Development of Next Generation Low NOx Combustion Promoters Technical Article _Catalagram 107 Excerpt
1. Catalagram®
A Refining Technologies Publication
Issue No. 107 / 2010 / www.grace.com
In this issue
• GENESIS® Catalyst Commercial Update
• Distillate Pool Maximization by Additional Hydroprocessing
• Salt Deposition in FCC Gas Concentration Units
• CP® P - Third Generation Low NOx CO Promoter
2. Dear Refiners,
The current refining atmosphere in North American and
Europe is the most difficult in over a quarter century.
Declining utilization rates, narrow light-heavy differentials,
and weak demand for transportation fuels has meant
steeply declining profitability for refiners.
As the leading supplier of FCC catalysts and additives,
Grace Davison is dedicated to helping you navigate this
turbulence. Our investment in world-class research and
development to constantly invent new products and fine-
tune existing ones continues strong in this challenging
environment. With our flexible technology base and broad
manufacturing capabilities, we deliver the catalyst solu-
tions you need to be profitable and the value you deserve.
This issue of the Catalagram®
highlights the successful application flexibility of our GENESIS®
solutions to our
customers' challenge of the need to react quickly to changing supply/demand dynamics. These catalysts have
been custom blended in 80 applications for over 50 refineries worldwide. As product slate demand changes,
GENESIS®
catalyst in the unit can be reformulated to maximize profitability and capture short term economic
opportunities. To speed implementation, formulation adjustment can take place in the fresh hopper, minimizing
the delay often associated with a catalyst change out.
We also introduce our third generation non-platinum low NOx CO promoter, CP®
P. Our newest CO promoter
delivers quick CO/afterburn response, equivalent to traditional platinum formulated promoters, and up to 20%
lower NOx emissions compared to competitive products.
On the immediate horizon, we introduce our new products AsteraTM
and AlcyonTM
. Units that are circulation limit-
ed can’t take full advantage of improved feed quality. When the FCC catalyst is not active enough regenerator
temperatures become too low and desired reactor temperatures can’t be achieved. Some refiners resort to
burning torch oil or recycling slurry to provide additional delta coke which is often detrimental to the operation.
With its novel, unconventional silica-alumina binder, AsteraTM
FCC catalyst not only delivers excellent value but
will improve your yield slate and reliability. Best of all, AsteraTM
will lower your daily catalyst cost. AlyconTM
is a
revolutionary new FCC catalyst designed for the maximum activity needed to process hydrotreated feeds. Look
for more information from us in the coming months.
Our responsibility to our refining customers is the core of our business. We pledge to continue developing the
products and services that will maximize your profitability in all economic climates.
Joanne Deady
Vice President, Global Marketing
Grace Davison Refining Technologies
A MESSAGE FROM THE EDITOR...
GRACE DAVISON CATALAGRAM 1
Managing Editor Joanne Deady and Technical
Editor Rosann Schiller
4. GRACE DAVISON CATALAGRAM 13
Eric Griesinger
Product Manager
Environmental Additives
Grace Davison
Refining Technologies
Columbia, MD
Mike Ziebarth
Manager
Synthesis Research
Grace Davison
Refining Technologies
Columbia, MD
Udayshankar G. Singh
Research & Development
Engineer
Grace Davison
Refining Technologies
Columbia, MD
The use of low NOx combustion
promoters in FCC units has
increased in recent years due to
stricter NOx emission limits and
implementation of EPA consent
decrees. Further, the recent EPA
issued final amendments to its
New Source Performance
Standards for Petroleum
Refineries indicate that additives
are now included as Best
Demonstrated Technology in the
reduction of FCCU NOx emis-
sions. Studies to determine
mechanisms by which low NOx
promoters reduce NOx, as well
as determining the FCCU operat-
ing parameters that effect NOx
formation are the focus of this
paper. A lab scale regenerator
test unit was used to study the
combustion of coked ecat at con-
ditions that closely simulate the
regenerator of an FCCU. This
unit was used to explore the
impact of certain regenerator
variables, including excess O2
level and type of combustion pro-
moter on CO and NOx emis-
sions. In addition, fixed bed
reactor experiments were carried
out to study the oxidation of
reduced nitrogen species on plat-
inum (Pt) and non-Pt based com-
bustion promoters to help
elucidate mechanistic differences.
Development of Next Generation
Low NOx Combustion Promoters
Based on New Mechanistic Insights
5. 14 ISSUE No. 107 / 2010
Based on this improved mecha-
nistic understanding of how low
NOx combustion promoters work,
a new combustion promoter has
been developed. Commercial
field trials show excellent results.
Background
FCC units account for about
10% of the nitrogen oxide emis-
sions generated by stationary
sources in the United States.
These NOx emissions are the
result of nitrogen impurities in
the feed depositing on the cata-
lyst during the cracking reaction.
When the coke is burned off in
the regenerator, a portion of the
nitrogen is converted into NOx.
Since NOx emissions are a con-
tributor to acid rain, precursors in
the formation of ground level
ozone, and contribute to respirato-
ry health impacts, the EPA and
various state and local agencies
have been tightening NOx emis-
sion standards over the last
decade1,2.
A variety of NOx reduction
options, both catalytic and hard-
ware oriented, are available to
refiners to comply with limits on
NOx content emitted from the
FCCU regenerator flue gas
stream. One of the best meth-
ods of meeting these regulations
is the use of low NOx combus-
tion promoters. This method
has the advantage of being
simple and inexpensive since it
replaces traditional Pt-based
promoter, and also typically
requires no additional infrastruc-
ture or chemical reactants. In
addition, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency concluded
that newly adopted emission
limits utilizing additives and
combustion controls were
achievable, cost effective and
had fewer secondary impacts
than more costly hardware ori-
ented control technologies3.
The U. S. EPA issued final
amendments to its New Source
Performance Standards for
Petroleum Refineries (NSPS)3
on June 24, 2008. Within this
amendment, the EPA states that
the currently Best Demonstrated
Technology (BDT) to NOx emis-
sion control now includes the
use of additives in conjunction
with an upwardly revised NOx
emission limit of 80 ppmv based
on a 7-day rolling average.
Typically, under EPA Consent
Decree proceedings, FCCU
operations have been restricted
to a NOx emission limit of 20
ppmv based on a 365-day rolling
average and 40 ppmv based on
a 7-day rolling average. This
NSPS amendment now also rec-
ognizes the secondary environ-
mental impact that many of the
hardware solutions inflict upon
the environment, inherent in
their operation to achieve a 20
ppmv maximum NOx emission
limit. These secondary impacts
include PM (Particulate Matter)
as well as additional SO2 and
NOx emissions resulting from
increased electrical demand. In
addition, many of the hardware
solutions require supplementary
chemical reactants that add haz-
ards and emission problems of
their own1. As such, non-plat-
inum formulated oxidation pro-
moters and advanced oxidation
controls typically are anticipated
to provide the least overall envi-
ronmental impact, as they gen-
erally do not generate further
secondary environmental emis-
sions.
Even though there are many
advantages for the use of low
NOx promoters, there are some
limitations, especially with first
generation promoters. These
include variable and at times lim-
ited NOx reduction and also
occasionally low CO combustion
activity. The variability is thought
to be due to the wide range of
unit FCCU operating conditions,
as well as the variety of regener-
ator configurations. The pur-
pose of this paper and the R&D
work at Grace is to understand
the reactions behind NOx forma-
tion and destruction so improved
additives can be developed that
are more effective and less vari-
able in their performance. In
addition, work is on-going to
understand the operating condi-
tions that affect NOx formation in
order to develop recommenda-
tions to help refiners optimize
their unit to minimize NOx.
NOx Emission Mechanism
NOx in the FCC regenerator
originates from feed nitrogen
being deposited on the catalyst
as coke. When the nitrogen
containing coke is burned off in
the regenerator, about 10% of
the nitrogen is emitted as NOx
and the remainder is emitted as
nitrogen. Thermal NOx, which
results from the oxidation of
molecular nitrogen (N2), is not a
significant source of NOx at FCC
regenerator temperatures. This
has been shown to be the case
both by thermodynamic calcula-
tions and experimentally by per-
forming a nitrogen mass balance
around an FCC pilot plant unit4,5.
During the combustion of coke,
data indicates that the nitrogen
in the coke is first released as N2
or as a reduced nitrogen com-
pound, such as HCN. In the
presence of water vapor, gener-
ated by the combustion of coke,
the HCN is hydrolyzed to NH36,7.
These reduced nitrogen species
are then further oxidized to
6. GRACE DAVISON CATALAGRAM 15
Coke
Nitrogen
Reduced Nitrogen Species
(NH3, HCN)
NOx + Reductant
Nitrogen
(2B)
(2A)
(1)
Figure 1
Major NOx Reduction Pathways
either N2 or NOx. The NOx is
almost exclusively in the form of
NO. Once the NOx is formed it
can also react with various
reductants, such as carbon or
CO to form nitrogen.
In full burn units, traditional Pt-
based combustion promoters are
very effective at reducing CO but
also dramatically increase NOx
emissions. Low NOx combus-
tion promoters were introduced
to solve this problem by retain-
ing the CO oxidation function but
eliminating the sharp increase in
NOx. The low NOx combustion
promoters typically contain non-
Pt noble metals, potentially other
transition metals, and have mod-
ified alumina supports that help
with the NOx reduction func-
tion8,9,10.
Based on the reaction pathway
illustrated in Figure 1 for the for-
mation and destruction of NOx,
there are two major pathways by
which low NOx combustion pro-
moters can lower NOx. The first
(1) is catalyzing the reduction of
7. NOx to nitrogen. The second (2)
is acting on the NOx precursor
and minimizing its conversion to
NOx. This would be accom-
plished by promoting the oxida-
tion of the reduced nitrogen
species to nitrogen (eqn. 2A)
rather than to NOx (eqn. 2B).
Equation 2A
4NH3 + 3O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O
Equation 2B
4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O
The first mechanism (1) has
been shown to be facilitated by
Grace combustion promoters.
This work is outlined in two
papers Grace published jointly
with researchers at the
University of South Carolina11,12.
The data indicated that additives
promoted the reduction of NO by
CO through an isocyanate inter-
mediate stabilized by the surface
of the low NOx combustion pro-
moter. The second mechanism
(2), involving the oxidation of
reduced nitrogen species to
NOx, is the subject of work in
this paper. The research eluci-
dating these mechanisms and
the development of new Grace
low NOx combustion promoters
was carried out in a fluidized
bed Regenerator Test Unit as
well as in a fixed bed reactor, as
described below.
Experimental
Regenerator Test Unit
A laboratory scale Regenerator
Test Unit (RTU) was utilized to
test the performance of low NOx
combustion promoters and con-
ditions that affect NOx emissions
in the FCC regenerator13. The
RTU simulates an FCC regener-
ator by feeding coked catalyst
onto the top of a fluidized bed
where the coke is burned off
under controlled conditions.
Catalyst is also constantly
removed, generating an equili-
brated catalyst ranging from
completely coked to completely
regenerated catalyst in the reac-
tor. This closely replicates an
actual FCC regenerator environ-
ment where additive perform-
ance can be determined and
where regenerator conditions
can be systematically changed
to determine their effect on NOx
emissions.
The additives were tested after a
metals-free Cyclic Propylene
Steam (CPS) deactivation. The
commercial FCC catalyst used in
the study was steam deactivated
for 4 hours at 1500ºF in 100%
steam. After deactivation, it was
coked in Davison Circular Riser
pilot plant using an FCC feed
that contained 0.18 wt.% total
nitrogen, 0.42 wt.% sulfur, and
5.1 wt.% Conradson carbon.
The coked catalyst contained
approximately 1 wt.% coke. For
testing purposes, the deactivat-
ed additive was blended with the
coked catalyst at a 0.2 wt.%
level. During testing the reactor
temperature was maintained at
700ºC, and the excess oxygen
was controlled at 1.1%. Data
were collected for 60 to 90 min
after the steady state was
achieved.
Fixed Bed Reactor
Fixed bed reactor work was car-
ried out, in collaboration with
University of South Carolina14, to
compare the oxidation of the
reduced nitrogen species over a
variety of noble metals on a low
NOx combustion promoter base
support. Ammonia was used as
the model compound due to its
availability, relatively low toxicity
and belief that it is a major inter-
mediate species in the formation
of NOx. The metals were
deposited on the support using
soluble metal salts and impreg-
nating to incipient wetness. The
catalysts were dried and then
calcined. The oxidation of
ammonia in the presence of oxy-
gen was carried out at 700ºC to
simulate a typical FCC regenera-
tor temperature. For each
experiment 0.2 grams of additive
was blended with 3 grams of
quartz in the fixed bed. Prior to
analysis, the samples were treat-
ed in a 10% O2/He flow at
700ºC. The ammonia feed gas
concentration used for the reac-
tion was 500 ppm. The testing
was carried out using oxygen
levels of 500 ppm and 2000
ppm. The data were collected
under steady-state conditions at
constant gas hourly space veloc-
ity (GHSV) of 30 L/gm/hr. The
reaction products from the reac-
tor were fed to a GC-mass spec-
trometer for identification and
quantification.
Results
The oxidation of ammonia to
NOx and N2 was carried out
over the low NOx combustion
promoter support as well as for
each of the supported metals.
The low NOx combustion pro-
moter support was considered
the base line and additional con-
version considered due to the
effect of the metal. The data in
Figure 2, for the 2000 ppm O2
case shows that the Pt-based
promoter converts a significantly
higher percentage of ammonia
into NOx than either noble metal
#1 or #2. The noble metal #1
catalyst is the most selective for
converting NH3 to N2 followed by
noble metal #2 catalyst. These
results indicate that the selectivi-
16 ISSUE No. 107 / 2010
8. 40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
Pt Metal #2 Metal #1
Noble Metals
NOxFormation(%)
Figure 2
NOx Formation vs. Noble Metal Type
ty of the combustion promoter in
catalyzing the oxidation of
reduced nitrogen species to
either N2 or NO is a key differ-
ence between the performance
of Pt and non-Pt promoters in
the FCC regenerator. The effect
of higher oxygen level on the
selective oxidation of NH3 was
also studied. The data shows
that increasing oxygen levels
from 500 ppmv O2 to 2000 ppmv
O2, over the Pt promoter,
increases the amount of ammo-
nia converted to NOx by about
20%. Both of these observa-
tions are consistent with what is
observed in FCC regenerators
where Pt-based promoters and
high excess O2 levels both tend
to increase NOx emissions.
Resulting Products
CP®
P
Grace Davison’s third generation
low NOx combustion promoter,
CP®
P, has recently been intro-
duced to select refiners for com-
mercial scale evaluation.
Preliminary results from these
trials are confirming that the
intended characteristics of this
third generation low NOx com-
bustion promoter have been
achieved.
CP®
P has been designed as a
platinum free formulation, yield-
ing quick response to afterburn
and/or CO excursion situations,
as traditionally has been
observed with Pt formulated CO
promoters. Yet, CP®
P results in
lower NOx emissions and very
quick NOx emission decay peri-
ods. While “rescue” dosing of Pt
formulated CO promoter would
often result in elevated and lin-
gering NOx emissions for up to
2-4 weeks, the NOx decay peri-
od resulting from “rescue” dosing
of CP®
P tends to span only a
few days. Further, unlike earlier
generations of low NOx promot-
ers, CP®
P often does not
require strict adherence to daily
maintenance dosing. However,
consistent daily dosing of CP®
P
remains the preferred route
towards achieving predictable
afterburn, CO, and NOx emis-
sion control and balance.
Below are the initially received
testimonial responses from
FCCU locations regarding the
performance characteristics of
CP®
P.
Wyoming Refining –
Newcastle, WY
“Wyoming Refining Company
has been a user of Grace
Davison’s CP®
5 combustion
promoter since we started our
FCC up in 2000. We recently
switched to their CP®
P product
and are achieving the same
results as CP®
5. Our reasoning
for the change was to help with
the reduction of NOx in our
regenerator flue gas. So far,
with the addition of CP®
P, we do
not see an increase in the NOx
whenever the Promoter is
added.”
Montana Refining –
Great Falls, MT
"We do see good results and
haven’t seen an increase in CO
with the amounts we have been
using."
The CP®
P usage rate is about
25% lower than the first genera-
tion low NOx promoter. CP®
P is
more active with an immediate
afterburn and CO response, at
similar NOx levels, as with
XNOX®
.
Gulf Coast, USA Refiner
An immediate drop of 40-50°F in
regenerator cyclone tempera-
tures (at constant dense bed
temperatur) was observed after
the switch to CP®
P from a com-
petitive low NOX promoter.
GRACE DAVISON CATALAGRAM 17
9. The lower temperatures allowed
for a reduction in air rate and
excess O2 in an FCCU that is air
rate limited during warmer
months. Thus providing the flex-
ibility to operate with lower pre-
heat and higher cat-to-oil ratios
during warmer weather. Pre-
viously, operations would
attempt to increase air to oxidize
CO to CO2 in the bed to keep
regenerator dilute phase temper-
ature in check.
Additionally, CP®
P, being a non-
platinum formulated CO promot-
er, greatly enhances the disposi-
tion possibilities of a refiner’s
ecat. CP®
P is competitively
priced to attract FCCU opera-
tions in need of either a low NOx
CO Promoter, or simply a
replacement to an existing mid
activity platinum formulated pro-
moter.
Next Generation Low NOx
Promoter
Grace Davison’s continuing R&D
work on mechanistic pathways
for the formation and destruction
of NOx in the FCC regenerator,
indicate that additional improve-
ments to low NOx promoters are
still possible. Research and field
data show that there is a general
relationship between CO and
NO that makes it difficult to
achieve very low CO levels with-
out dramatically increasing NOx.
By fine-tuning and combining the
properties of an active metal and
the appropriate support material
we have preliminary data that
shows further reductions in NOx,
at constant CO levels, are
achievable. Testing data from
Grace Davison’s RTU, demon-
strate these improvements in
Figures 3A and 3B. The data
reveals that the CO combustion
activity of this fourth generation
promoter is similar to Pt-based
COCombustionActivity(%)
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
CP® P 4th Gen LNP
Combustion Promoters
Figure 3a
CO Combustion Activity
NOEmissions(ppmv)
70
75
50
55
60
65
CP® P 4th Gen LNP
Combustion Promoters
Figure 3b
NOx Emission Comparison
18 ISSUE No. 107 / 2010
10. promoters and CP®
P but makes
lower NOx. We expect this new
technology will be commercial-
ized in 2011.
Summary
Grace research and develop-
ment efforts have led to the
development of CP®
P, a new
low NOx combustion promoter.
Data from multiple field trials has
indicated excellent CO control
with quick response to afterburn
and/or CO excursions, like tradi-
tional Pt-based promoters.
However, unlike traditional pro-
moters, CP®
P provides lower
NOx emissions and very quick
NOx emission decay periods.
This new promoter was devel-
oped as an outgrowth of R&D
work directed towards under-
standing the mechanistic path-
ways for NOx formation in the
FCC regenerator. The reduced
nitrogen species generated dur-
ing the burning of coke in the
regenerator are the key interme-
diate species in minimizing NOx
formation. CP®
P is much more
effective at converting these
reduced species to N2 than Pt-
based promoters, which tend to
convert them to NOx. In addi-
tion, CP®
P is effective at con-
verting NOx that has been
formed in the regenerator back
to N2 via a reaction with reduc-
ing species.
Due to the success of low NOx
promoters and lack of need for
additional infrastructure or other
chemical reactants, these pro-
moters are now considered by
the EPA to be the Best
Demonstrated Technology for
abating NOx emissions from
FCC regenerators. Grace is
continuing work in alignment
with this BDT conclusion by the
EPA, directing continued
research and development
efforts towards further under-
standing both the NOx formation
mechanisms and improved cat-
alytic methods for reducing NOx.
References
1. Frank S. Roser, Mark W. Schnaith, and
Patrick D. Walker, “Integrated View to
Understanding the FCC NOx Puzzle,” UOP
LLC, Des Plaines Illinois, 2004 AIChE Annual
Meeting.
2. Cheng, Wu-Cheng; Habib, E. Thomas,
Jr; Rajagopalan, Kuppuswamy; Roberie,
Terry G.; Wormsbecher, Richard F.; Ziebarth,
Michael S., Fluid Catalytic Cracking,
Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis (2nd
Edition) (2008), (6) 2741-2778.
3. New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) for Petroleum Refineries, at 40
C.F.R. Part 60, Subpart J/Ja. 73 Fed. Reg.
35838 (June 24, 2008). The amendments
were proposed in 2007 as the outcome of
the periodic review of NSPS standards
required under the Clean Air Act -- Section
111(b)(1). 72 Fed. Reg. 27278 (May 14,
2007). The rules provide technical correc-
tions to the existing Subpart J standards and
create a set of new emissions for fluid cat-
alytic cracking units (FCCU), fluid coking
units (FCU), sulfur recovery plants (SRP),
and fuel gas combustion devices for facilities
that were newly constructed, modified or
reconstructed after May 14, 2007. The new
rules became effective on June 24, 2008.
4. Xinjin Zhao, A.W. Peters, G. W.
Weatherbee, Nitrogen Chemistry and NOx
Control in a Fluid catalytic Cracking
Regenerator, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1997, 36,
4535-4542.
5. K. L. Dishman, P. K. Doolin, L. D.
Tullock, NOx Emissions in Fluid catalytic
Cracking Catalyst Regeneration, Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res. 1998,37, 4631-4636.
6. G. Yaluris,, A. Peters, Additives Acieve
Ultra-Low FCCU Emissions, NPRA Paper
AM-05-21, 2005
7. J. O. Barth, A. Jentys, J. A. Lercher, On
the Nature of Nitrogen Containing
Carbonaceous Deposits on Coked Fluid
Catalytic Cracking Catalysts, Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res. 2004,43, 2368-2375.
8. A.W. Peters, J.A. Rudesill, G.D.
Weatherbee, E.F. Rakeiwicz, M.J. Barbato-
Grauso, US Patent 6,143,167 2000, to
W.R.Grace & Co.-Conn.
9. A.W. Peters, E.F. Rakeiwicz, G.D.
Weatherbee, X. Zhao, US Patent 6,165,933
2000.
10. G. Yaluris, and J.A. Rudesill, US Patent
6,881,390, 2005.
11. Oleg S. Alexeev, Sundaram
Krishnamoorthy, Cody Jensen, Michael S.
Ziebarth, George Yaluris, Terry G. Roberie,
Michael D. Amiridis , In Situ FTIR
Characterization of the Adsorption of CO and
its Reaction with NO on Pd-Based FCC Low
NOx Combustion Promoters. Catalysis
Today, Volume 127, Issues 1-4, 30
September 2007, Pages 189-198.
12. Oleg S. Alexeev, Sundaram
Krishnamoorthy, Michael S. Ziebarth, George
Yaluris, Terry G. Roberie, Michael D.
Amiridis, Characterization of Pd-Based FCC
CO/NOx Control Additives by In Situ FTIR
and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine
Structure Spectroscopies. Catalysis Today,
Volume 127, Issues 1-4, 30 September 2007,
Pages 176-188.
13. G. Yaluris, X. Zhao, and A. W. Peters, “
FCCU Regenerator Lab-Scale Simulator for
testing New Catalytic Additives for Reduction
of Emissions from The FCC Regenerator”,
Proceedings of the 212th ACS National
Meeting, Orlando, FL, Aug, 1999, 41 (3)
P.901.
14. Michael Amiridis, Oleg Alexeev, Behnam
Bahrami (Chemical Engineering, University
of South Carolina), Udayshankar Singh,
Michael Ziebarth (W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn.),
Manuscript preparation currently in progress.
GRACE DAVISON CATALAGRAM 19
11. 20 ISSUE No. 107 / 2010
Our newest CO Promoter, CP®
P delivers quick
CO/afterburn response, equivalent to traditional
Platinum formulated promoters with up to 20%
lower NOx emissions compared to competitive
products.
Commercialized in late 2009, six FCC units are
currently using CP®
P and three additional trials are
planned. In commercial applications, CP®
P has
• 75% lower usage rates compared to first
generation low NOx promoter
• Allowed operation at lower excess O2 in an
air-limited FCCU
• An immediate 40 – 50°F drop in hottest cyclone
temperature at constant dense bed temperature
after switch from competitor
Its copper-free formulation allows for enhanced
disposition possibilities for equilibrium catalyst and
has no special handling requirements. CP®
P is
available in
• 5 lb. bags
• 30 lb. pails
• 300 lb. drums
• 2000 lb. totes
Current
Users
Date CP® P
Started
Base
Promoter
Expected
Start 2nd
Qtr 2010
Competitor 1
Non-Pt Based
Promoter
CP® A
Expected
Start 1st
Qtr 2010
XNOX®
CP® 5
Expected
Start 1st
Qtr 2010
Feb ’10
Competitor 1
Non-Pt Based
Promoter
Feb ’10
CP® 5Feb ’10
Competitor 2
Non-Pt Based
Promoter
XNOX®
CP® 5
Jan ’10
Nov ‘09
Sep ‘091
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Table I
Current and Planned CP®
P Users
Grace Davison Introduces CP®
P,
Our Third Generation Non-Platinum
Low NOx CO Promoter
COIndexPercent
1st Generation Low NOx
Combustion Promoter
CP® P
55
50
45
40
35
30
Reduced Variability with CP® P
Figure 1
CP®
P Reduces Variability
