What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)? Procedures for FGM Prevalence of FGM globally Types of FGM Reasons for FGM The possible consequences of the procedure The potential impacts of FGM on labor and childbirth The international organizations response to End FGM practice.

1. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM)
By
EE Nyangaresi
21-Jul-23 1

2. INTRODUCTION
 What is FGM?
21-Jul-23 2

3. INTRODUCTION...
• All procedures involving partial or total removal of the
female external genitalia or other injury to the female
genital organs for non-medical reasons
21-Jul-23 3

4. INTRODUCTION CONT...
21-Jul-23 4

5. PROCEDURES
 Has been practiced in various forms for centuries
(>2000 yrs)
 Age of female varies depending on the country
 Performed by an older woman; maybe herbalist or
relative; usually receive a fee
21-Jul-23 5

6. PROCEDURES CONT...
 Usually performed under unsanitary conditions, with
scissors, Razor blade, or knives
21-Jul-23 6

7. PROCEDURES CONT...
 No anesthetic use
 Incision is usually held closed by thorns
 Often legs are tied closed for 3 weeks
21-Jul-23 7

8. HOW COMMON IS IT?
 Estimated that more than 200 million girls and women alive
today have undergone FGM/C in 30 countries in Africa, the
Middle East and Asia where FGM is practiced
 More than 3 million girls estimated to be at risk of FGM annually
 FGM is mostly carried out on young girls between infancy
and age 15
21-Jul-23 8

9. HOW COMMON IS IT?...
 Treatment of the heath complications of FGM is
estimated to cost health systems US$ 1.4 billion per
year
 FGM is a violation of the human rights of girls and
women
 FGM is therefore of global concern
21-Jul-23 9

10. HOW COMMON IS IT?...
 In Tanzania, FGM/C is performed at different ages by
“Ngaribas”
 The Tanzanian Special Provisions Act (1998 penal code
amendment) specifically outlaws FGM/C
21-Jul-23 10

11. Globaly
21-Jul-23 11

12. TYPES OF FGM
 TYPE 1
Partial or total removal of the clitoris
In medical literature this form of FGM/C is also referred
to as ‘clitoridectomy’
21-Jul-23 12

13.  TYPE 2
Partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia minora
In English, this type of cutting is often referred to as
‘excision’
21-Jul-23 13

14.  TYPE 3
 Narrowing of the vaginal orifice by cutting and bringing
together the labia minora and/or majora to create a
type of seal, without excision of the clitoris, referred to
as ‘infibulation’
21-Jul-23 14

15.  TYPE 4
 All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for
non-medical purposes, for example: pricking, piercing,
incising, scraping and cauterization
21-Jul-23 15

16. WHY IS THIS DONE?
 Some reasons given for FGM/C:
 Prevents excessive clitoral growth
 Limits a woman’s sexual desire
 Preserves virginity
 Prevents promiscuity
21-Jul-23 16

17. CONT...
 Prevention of immorality
 Ritual of womanhood
 Enhances male sexuality
 Ensures a woman’s cleanliness
21-Jul-23 17

18. COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF THE
PROCEDURE
 Pain due to lack of anesthesia
 Haemorrhage - due to cutting across the clitoral artery
 Shock, because of the sudden blood loss
21-Jul-23 18

19. COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF THE
PROCEDURE CONT...
 Wound & vaginal infection
 Tetanus can occur due to the use of non-sterile
equipment
 Anemia
 Formation of keloid scar tissue, fissures and dermoid
cysts
21-Jul-23 19

20. CHILDBIRTH COMPLICATION OF FGM
 Scaring of the vaginal canal, pelvic floor muscles and
perineum can lead to rigid, inelastic tissue leading to
increased problems with:
Obstructed labour
Uterine inertia
Uterine rupture
21-Jul-23 20

21. CONT...
Impacted fetus
Vaginal and perineal lacerations
Third degree tears
Cesarean Section
21-Jul-23 21

22. POSTPARTUM COMPLICATIONS
 Puerperal infection
 Delayed healing of the repaired perineum and vaginal
tissues
 Sloughing of the vaginal wall, resulting in Vessico-
vaginal fistula and/or recto-vaginal fistula
21-Jul-23 22

23. POSTPARTUM COMPLICATIONS CONT...
 Anemia
 Psychological complications (depression, anxiety post
traumatic stress disorder)
21-Jul-23 23

24.  ENDING FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION BY
2030
• In 2012, the UN General Assembly designated Feb 6th
as the International Day of Zero Tolerance for FGM,
aiming to amplify efforts on eliminating this practice
21-Jul-23 24

25. ENDING FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION BY
2030...
• This year, the UNFPA and UNICEF join the programme on the
elimination of FGM by 2030. Delivering the Global Promise
launched the 2023 theme; “Partnership with Men and Boys
to Transform Social and Gender Norms to End FGM”.
21-Jul-23 25

26. REFERENCES
21-Jul-23 26
 World Health Organization (WHO), Female genital
mutilation. (Jan 30, 2023).
 https://www.unicef.org/stories/what-you-need-
know-about-female-genital-mutilation. (Feb 3, 2023).
•