Biodiversity, hot spots, conservation, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries

2. ▪ GLOBAL LEVEL-
▪ 1.8 million spp.- Documented
▪ Bio-rich nations are in south & in north have lower levels of biodiversity.
▪ Areas of varied climate and topography hold more species than the areas of
uniform climate and topography.
▪ The moist tropical forests are the most species rich areas or environments on
earth. Though they cover just about 7% of the world’s surface; but it is
estimated that they may hold more than 90% of the world’s species.

5. ▪ NATIONAL LEVEL-
▪ INDIA is a mega-diversity nation.
▪ Special geographical position - rich & varied
biodiversity.
▪ Climatic conditions.
▪ The country has a rich heritage of biodiversity,
encompassing a wide spectrum of habitats
from tropical rainforests to alpine vegetation,
and from temperate forests to coastal wetlands.

6. S-E plains-
fertile land
Mountain
region
Desert region-
dry & sandy
•Rivers- Ban-ganga,
Gambhiri, Banas,
Chambal
•Flora- bamboo, Teak,
Eucalyptus etc.
•Aravali hills from
eastern to S-W side
•Negligible rainfall
•Saline water
•Flora- khejari, kair,
cactus, akra, rohira etc.
▪ LOCAL LEVEL-
▪ Geological Survey of India has divided Rajasthan in 3 main divisions-

7. ▪Regions that combine high
richness, endemism and threat
▪Worldwide 36 regions- declared as
hot spots
▪4 regions from India-
▪ Eastern Himalayas
▪ Indo-Burma region
▪ Western Ghats
▪ Sundaland

8. ▪ Meet the needs of present
generation without
compromising on the ability
of the future generations to
meet their needs.
▪ Establishment of protected
areas is one of the strategies. METHODS
OF
CONSERVATION
In-situ conservation
Biosphere Reserves
National Parks
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Sacred Grooves
Ex-situ conservation
Botanical Gardens &
Zoological Parks
Seed Banks
Gene Banks

10. ▪ An area set aside by a national government
for preservation of the natural environment.
▪ Habitat specific
▪ 106 NP at present (National Wildlife
Database Jan. 2023)
▪ 5 in Rajasthan
▪ 1st national park in India- Hailey NP (1936)
now known as Corbett NP
▪ Ranthambore NP
▪ Desert NP
▪ Kanha NP
▪ Gir NP
▪ Kaziranga NP

11. ▪ An area where animal
habitats and their
surroundings are
protected.
▪ Species specific
▪ 567 WLS (National
Wildlife Database Jan.
2023)
▪ 25 in Rajasthan

14. ▪ Parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending
over large areas of terrestrial or coastal/marine
ecosystems or a combination of both.
▪ Biosphere Reserves tries to balance economic and
social development and maintenance of associated
cultural values along with the preservation of
nature.
▪ Ecosystem oriented
▪ 18 in India

15. ▪ 10 – recognized on world network of biosphere
reserves by UNESCO
▪ Nilgiri
▪ Sunderbans
▪ Gulf of mannar
▪ Nanda devi
▪ Nokrek
▪ Pachmari
▪ Simiplipal
▪ Achanakmar-Amarkantak
▪ Nicobar islands
▪ Agasthyamalai

18. Sacred grooves are a special area of a forest with all the trees and
wildlife venerated and given total protection by a deity. They
contribute to the preservation of our country’s biodiversity. These
sacred groves are self-sustaining mini-ecosystems, and no one is
permitted to cut any tree or plant, kill animals and birds, or harm
any form of life in this area. These are found in several parts of
India.
1. Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya
2. Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan
3. Western Ghat regions of Karnataka and Maharashtra
4. Sarguja, Chanda and Baster areas of Madhya Pradesh
5. Nagabanas (serpent abodes), Boothasthaanas (Devi abodes) etc.
6. Kavus of Kerala

20. In Ex-situ conservation, preservation and
protection of species take place away
from their natural ecosystem.
The endangered species are shifted to a new habitat
for their breeding and protection, including the
conservation of genetic resources.

21. ZOOLOGICAL PARKS STATE
Nehru Zoological Park Telangana
Nandankanan Zoological Park Orissa
Bannerghatta Biological Park Karnataka
National Zoological Park Delhi
Zoological Parks
Zoological parks are places where animals are
shifted from their natural habitat for
protection and breeding. It is a place where the
public is allowed to visit and see these animals.

22. Botanical
Gardens
Place where species of living plants are kept. It
is more like a display garden of various plant
species. They help in the promotion, study, and
conservation of endangered plant species..
BOTANICAL GARDENS STATE
Lalbagh Botanical Garden Karnataka
Government Botanical Garden Tamil Nadu
Lloyds Botanical Garden West Bengal
National Botanical Research
Institute
Uttar Pradesh

23. Institutes that maintain
stocks of viable seeds (seed
bank), live growing
plants (orchards), tissue
culture and frozen
germplasm with the whole
range of genetic variability.
GENE BANKS
The method through which live
cells, tissues, organelles, or any
other biological samples are
preserved in deep freeze at a
low temperature of -196
degree Celsius is
called Cryopreservation.
CRYOPRESERVATION