staphylococcal infection with homeopathic medicines

1. By,
DR.S.R.SUSHMITHA
UGO : DR.PRAVEEN
KUMAR
MEDICINE DEPT, PART-
1
GHMC & H
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTION

2. OBJECTIVES
 Discuss the basic charecteristics of
Staphylococci.
 Describe the virulence factors
 Discuss pathogenicity, clinical manifestations,
laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control.

3.  ALEXANDER OGSTAN
A Scottish surgeon, who coined
the name Staphylococcus.

4.  Staphylococci are gram positive cocci,
 Occur in grape like clusters,
o In Greek :
 staphyle - Bunch of grapes
 Kokkus - Berry

5. General properties of
staphylococci
 Gram positive cocci of uniform size (1um in
diameter).
 Arranged in grape like clusters (but also found
single or in pairs).
 These are spherical cocci
 Non-motile
 Non-spore forming
 Aerobic or facultative anaerobics
 A few strains possess capsules.
 Resistant to temp as high at 60degree C,drying,
high salt concentration.

6. INTRODUCTION
 More than 30 species of staphylococci can infect
humans.
 However , S.aureus, is the most virulent species
responsible for most infections and associated
morbidity and mortality in humans.
 S.aureus is distinguishable from other
staphylococci by its ability to produce coagulase,
an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

7. STAPHYLOCOCCUS
 Account for a high proportion of acute and
chronic lesions.
 S.aureus is a pluripotent pathogen, causing
disease through both toxin-mediated and non-
toxin-mediated mechanisms.
 This organism is responsible for both nosocomial
and community-based infections that range from
relatively minor skin and soft tissue infections to
life-threatening systemic infections.
 Make a large contribution to human commensal
flora

9. Pathogenesis
 S. aureus has a capacity to induce abscess formation.
A breach in the skin or mucosal barrier is necessary
for initiation of a
staphylococcal infection.
 After colonisation, the organisms replicate at the initial
site of infection, elaborating enzymes which facilitate
their survival and local spread across tissue surfaces.
 S. aureus also has a capacity for intracellular survival
and to induce cellular changes which contribute to
systemic manifestations of the disease.
 The primary host response to S. aureus infection is the
recruitment of neutrophils.
 The staphylococcal cell wall as well as staphylococcal
toxin can initiate an inflammatory response that can
lead to sepsis.

10. Staphylococcus aureus
infections
 S. aureus forms part of normal human flora,
colonising the
anterior nares, axilla, perineum, oropharynx,
vagina and toe-webs.
 25% to 50% of healthy persons may be carriers
and this is relevant to the epidemiology, as
source of most infections is
endogeneous.
 S. aureus may also be acquired from other
people or from
environment as from hands of hospital
personnel or through

11. Factors predisposing to S.aureus
colonisation
Chronic hemodialysis

12.  Localised Infections:
 Most infections arise in relation to hair follicles and
result in
localised pus collection.
 The affected area may be red, swollen and painful.
Common predisposing factors are minor trauma,
insect bites, injections and poor personal hygiene.
 Folliculitis is a superficial infection of hair follicle.
Common Illnesses Caused by S.
aureus

14.  Staphylococcus can result in mastitis or breast
abscesses in 1% to 3% of breast-feeding women.

15.  Pleuropulmonary infections
 Staphylococcal pneumonia can occur as a result of
aspiration of oro-pharyngeal flora, commonly in a
patient with pre-existing lung disease, e.g.
bronchiectasis, or due to metastatic seeding of a
previously healthy lung.
 S. aureus is a cause of serious pulmonary infections
in newborns and infants.
 In adults,nosocomial S. aureus pneumonia is often a
complication of intubation and ventilation.
 Patients with right-sided endocarditis can present with
septic pulmonary emboli.
 Staphylococcal pneumonias can be complicated by
pneumatoceles, empyema and pyopneumothorax.

17. Musculoskeletal infections
 Commonly involved joints include knees, shoulders,
hips and phalanges.
 Pre-existing joint diseases, like osteoarthritis and
rheumatoid arthritis are the predisposing factors.
 Increasing use of joint aspirations is contributing
higher incidence of septic arthirtis
 Haematogenous osteomyelitis involves long bones
more
commonly in children whereas in adults, vertebrae
are the
commoner site.
 These infections are more common in patients with
endocarditis, intravenous drug users, diabetics and
those undergoing haemodialysis.

18.  Pyomyositis is an acute inflammation of skeletal
muscles seen
only in tropics and sub-tropics.
 It presents as fever, swelling and pain overlying the
involved muscle. (gluteal and quadriceps are the
common muscles invovled)

19. Bacteremia, Septicaemia and Infective
Endocarditis
 S. aureus bacteraemia may be complicated by
sepsis,endocarditis, vasculitis or metastatic seeding
of infection.
 Commonly seeded tissue sites are bones, kidneys,
joints and lungs. Immunocompromised states
particularly diabetes,
 HIV infection and renal insufficiency increase the risk
of bacteraemia and its complications.
 The presence of S. aureus in the urine suggests
haematogenous dissemination.
 In patients with severe burns, staphylococcal sepsis is
a leading
cause of shock and death.

20.  Food poisoning due to S. aureus is caused by the
ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxin, preformed in
the contaminated food.
 It is characterised by severe vomiting, nausea,
abdominal cramps and diarrhoea and occurs within 1
to 6 hours of ingestion of food.
 Symptoms generally resolve within few hours and
treatment is supportive.
Toxin-Mediated Illness
Staphylococcal food poisoning

21. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
 It is characterised by high fever, erythematous
rash, desquamation, diarrhoea, mental confusion,
hypotension and
multi-organ failure.
 It is caused by toxins secreted by S. aureus
bacteria growing under conditions in which there
is little or no oxygen.
 TSS was originally described in menstruating
women
 using tampons. TSS is caused by enterotoxin or
TSS toxin-1
( TSST-1).

23. Staphylococcal scalded skin
syndrome (SSSS)
 SSSS mostly affects newborns and children.
 It is characterised by sudden onset of extensive
erythema followed by bullous desquamation of large
areas of skin. It is caused by epidermolytic toxins of
S. aureus.

27. PREVENTION
 Simple measures like hand washing and
appropriate isolation procedures can prevent
spread of S. aureus infections.
 Regular hospital associated infection monitoring,
antibiotic sensitivity surveillance and formulation of
an antibiotic policy is helpful to reduce MRSA
prevalence.
 Use of topical anti-microbial agents like mupirocin
to eliminate nasal colonisation with S. aureus helps
prevent infections in dialysis patients, but is not
recommended routinely.

28. MIASMATIC DIAGNOSIS
SYCO SYPHILIS

29. HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICINES :
ANTIMONIUM CRUDUM
• Eczema with gastric derrangements.
• Pimples, vesicles and pustules. Thick hard, honey
coloured scabs.
• Scaly pustular erruption with burning and itching.
• Worse at night.
• Intermittent fever nausea, vomiting, eructations.

30. Cont…
ARS ALB
 Itching , burning, swellings, oedema,
eruptions, papular, dry, scaly.
 Epithelioma of skin.
 High temparature. Periodicity marked with
adynamia. Great heat about 3am.
 Cramps in calves. Swelling of feet.