDVVDGR DFHUWRV SDUD R IXWXUR 7HQWH VH UHFXSHUDU H SDVVDU GH DMXGDGD D DMXGDQWH $ VHQKRUD VRUULX WULVWHPHQWH 'HLOKH XP SDVVH IL] DOWR XPD RUDomR HOD PH DJUDGHFHX 2EULJDGD 8P VHQKRU GL]LD VHP SDUDU 2 FDIp WHQKR TXH FROKHU R FDIp $SyV R SDVVH GLVVH IUDVHV PDLRUHV H GHX SDUD HQWHQGHU TXH URXERX PXLWR FDIp GH VHXV SDWU}HV ROKLD R FDIp GD SODQWDomR GXUDQWH R GLD H j QRLWH LD SHJiOR 2 DUUHSHQGLPHQWR ID]LDR YHU R IDWR VHP LQWHUUXSomR 'HSRLV GR FtUFXOR GH RUDo}HV HOH DGRUPHFHX WUDQTLOR ( DVVLP PXLWRV WLQKDP KLVWyULDV UHDLV SDUD FRQWDU GHVFRUWLQDYDP HUURV VREUH HUURV $ PDLRULD IRUD HJRtVWD $PDUDP PDLV D PDWpULD GR TXH DV YHUGDGHV HVSLULWXDLV 2 RUJXOKR H R HJRtVPR OHYDP PXLWRV j SRUWD ODUJD GD SHUGLomR SDUD R VRIULPHQWR DSyV D GHVHQFDUQDomR $R VDLUPRV GDV HQIHUPDULDV =p FRPHQWRX (VWDYD FRP YRQWDGH GH SHUJXQWDU D )UHGHULFR SRU TXH H[LVWHP WDQWDV HQIHUPDULDV H QHODV WDQWRV QHFHVVLWDGRV 'HVFREUL DR HVFXWDU HVVHV LQIHOL]HV 6DEHP L0SUHVVLRQHLPH DR RXYLU GH XP VHQKRU TXH HVWXSURX H PDWRX D 3UySULD ILOKD GH RLWR DQRV 8P GRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV GR 3RVWR DR HVFXWDU DUJXPHQWRX 6mR RV LPSUXGHQWHV D TXH -HVXV VH UHIHULX 1mR IL]HUDP R EHP YLYHUDP SDUD D PDWpULD SODQWDUDP R PDO H FROKHUDP R VRIULPHQWR ( WDQWR IL]HUDP PDOGDGHV DRV RXWURV H D VL SUySULRV TXH Vy SRGHULDP ILFDU FRPR HVWmR $VVLP FDUR HVWXGDQWH HVWHV DEULJRV VmR EiOVDPRV SDUD HOHV 1D VHJXQGD HQIHUPDULD RV GRHQWHV HVWDYDP HP 3LRUHV FRQGLo}HV 8QV IDODYDP VHP SDUDU $R VHUHP DWHQGLGRV FRP D DOLPHQWDomR SDVVHV H RUDo}HV PHOKRUDYDP RUD DTXLHWDQGRVH RUD IDODQGR IUDVHV PDLV FRHUHQWHV 8P VHQKRU FKDPRXPH D DWHQomR R UHPRUVR R FDVWLJDYD HOH H[SXOVRX RV SDLV Mi YHOKRV GH VXD FDVD H HOHV GHVHQFDUQDUDP HP XP DVLOR VHP YrOR PDLV 8PD RXWUD VHQKRUD IDODYD VHP SDUDU TXH PDWDUD $SyV WRPDU R SDVVH OHPEURXVH GR DPDQWH TXH DVVDVVLQDUD IULDPHQWH 2XWUR VHQKRU OHPEUDYD FRP DIOLomR GD ILOKD UHQHJDGD GH VXD DPDQWH ³4XH ERP SHQVHL QmR WHU HUURV SDUD PH DWRUPHQWDU RPR VRX IHOL] 1DGD PHOKRU TXH SODQWDU R EHP´ 9LVLWDPRV GXDV HQIHUPDULDV QR 3ULPHLUR GLD 2V WUDEDOKDGRUHV GR 3RVWR QmR ID]HP R TXH IL]HPRV 1mR Ki WHPSR SRUTXH RV RSHUiULRV VmR SRXFRV SDUD PXLWR WUDEDOKR $FDEDPRV j WDUGH IRPRV SDUD QRVVR TXDUWR GHSRLV SDUD R UHIHLWyULR H GHOH SDVVDPRV DR VDOmR GH P~VLFD $ QRLWH VDtPRV SDUD R SiWLR 2V PXURV TXH FHUFDP R YLJtOLD VmR IRUWHV H DOWRV H QR SiWLR Ki XPD WRUUH RQGH HVWi R VLVWHPD GH GHIHVD 3DUD VXELU Oi XVDVH XP HOHYDGRU 6XELPRV HP JUXSRV SHTXHQRV $ WRUUH WHP WULQWD PHWURV 7DPEpP WHP VLVWHPDV GH GHIHVD SHUIHLWRV H QXQFD XP DWDTXH RV SUHRFXSRX 0DUJDULGD D VHQKRUD HQFDUUHJDGD jTXHOD KRUD GD JXDUGD P2VWURXQRV DOJXQV DSDUHOKRV TXH PHGHP DV YLEUDo}HV IRUD GR 3RVWR QXP UDLR GH WUrV TXLO{PHWURV 3RU HOH ILFDP VDEHQGR TXHP VH DSUR[LPD H TXDQWRV VmR 1mR VH HQ[HUJD R FpX QHP DV HVWUHODV jV YH]HV D OXD TXDQGR p FKHLD 2OKHL GR DOWR GD WRUUH HP YROWD GR 3RVWR QmR HQ[HUJXHL QDGD Vy R SRVWR Oi HPEDL[R H VXDV OX]HV IRUD D QHEOLQD H D HVFXULGmR 4XDQGR HVSHUDYD D YH] GH VXELU QD WRUUH ROKDYD GLVWUDtGD XP SHTXHQR H ERQLWR FKDIDUL] GH SHGUD YHUGH FRP GHOLFDGRV FRQWRUQRV GH IORUHV URGHDGR GH SODQWDV )ORU $]XO DSUR[LPRXVH (VWi D SHQVDU )ORU $]XO GH 3DWUtFLD (VSHUR D PLQKD YH] GH FRQKHFHU D WRUUH )RL ERP YrOR 4XHUR DJUDGHFHU $ PHQLQD VH OHPEUD GR VHQKRU TXH D DJUDGHFHX QR DULGDGH H /X] 6LQWR FRPR HOH Vy TXH PDLV IHOL] SRUTXH SRVVR DFRPSDQKiOD H ID]HU DOJR SRU YRFr 2 TXH OKH IDoR JRVWDULD GH HVWDU ID]HQGR WDPEpP D
17.
VHX SDL 0XLWR
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18.
6DPDULWDQRV 1R RXWUR GLD
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19.
(VSHUHPRV SDUD YHU
R TXH TXHUHP GLVVH *XLOKHUPH 1RYDPHQWH R JXDUGD GLVVH TXH R JUXSR KDYLD SDUDGR D DOJXQV PHWURV /RJR HVFXWDPRV JULWRV 4XH JULWDP ,QGDJRX /Xt]D 'L]HP 9DOpULD $FKR TXH p 9HQkQFLR GLVVH -DPHV 8P GRV VRFRUULGRV VDLX GR SiWLR GHVHVSHUDGR e HVWH e 9DOrQFLR ([SOLFRX XP VDPDULWDQR 2 KRPHP HVWDYD HP KRUUtYHO HVWDGR IRUD WRUWXUDGR H VH PRVWUDYD PXLWR PDFKXFDGR RV VLQDLV GH WRUWXUD PDUFDUDPOKH WRGR R FRUSR *XLOKHUPH H XP GRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV R SHJDUDP OHYDQGRR QRYDPHQWH SDUD GHQWUR )UHGHULFR QRV H[SOLFRX (VWH VRFRUULGR HVWDYD VHQGR WRUWXUDGR SRU HVVH JUXSR $UUHSHQGHXVH H SHGLX D WHPSR DX[tOLR HP QRPH GH 'HXV 'HVWD YH] RV VRFRUULVWDV R WURX[HUDP H VHXV FDUUDVFRV YLHUDP DWUiV GHOH 9mR OHYiOR DJRUD SDUD XPD FkPDUD RQGH QmR HVFXWDUi HVVHV FKDPDGRV 4XH VHUi TXH HOH IH] SDUD VHU WUDWDGR DVVLP ,QGDJRX *OyULD FRP SLHGDGH ,QIHOL] GH TXHP ID] PDOGDGHV SRUTXH QHP VHPSUH TXHP DV UHFHEH SHUGRD KHJD XP GLD HP TXH D PRUWH ID] FRP TXH VH HQFRQWUHP HUWDPHQWH R WRUWXUDUDP SRU YLQJDQoD HVFODUHFHX )UHGHULFR 6H HOHV JULWDVVHP PHX QRPH ILFDULD FRPR HOH GHVHVSHUDGD 3HUJXQWHL LPSUHVVLRQDGD )UHGHULFR VRUULX H GLVVH HUWDPHQWH TXH QmR 9RFr QmR WHP YtQFXORV FRP HOHV 3DUD VHQWLU VHXV FKDPDGRV p SUHFLVR HVWDU YLQFXODGD D HOHV WHU DV PHVPDV YLEUDo}HV H WHU ILFDGR PXLWR WHPSR FRPR HVVH LUPmR ILFRX FRP HOHV 6H XP JUXSR D FKDPDVVH RXYLULD VLPSOHVPHQWH 1mR GHYH WHPHU 2 PHGR p SDUD TXHP GXYLGD 2 JXDUGD GD WRUUH ILFRX DWHQWR PDV RV GR JUXSR JULWDUDP GH ORQJH SRU WULQWD PLQXWRV 1mR WHQGR UHVXOWDGR UHVROYHUDP LU HPERUD ( VH DWDFDVVHP 3HUJXQWRX /Xt]D SUHRFXSDGD 7HUtDPRV TXH QRV GHIHQGHU FRP UDLRV HOpWULFRV UHVSRQGHX *XLOKHUPH WUDQTLOR 2 TXH SUHVHQFLDPRV DTXL DFRQWHFH VHPSUH ,QGDJRX ,YR 6LP ¬V YH]HV ILFDP LQFRQIRUPDGRV DR SHUGHUHP VXDV YtWLPDV $OJXQV FRPR HVVHV Vy RV FKDPDP RXWURV QRV DWDFDP 0DV XPD YH] DTXL GHQWUR QLQJXpP VDL VH QmR TXLVHU UHVSRQGHX *XLOKHUPH (UDP RQ]H KRUDV GD PDQKm KRUD GH SDUWLUPRV 'HVSHGLPRQRV DOHJUHV SRLV YROWDUtDPRV DR 3RVWR SDUD HVWXGDU R 8PEUDO *XLOKHUPH QRV DJUDGHFHX H 5DLPXQGR UHWULEXLX RV DJUDGHFLPHQWRV HP QRPH GH WRGRV 6DtPRV SHOR SRUWmR H HP ILOD ,UtDPRV D Sp DWp R DULGDGH H /X] H HQWmR WRPDUtDPRV R DHUREXV TXH QRV OHYDULD GH YROWD j RO{QLD 1R 8PEUDO HVWDYD IULR PDV QmR SHUFHEtDPRV RPR Mi GLVVH DSUHQGHPRV D QHXWUDOL]DU D WHPSHUDWXUD H[WHULRU 0DV VHQWLDPH XP SRXFR VXIRFDGD )LTXHL EHP SHUWR GR )ORU $]XO TXH FRQWLQXDYD WUDQTLOR RQIHVVR TXH R 8PEUDO PH Gi PHGR /HU RX YHU HP ILOPHV p XPD FRLVD PDV Oi SHVVRDOPHQWH p RXWUD 1DGD WHP GH ERQLWR RX DJUDGiYHO 9ROWDPRV VHP SUREOHPDV 4XDQGR FKHJDPRV DR $EULJR DULGDGH H /X] IRL XP DOtYLR 6y SDUDPRV Oi SDUD SHJDUPRV R DHUREXV (VWDYD FDQVDGD H D FRQGXomR YHLR HP ERD KRUD 4XH JRVWRVR p HVWDU QD RO{QLD KHJDPRV j QRLWH H IRPRV GLUHWR SDUD QRVVR DORMDPHQWR RQGH QRV DOLPHQWDPRV H GHVFDQVDPRV *RVWDYD GH DQRWDU WXGR R TXH YLD H HUD QHVVDV KRUDV GH GHVFDQVR TXH R ID]LD GHSRLV GH WHU DQRWDGR GRUPL DOJXPDV KRUDV 1R RXWUR GLD FHGLQKR WLYHPRV D DXOD GH FRQFOXVmR $V SHUJXQWDV IRUDP PXLWDV 2V WUDEDOKDGRUHV GR 3RVWR UHFHEHP E{QXVKRUD ( RV VDPDULWDQRV JDQKDP PDLV ,QGDJRX HFtOLD e IiFLO DSUHQGHU (VWXGHL R DVVXQWR QR FXUVR GH DOLPHQWDomR TXH IL] QD RO{QLD H WUDQVFUHYL QR OLYUR 9LROHWDV QD -DQHOD R GHVHQFDUQDGR TXH QmR VDEH QHXWUDOL]DU D WHPSHUDWXUD H[WHULRU VHQWH IULR H FDORU 5DLPXQGR IRL R HVFDODGR SDUD UHVSRQGHU 3DUD WRGRV VmR FRQWDGDV DV KRUDV GH WUDEDOKR 5HFHEHP E{QXVKRUD RV TXH TXHUHP H SUHFLVDP 1R WUDEDOKR TXH UHTXHU PDLV HVIRUoR H VH GHVSHQGH PDLV HQHUJLDV UHFHEHP GREUDGR H jV YH]HV WULSOLFDGR FRPR R GRV VDPDULWDQRV 2V VDPDULWDQRV VmR DWDFDGRV 4XLV VDEHU *OyULD
20.
(VVHV WUDEDOKDGRUHV VmR
FKDPDGRV GH PXLWDV IRUPDV PLVVLRQiULRV HPLVViULRV HWF 6mR DWDFDGRV PXLWDV YH]HV 6DHP VHPSUH SHODV UHJL}HV GR 8PEUDO H jV YH]HV ILFDP QR 3RVWR VRPHQWH SRU KRUDV 5DUD p D H[FXUVmR HP TXH QmR VmR DWDFDGRV 1RVVRV DPLJRV QmR VmR LQWLPLGDGRV FRP LVVR 3RVVXHP UHGHV GH SURWHomR H HVWmR VHPSUH FRP RV ODQoDUDLRV DSDUHOKRV GH GHIHVD SHTXHQRV 6mR HVSHUWRV H VH VDHP VHPSUH EHP SRUTXH QmR HVWmR D ILP GH EULJDV H SRU LVVR LPS}HP UHVSHLWR 6mR KHUyLV 4XH WUDEDOKR GLItFLO $GPLURRV (OHV WrP IROJD 0DUFHOD IDORX HQWXVLDVPDGD 7rP IROJD VLP H DV SDVVDP FRPR TXHUHP XQV YrP j RO{QLD DOJXQV YLVLWDP DPLJRV H RXWURV ILFDP QR 3RVWR (OHV SHUFRUUHP WRGR R 8PEUDO 3HUJXQWHL 6LP SHUFRUUHP (P FDGD H[FXUVmR YmR SDUD XPD SDUWH GR 8PEUDO 9mR HP WRGDV DV FDYHUQDV EXUDFRV YDOHV HQILP SRU WRGRV RV ODGRV 6mR H[SHULHQWHV H FRQKHFHP WRGRV RV OXJDUHV GR 8PEUDO QHVWD UHJLmR (OHV YmR WDPEpP jV FLGDGHV GR 8PEUDO LQGDJRX -DPHV 6LP YmR $OJXPDV YH]HV SHGHP DXWRUL]DomR SDUD SHJDU DOJXQV TXH TXHUHP VRFRUUR 2XWUDV YH]HV RV VDPDULWDQRV VmR YLVWRV SHORV KDELWDQWHV GDV FLGDGHV GR 8PEUDO VRFRUUHQGR DOJXQV LUPmRV 4XDQGR HVVHV LUPmRV QmR VmR GR LQWHUHVVH GRV TXH Oi PRUDP RV VDPDULWDQRV WUDEDOKDP VHP SUREOHPDV 0DV TXDQGR HOHV TXHUHP VRFRUUHU DOJXpP TXH LQWHUHVVD DRV PRUDGRUHV GD FLGDGH GR 8PEUDO RV VDPDULWDQRV HQWUDP VHP VHUHP YLVWRV RPR RFRUUHX QR FDVR GDTXHOH WRUWXUDGR TXH YLPRV H TXH IRL FKDPDGR SHOD WXUPD GH IRUD GR PXUR +i VRFRUULVWDV SHOR 8PEUDO QR PXQGR LQWHLUR LGD SHUJXQWRX 6LP SHOR 8PEUDO GH WRGD D 7HUUD Ki VRFRUULVWDV TXH WUDEDOKDP HP QRPH GH -HVXV DX[LOLDQGR WRGRV RV TXH VRIUHP H FODPDP SRU DMXGD (VVHV VRFRUULVWDV QXQFD ILFDUDP SUHVRV 2V HVStULWRV LJQRUDQWHV TXH JRVWDP GR 8PEUDO QXQFD SUHQGHUDP DOJXQV GHOHV ,QGDJRX 1DLU 1mR WLYHPRV QRWtFLDV GH DFRQWHFLPHQWRV GHVWH WLSR 1XP DSHUWR PDLRU HOHV SRGHP PXGDU D YLEUDomR H WRUQDUVH LQYLVtYHLV SDUD RV RXWURV 5HVPXQJXHL EDL[LQKR H 5DLPXQGR PH GLVVH 3DWUtFLD TXHU IDODU DOJXPD FRLVD (VWRX SHQVDQGR QmR TXHUR QHP WUDEDOKDU QXP 3RVWR GH 6RFRUUR QHP QR 8PEUDO DFKR TXH QmR WHQKR MHLWR 0DV DGPLUR RV TXH Oi WUDEDOKDP (VVDV WDUHIDV UHTXHUHP SHVVRDV FRP PXLWR DPRU H FDULGDGH 3RU LVVR GHYHPRV UHVSHLWDU HVVHV WUDEDOKDGRUHV H DGPLUDU R TXH ID]HP 7RGRV QyV ROKDPRV SDUD -RDTXLP TXH ILFRX HQFDEXODGR $TXHOHV TXH YLPRV QDV HQIHUPDULDV GRV 3RVWRV GHPRUDP SDUD PHOKRUDU 3HUJXQWRX LGD FXULRVD 'HSHQGH PXLWR GH FDGD XP +i LUPmRV TXH OHYDP DQRV SDUD PHOKRUDU SDUD RXWURV D PHOKRUD OHYD PHVHV ([LVWH VRFRUULGR TXH QmR JRVWD GR 3RVWR ,QGDJRX ,YR 6LP H[LVWH HPERUD RV TXH SDUD Oi VmR OHYDGRV TXHLUDP R VRFRUUR SRLV HVWmR TXDVH VHPSUH FDQVDGRV GH VRIUHU (VWHV VmR QRUPDOPHQWH DJUDGHFLGRV 1mR SRGHPRV OHYDU LUPmRV TXH QmR HVWHMDP DUUHSHQGLGRV H QmR TXHLUDP R VRFRUUR SRUTXH HOHV DFKDP WXGR UXLP 2XWURV GL]HP TXH QRV 3RVWRV Ki PXLWD GLVFLSOLQD H TXHUHP LU HPERUD $OJXQV HVStULWRV TXH QmR VRIUHUDP R VXILFLHQWH H TXH VmR DEULJDGRV HP 3RVWRV GH 6RFRUUR D SHGLGR GH WHUFHLURV RX SRU HTXLSHV TXH WUDEDOKDP HP HQWURV (VStULWDV PXLWDV YH]HV QmR JRVWDP H QmR ILFDP YROWDQGR DRV H[ODUHV H D YDJDU (X GLVVH 5RViOLD HVWLYH QR 9LJtOLD FRPR VRFRUULGD 6RX JUDWD D WRGRV 0DV YHU R 3RVWR FRPR DSUHQGL] p GLIHUHQWH ODUR (VWDYD HQIHUPD QHFHVVLWDGD FRQKHFHX DV SDUWHV TXH OKH FDELD KDELWDU $JRUD IRL FRQKHFrOR FRPR HVWXGDQWH H WXGR OKH SDUHFHX GLIHUHQWH 5RViOLD YRFr OHPEUD DOJXPD FRLVD GH TXDQGR HVWHYH Oi FRPR VRFRUULGD =p SHUJXQWRX 6LP RPR HVTXHFHU R VRIULPHQWR (UD XP IDUUDSR KXPDQR IRL GRORURVR 2 UHPRUVR p IRJR D TXHLPDU RPR QmR KRXYH PDLV SHUJXQWDV 5DLPXQGR GLVVH
21.
)DoDP XPD UHGDomR
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22.
'HVHQFDUQDomR RPHoDPRV D DXOD
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24.
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26.
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27.
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28.
5HHQFDUQDomR 1D DXOD WHyULFD
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29.
GDQLILFDQGR PHX FRUSR
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