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2. :

3. Difference Between
Responses Based on
Reasons And on Feelings
Title:

4. On the opposite side of the discussion about the role of
feelings in making moral decision are those who argued on
the use of reason over feelings. Philosopher and Professor
Dr. James Rachels asserted that in moral reasoning, you
could not rely on your feelings no matter how powerful
these feelings may be. Feelings can be irrational and
merely a product of your prejudice, selfishness, or cultural
conditioning. The morally right thing to do is one that is
supported by rational arguments. An argument is
reasonable if:

5. A.The facts are correct.
B. The moral principles are correctly applied.
C. Each individual’s well-being is treated equally important

6. What is the
Role Of
Feelings in Decision - making

7. Reason plays a role in making a moral decision.
Philosophers encourage the use of reason in making moral
decisions.

8. What is the Role of feelingsin Decision– making:
However, it should be noted too that our
moral compasses are also powerfully
influenced by feelings. Hume claimed that
in any given situation a person would act
based on emotions rather than reason.

9. 20th century philosopher Alfred Jules Ayer
described Two elements in moral judgment:
the EMOTIVE and the PRESCRIPTIVE ELEMENTS
(2012).

10. The EMOTIVE ELEMENTS in moral decisions meant
expressing positive feelings towards a particular act.
For example, "Kindness is good" meant you feel positive
about acts of kindness, When you feel positively about an
act, you do not only do the act you also feel this act s
hould be encouraged that others may follow.

11. This is where the second element prescriptive-comes in
such as saying, "Be kind to others."
The prescriptive element in a sense, is an
instruction or prescription of a particular behavior.

12. Why feelings can be obstacles to making the right decisions
There are three central features as to why emotions can be
obstacles in making the right decisions:

13. Non-Deliberate Nature:
Emotions often arise
automatically and
without conscious
control.
1.
Partial Nature
(Been Zeev, 1997)
Emotions are selective
in their focus.
2.

14. Capriciousness (Pizarro, 2000) Emotions can
be inconsistent and change rapidly. What we
feel in one moment may not be the same in the
next.
3.

15. The Non – Deliberate Nature Of Feelings
Deliberate means the act was intentional, planned,
with conscious effort.
Non deliberate is the contrary term that denotes
spontaneous actions. It is doing something without
thinking through.

16. Philosopher Aaron Be Zeev summarized the non-deliberate nature of feelings as follow:
1. Responsibility entails free choice, if we are not free to behave in a certain manner,
then we are not responsible for this behavior.
2. Free choice entails an intellectual deliberation in which alternatives are considered
and the best one is chosen. Without such consideration, we clearly cannot understand
the possible alternatives and are not responsible for preferring one of them.
3. Since intellectual deliberation is absent from emotions,
we cannot be responsible for our emotions (p.244)

17. The Partial Nature of Feelings
Emotions notoriously play favorites. It operates
on a principle called "The Law of Concern"
(Fridja,1988) Where emotions give focus only
on matters of personal interest. However,
emotions are quiet when it is of no personal
concern.

18. There are two aspects in the partial nature of emotions:
1. Decisions based
on feelings focus
only on a narrow
area, and
2. It reflects
personal and
self-interest
Perspectives.

19. (O'Donohue, & Kitchener, 1996; Randall, 2012).
Emotions influence our attention.
Thus, it governs what attracts
and holds attention. Emotions
make us preoccupied with
specific matters and we become
oblivious to everything else
(Harvard Business Review, 2015).
The feeling of "being in love "
is an example.
The narrow area of focus is more
evident when you and your
girlfriend/silent boyfriend are
not in good terms. You cannot
think of anything else but the
end of your romance and you
become overwhelmed
with sadness and despair.

20. The second partial
nature of emotion
is that it draws it's
perspective from
personal interest.
(O'Donohue, & Kitchener, 1996)
It addresses
subjective
concerns and
takes action
primarily to
satisfy such
concerns.

21. The Capricious Nature of Feelings
The third problem with emotions is that it rises up for
arbitrary reasons. For example, you did not give money to an
old beggar asking for alms simply because she tugged at your
shirt and startled you. Aspects or situations that have nothing
to do in moral situations could rile up your emotions and this
emotion will certainly influence your subsequent moral
judgment (Pizarro, 2000).

22. How Emotions
Help In Making the
Right Decisions

23. All of us already experienced many negative
feelings. It is somehow a part of our ability to
learn. Too much negative emotions triggers
"Counterfactual thinking".

24. To sum up the ideas of Roese,1994 ; McMullen
and Markman,2000 , Counterfactual thinking
is like an alternative idea/s that immediately
pops up in the mind of a person due to the
feeling of dissatisfaction.

25. How Emotions Help In Making the Right Decision
Although several studies point out the negative effects of
emotion in making decisions, contemporary research on
how emotions facilitate reasoning is also catching up.
Several studies suggest that emotions are the foundation
of all out cognitive and behavioral processes; and
emotional responses often guide a person in making
beneficial choices without any conscious reasoning
(Arnold .1960; Damasio,2003).

26. This work, and the subsequent works
that followed indicated that emotions
could help in making better choices,
even without consciously reasoning
these choices out. Other studies further
suggested that negative feelings make
the perfect occasion to develop
emotional responses and align it with
moral attitudes and goal
(Gilovich and Medvec, 1995).

27. There are at least three ways that feelings,
Especially negative feelings, help in making
The right decisions:
1. It signals the need to adjust behavior.
2. It can help us learn from our mistakes.
3. Emotional responses can be reshaped as time pass by.

28. “It's not about perfect. It's about effort.”

29. Thank you
For
Listening

30. Question and Answer:
Identify the following : Non-Deliberate Nature of Feelings, Partial Nature of Feelings and Capricious Nature of F
____________1. Often, we experience a blend of different emotions simultaneously. For example, during a bittersweet
moment, you might feel both happiness and sadness at the same time.
____________2. Sometimes, we burst into laughter without consciously deciding to do so. A funny joke or situation
can trigger this emotional response automatically.
____________3. Jealousy often involves a combination of emotions such as insecurity, fear, and envy. This mix of feelings
exemplifies the partial and multifaceted nature of our emotional experiences.
____________4. When faced with a sudden and unexpected threat, like a loud noise or a startling event, our bodies
often react with fear and an increased heart rate without us choosing to be afraid.
____________5. Mood swings are characterized by rapid and unpredictable shifts in emotions. For instance,
you might be happy one moment and suddenly become irritable or sad without an apparent cause.
____________6. Feelings of love and attraction, with individuals sometimes experiencing intense affection for
someone one moment and then a sudden loss of interest in the next.
____________7. Nostalgia is a feeling of longing for the past, which can be a mix of happiness and sadness.
It's a partial emotion that combines both positive and negative elements.
____________8. Crying when we're sad is typically an involuntary reaction to emotional distress. It's not something
we intentionally decide to do; our tears flow as a natural response to our feelings of sadness.
____________9. You might be perfectly fine one day and then suddenly experience intense fear or anxiety in response
to a specific trigger, even if it's not logically justified.
____________10. When forgiving someone, it can involve a combination of understanding, empathy, and residual
hurt or disappointment, showing the partial nature of forgiveness.

31. 11-20. As human beings, we cannot help.
But be influenced by feelings. Based on what you have
Learned about the role of feelings in
decision-making, what is the best
approach in making moral decisions?
Essay: