2. โข Upper respiratory tract infection is the most
common reason for absenteeism worldwide
โข Most of the upper respiratory tract infection is
viral ( 90%)
โข Most of the upper respiratory tract infection
are self limiting
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3. Rhinitis
โข Inflammation and irritation of the mucous
membrane of the nose.
โข The disease can be acute or chronic , allergic
or nonallergic
โข The most common cause is common cold
โข Other causes include over use of nasal
decongestants, deviated septum, and
hormonal changes.
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5. Viral Rhinitis
โข The most frequent infection in the world
โข More than 200 viruses can cause rhinitis
โข The most common virus is Rhinovirus, influensa and parainfluensa
โข Self limiting infection caise by virus
โข Afebrile ( no fever), infectious, acute inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the nasal cavity.
โข Usually patient has nasal congestion. Rhinorrhea, sneezing,
sorethroat and general malaise
โข Despite popular beliefs exposure to cold weather donโt increase the
incidence or severity of the disease
clinical manifestations include nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, nasal
discharge, sneezing
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6. Viral Rhinitis
โข Management
โข Increase fluid intake, bed rest
โข Use expectorant ( helps to clear seputum )
โข Warm salt water gurgle
โข Aspirin and ibuprofen
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7. Acute sinusitis
โข Infection of the mucous membrane that line the
paranasal sinus.
โข Can be acute,subacute, chronic or allergic
โข During infection if the passage between the sinus
and the nose is clear the infection resolve easily
but if there is obstruction by tumor or septum
deviation the case become complicated
โข Becterial infection account for 60% of the cases
:Streptococcus pneumonia, Haimophilus
influenzae, and streptococcus pyogenes. Are the
most frequent.
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8. Acute sinusitis
Clinical manifestations
โข Facial pain or pressure over the affected sinus
โข Nasal obstruction
โข Fatigue
โข Fever and headach
โข Ear pain and sense of fullness
โข Comnplications : if sinusitis not treated may lead
to meningitis, abscess and osteomyelitis
Management : antibiotisc, dacongestants,
โข Saline irrigation
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9. Acute Pharyngitis
โข Is sudden inflammation of pharynx
โข More common in Childs ate age 5-15 years old
โข mostly cause by viral infection such as adenovirus,
influenza virus, Epstein Barr virus and herbes simplex
โข Bacteria is less common cause and include
streptococcus, H. influenzae
โข Clinical manifestations: sore throat, fever, red pharynx
โข Management: antibiotics , aspirin, antitussive
medication( relieve cough) such as codeine
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10. Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis
โข Lymphatic tissue situated in each side of
oropharynx
โข The adenois are the tonsils of the nasopharynx
โข Adenoditis and tonsilitis are most commonly
caused by streptococcus
Clinical manifestations: fever, sore throat,
snoring difficulty swallowing .
โข Infection may spread to the middle ear
through eustachian tube and cause otitis
media
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11. Tonsilitis and Adenoiditis
Management
โข Increase fluid
โข Analgesic
โข Salt water regurgitation
โข Rest
โข Penicillin in case of bacterial infection
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12. Laryngitis
โข Inflammation of larynx
โข May be caused by bacterial or viral infection however
non infectious causes are common such as abuse of
voice, or exposure to dust
โข Clinical manifestations:
โข Hoarsness ( harsh voice)
โข Aphonia: complete loss of voice
โข Sever cough worsens by cold and relieved by warm
climate
Management
โข Rest the voice, antibiotics, corticosteroid
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