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Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
Vivendo mundo espiritos_patricia
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  • 20. (VVHV WUDEDOKDGRUHV VmR FKDPDGRV GH PXLWDV IRUPDV PLVVLRQiULRV HPLVViULRV HWF 6mR DWDFDGRV PXLWDV YH]HV 6DHP VHPSUH SHODV UHJL}HV GR 8PEUDO H jV YH]HV ILFDP QR 3RVWR VRPHQWH SRU KRUDV 5DUD p D H[FXUVmR HP TXH QmR VmR DWDFDGRV 1RVVRV DPLJRV QmR VmR LQWLPLGDGRV FRP LVVR 3RVVXHP UHGHV GH SURWHomR H HVWmR VHPSUH FRP RV ODQoDUDLRV DSDUHOKRV GH GHIHVD SHTXHQRV 6mR HVSHUWRV H VH VDHP VHPSUH EHP SRUTXH QmR HVWmR D ILP GH EULJDV H SRU LVVR LPS}HP UHVSHLWR 6mR KHUyLV 4XH WUDEDOKR GLItFLO $GPLURRV (OHV WrP IROJD 0DUFHOD IDORX HQWXVLDVPDGD 7rP IROJD VLP H DV SDVVDP FRPR TXHUHP XQV YrP j RO{QLD DOJXQV YLVLWDP DPLJRV H RXWURV ILFDP QR 3RVWR (OHV SHUFRUUHP WRGR R 8PEUDO 3HUJXQWHL 6LP SHUFRUUHP (P FDGD H[FXUVmR YmR SDUD XPD SDUWH GR 8PEUDO 9mR HP WRGDV DV FDYHUQDV EXUDFRV YDOHV HQILP SRU WRGRV RV ODGRV 6mR H[SHULHQWHV H FRQKHFHP WRGRV RV OXJDUHV GR 8PEUDO QHVWD UHJLmR (OHV YmR WDPEpP jV FLGDGHV GR 8PEUDO LQGDJRX -DPHV 6LP YmR $OJXPDV YH]HV SHGHP DXWRUL]DomR SDUD SHJDU DOJXQV TXH TXHUHP VRFRUUR 2XWUDV YH]HV RV VDPDULWDQRV VmR YLVWRV SHORV KDELWDQWHV GDV FLGDGHV GR 8PEUDO VRFRUUHQGR DOJXQV LUPmRV 4XDQGR HVVHV LUPmRV QmR VmR GR LQWHUHVVH GRV TXH Oi PRUDP RV VDPDULWDQRV WUDEDOKDP VHP SUREOHPDV 0DV TXDQGR HOHV TXHUHP VRFRUUHU DOJXpP TXH LQWHUHVVD DRV PRUDGRUHV GD FLGDGH GR 8PEUDO RV VDPDULWDQRV HQWUDP VHP VHUHP YLVWRV RPR RFRUUHX QR FDVR GDTXHOH WRUWXUDGR TXH YLPRV H TXH IRL FKDPDGR SHOD WXUPD GH IRUD GR PXUR +i VRFRUULVWDV SHOR 8PEUDO QR PXQGR LQWHLUR LGD SHUJXQWRX 6LP SHOR 8PEUDO GH WRGD D 7HUUD Ki VRFRUULVWDV TXH WUDEDOKDP HP QRPH GH -HVXV DX[LOLDQGR WRGRV RV TXH VRIUHP H FODPDP SRU DMXGD (VVHV VRFRUULVWDV QXQFD ILFDUDP SUHVRV 2V HVStULWRV LJQRUDQWHV TXH JRVWDP GR 8PEUDO QXQFD SUHQGHUDP DOJXQV GHOHV ,QGDJRX 1DLU 1mR WLYHPRV QRWtFLDV GH DFRQWHFLPHQWRV GHVWH WLSR 1XP DSHUWR PDLRU HOHV SRGHP PXGDU D YLEUDomR H WRUQDUVH LQYLVtYHLV SDUD RV RXWURV 5HVPXQJXHL EDL[LQKR H 5DLPXQGR PH GLVVH 3DWUtFLD TXHU IDODU DOJXPD FRLVD (VWRX SHQVDQGR QmR TXHUR QHP WUDEDOKDU QXP 3RVWR GH 6RFRUUR QHP QR 8PEUDO DFKR TXH QmR WHQKR MHLWR 0DV DGPLUR RV TXH Oi WUDEDOKDP (VVDV WDUHIDV UHTXHUHP SHVVRDV FRP PXLWR DPRU H FDULGDGH 3RU LVVR GHYHPRV UHVSHLWDU HVVHV WUDEDOKDGRUHV H DGPLUDU R TXH ID]HP 7RGRV QyV ROKDPRV SDUD -RDTXLP TXH ILFRX HQFDEXODGR $TXHOHV TXH YLPRV QDV HQIHUPDULDV GRV 3RVWRV GHPRUDP SDUD PHOKRUDU 3HUJXQWRX LGD FXULRVD 'HSHQGH PXLWR GH FDGD XP +i LUPmRV TXH OHYDP DQRV SDUD PHOKRUDU SDUD RXWURV D PHOKRUD OHYD PHVHV ([LVWH VRFRUULGR TXH QmR JRVWD GR 3RVWR ,QGDJRX ,YR 6LP H[LVWH HPERUD RV TXH SDUD Oi VmR OHYDGRV TXHLUDP R VRFRUUR SRLV HVWmR TXDVH VHPSUH FDQVDGRV GH VRIUHU (VWHV VmR QRUPDOPHQWH DJUDGHFLGRV 1mR SRGHPRV OHYDU LUPmRV TXH QmR HVWHMDP DUUHSHQGLGRV H QmR TXHLUDP R VRFRUUR SRUTXH HOHV DFKDP WXGR UXLP 2XWURV GL]HP TXH QRV 3RVWRV Ki PXLWD GLVFLSOLQD H TXHUHP LU HPERUD $OJXQV HVStULWRV TXH QmR VRIUHUDP R VXILFLHQWH H TXH VmR DEULJDGRV HP 3RVWRV GH 6RFRUUR D SHGLGR GH WHUFHLURV RX SRU HTXLSHV TXH WUDEDOKDP HP HQWURV (VStULWDV PXLWDV YH]HV QmR JRVWDP H QmR ILFDP YROWDQGR DRV H[ODUHV H D YDJDU (X GLVVH 5RViOLD HVWLYH QR 9LJtOLD FRPR VRFRUULGD 6RX JUDWD D WRGRV 0DV YHU R 3RVWR FRPR DSUHQGL] p GLIHUHQWH ODUR (VWDYD HQIHUPD QHFHVVLWDGD FRQKHFHX DV SDUWHV TXH OKH FDELD KDELWDU $JRUD IRL FRQKHFrOR FRPR HVWXGDQWH H WXGR OKH SDUHFHX GLIHUHQWH 5RViOLD YRFr OHPEUD DOJXPD FRLVD GH TXDQGR HVWHYH Oi FRPR VRFRUULGD =p SHUJXQWRX 6LP RPR HVTXHFHU R VRIULPHQWR (UD XP IDUUDSR KXPDQR IRL GRORURVR 2 UHPRUVR p IRJR D TXHLPDU RPR QmR KRXYH PDLV SHUJXQWDV 5DLPXQGR GLVVH
  • 21. )DoDP XPD UHGDomR HVFUHYDP R TXH YLUDP R TXH PDLV RV LPSUHVVLRQRX 1mR p XP WUDEDOKR REULJDWyULR )DUmR D UHGDomR Vy RV TXH TXLVHUHP $TXHOHV TXH WrP GLILFXOGDGHV SDUD HVFUHYHU H SUHIHUHP IDODU FRQWDUmR R TXH VHQWLUDP H GR TXH JRVWDUDP $OJXQV SUHIHUHP ILFDU Vy HVFXWDQGR )RUDP TXLQ]H D OHU R TXH HVFUHYHUDP 7RGRV IDODUDP GRV VDPDULWDQRV 7URFDPRV LGpLDV ,YR H /XtV GLVVHUDP TXH DSyV R FXUVR LUmR WUDEDOKDU QXP 3RVWR QR 8PEUDO RQKHFHU HVVHV 3RVWRV HVVHV OXJDUHV GH SD] QR PHLR GR VRIULPHQWR QRV IRL JUDWLILFDQWH 6mR FDVDV GH VRFRUUR DEHQoRDGDV 6mR UHIULJpULR DRV LUPmRV DWRUPHQWDGRV 4XH ERP TXH Ki HVVHV ORFDLV H FRPR p PDUDYLOKRVR QHOHV H[LVWLUHP RV WUDEDOKDGRUHV GR EHP
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