The Article is all about Types Of Bill of lading by Searates and Its significance in International and domestic borders for transportation and shipping purposes

1. Types Of Bill Of Lading
A bill of lading is a document that serves as a receipt for the goods
being transported. It lists details about the type of goods, quantity,
weight, destination and consignee.These are very important
documents that are used in international trade.
There are various types of bills of lading depending on theirpurpose
and how they are issued:
COMBINED TRANSPORT BILL OF LADING. This document,in
common use in today’s container traffic, covers the intermodal
‘door-to-door’ transportation of containers — i.e., from the premises
of the manufacturerto the premises of the receiver — at the carrier’s
responsibility and by means of his own organization (carrier
haulage).In addition to the port of loading and to the port of
discharge, this b/l in fact also contains the indications ‘from
(through transport)’ i.e., the place where the land pre-carriage
starts, and ‘final destination (through transport)’ i.e. the place of
delivery afteron-carriage from the port of discharge.

2. In addition to strictly pertainingto this kind of transportation,this
b/l, like all those covering the carriage of containers,includes
specificclauses to certify that:
 the goods have been described by the shipper (all particulars
furnishedby the shipper, carriers make no representation);
 the containers have been stuffed,and the packages counted on
the shipper’s account (shippers stow load and count);
 the containers are believed to contain the goods described by
the shipper (said to contain).
The carrier is, in fact, unable to declare that he has received goods of
a particular kind or to certify theircondition. He can only declare

3. that he has received a specificcontaineridentified by a particular
serial numberand a seal.
The land section of the transportation may be provided by the
carrier (carrier haulage) through his own logisticorganization. The
carrier becomes liable, against adequate coverage, for the custody of
the goods from when the stuffedcontaineris withdrawn from the
seller’s/manufacturer’s premises,depot or factory, until it is
delivered at its final destination.
The haulage from the depot or factory may also be effectedby the
shipper (merchant haulage).In such cases, the carrier’s
responsibility begins when the stuffedcontaineris delivered to the
port terminal.
The carrier can in no way be held responsible fordamages, faults,or
shortage of the goods loaded in the container, shouldthe seal —
affixed by the same carrier when he withdraws the containerfrom
the seller’s/manufacturer’s premises,or when it arrives at the port
terminal — appear to have been tampered with.
The seal is in fact a protective, certifyingdevice, signifyingthe
carrier’s responsibility towards both the customs and the receiver. It
consists of a lock — there are various types — which once affixed to
the door handles of the containercannot be opened unless broken.
The seal is marked by a progressive number, shown in the bill of
lading and in the manifest togetherwith the numberof the
containers,and provides evidence of the integrity of the goods

4. contained therein as delivered by the shipper. The seal is affixed to
the containerby the driver of the truck when taking delivery of the
containerat the place of acceptance.
When it is the shipper who is to arrange for the haulage of the
container, at his care and expense (merchant haulage),then the
carrier’s seal is affixed to the containerwhen enteringthe terminal.
Quite often the shipper, too, affixes his own seal to the container.
However, only the carrier’s seal constitutes proof that the carrier has
taken every measure to safeguard the carriage before, during and
after the sea carriage; and the arrival of the container at its
destination in sound condition exempts the carrier from any further
responsibility.
In the case of FCL shipments,where containers are stuffedand
unstuffedby one single shipper and/or receiver, the b/l is claused
‘CY/CY’ (from container yard to containeryard) i.e., the area where
the containers are stored waiting for shipment or, after discharging,
waiting for withdrawal by receivers.
In LCL shipments,where containers are stuffedand unstuffedby the
carrier, the b/l is clausedCFS/CFS (from ContainerFreight Station
at loading port to ContainerFreight Station at discharging port).
RECEIVED FOR SHIPMENT B/L. A receivedfor shipment b/l may
be issuedwhen the containerhas been delivered to the carrier’s
terminal.By issuinga document of this kind, the carrier

5. acknowledges that a stuffedcontainerwas delivered to him (by a
shipper), pending shipment.
The b/l shows the wording ‘‘receivedfor shipment in apparent
external good order …” which indicates that the carrier retains the
containerunder his control and responsibility in the conditions
existingat the time of its delivery to the terminal.
This b/l may not be endorsed on board or shipped on board, as is
usually requestedby the shipper to comply with the expiry date of
the letterof credit, unless the container has been actually loaded
into the carrying vessel.
PORT TO PORT B/L. This b/l covers the direct carriage of the
containerfrom the port of loading to the port of destination.
THROUGH BILL OF LADING. This b/l refers to the through
transportation of a containerfrom the port of loading to a port of
destination not served directly by the carrier but under his
responsibility.
The carrier is also responsible forthe transhipment and on-carriage
of the containerto its final destination by another carrier of his
choice, with whom the shipper has no connection.
The on-carriage from the port of call of the carrier entrustedwith the
shipment to the port of final destination is a matter of agreement
between the two carriers.

6. The second carrier (the on-carrier) will issue to the first carrier a
not-negotiable ‘service’ bill of lading to cover the on-carriage.
The original through bill of lading, which corresponds to the
prescriptions of the letter of credit, issued by the first carrier,
remains valid for the withdrawal of the goods by the receiverfrom
the agent of the secondcarrier.
HOUSE BILL OF LADING. This is a bill of lading issued by a freight
forwarder or by a Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC),
ship operators acting as carriers without havinga ship manned or
managed by themselves.This b/l is exactly the same as, or very
similarto, a bill of lading issuedby a physical ship-owner. However,
the ship nominatedtherein is not owned by the party issuingthe b/l.
The freight forwarder or NVOCC acts at the same time as
a) the named carrier who takes delivery of the cargo from the
shipper;
b) the shipper in relation to the physical carrier.
The house b/l contains the data supplied by the shipper for his
negotiations,in conformity with the letterof credit, when needed.
The freight forwarder or the NVOCC will ensure that his risks are
covered with a port to port bill of lading issuedby the physical sea
carrier. This b/l will not conform to the credit nor be negotiable and
will identify as the “shipper” the carrier’s agent at the port of

7. shipment and as “receiver” the carrier’s agent at the port of
discharge.
On the basis of the port to port b/l issuedby the physical carrier, the
agent of the freight forwarder, or of the NVOCC who has issuedthe
negotiable bill of lading, will take delivery of the goods at the port of
destination.He will then re-deliver them when the receiver named
by the shipper presents him with the b/l as indicated by the credit
and, therefore,effectively negotiable.
SERVICE BILL OF LADING. The service b/l is issuedby a carrier ‘X’
upon request of anothercarrier ‘Y’ who, so as not to disappoint an
important customer/shipper,must needs forward a consignment of
goods that has, for example, been shortshipped by mistake or
arrived late.
The service b/l will show as “shipper” the agent of the carrier ‘X’ at
the port of shipment,and as “receiver” the agent of the same carrier
at the port of destination (this b/l will, therefore,be not negotiable,
not having been made out in accordance with the terms of the
credit).
Whoeveris entitledto do so will take delivery of the goods from this
latter agent by presentingthe original negotiable bill of lading issued
by carrier ‘Y’, who is particularly concerned to see to it that no claim
for delayed shipment of the goods is lodged with his customer.

8. A service b/l must be claused to show that the goods may be
redelivered against the presentation of an original b/l issuedby
carrier ‘Y’.
MARINE/OCEAN BILL OF LADING. As provided by rule 23 of UCP
500, a Marine/Ocean b/l covers the carriage of goods from a port of
shipment to a port of destination.Such a b/l is accepted y shipping
companies in compliance with letters of credit, although a combined
carriage should,strictly speaking, be covered by a combined
transport b/l.
Marine/Ocean bills of lading are in fact typical of conventional
shipping. Quite often a shipper requiringthis type of b/l wishes to
make sure that the document is issuedby a well known and
establishedcarrier/shipowner(a physical carrier/shipowner) and
not by a shipping operator (freight forwarder or NVOCC — i.e. one
who is not himself the owneror disponent ownerof the ship
nominatedin the b/l, but avails himself of the services of a physical
shipownerand possibly issues a b/l without adequate insurance
coverage).