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Chapter-5
laxBu&izd`fr ,oafl)kUr
------------------------- ds vuqlkj] ** leku O;fDr;ksads lewg ds }kj
y{;ksa dh izkfIrds fy, fd, tkus okys dk;kZs dks gh laxBu dgrs
gSa A&**
v-eSd QkWjyS.M
c-mfoZd
l-ywFkj xqfyd
n-yqbZl ,0 ,syu
**laxBuekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa vkSjdk;Z ds chpdk tfVy lEcU/k
gS tks iz.kkyh rU= ds :Ik esa lqnz.k fd;k x;k gS A** ;g dFkufdldkgS &
v- fFk;ksgseu c- gkWt ,oa tkulu
l- vksfyoj “kSYMu n- e¡d QkjyS.M
fuEu esa ls laxBudh dkSu&lhfo”ks’krkgS &
v- laxBu,d izfd;kgS
c- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewggS
l- laxBu,d lk/ku gS lk/;ugha
n- mijksDrlHkh
pSLVj cjukMZus laxBuds fuEu esa ls dkSu&ls rRo crk;s gSa&
v- lapkj
c- lg;ksx o lsokdh bPNk
l- leku mÌs”;
n- mijksDrlHkh
gkWt cjukMZus laxBu ds fuEesa ls dkSu&ls rRo crk;s gSa&
v- lewg lnL;rk
c- mfpr dk;Z foHkktu
l- HkkSfrd lk/ku
n- mijksDrlHkh
,d vPNs laxBudh LFkkiuk esafuEu es ls dkSu&ls dne mBk;s tkus pkfg,
&
v- fdz;kvksa dk fu/kkZj.k,oa foHkktu
c- fdz;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k,oa Js.kh;u
l- drZO;ksa dk vkcaVu
n- mijksDrlHkh
laxBuik;ktkrk gS------------------------------------- &
v- dk;Z lkSaius esa
c- vf/kdkj iznkudjus esa
l- mrjnkf;Ro fu/kkZj.kdjus esa
n- mijksDrlHkh esa
laxBuizfdz;kesa ------------------------------- ik;ktkrk gS &
v- dk;Z dk foHkktu
c- lekudk;ksZ dklkewghdj.k
l- mfpr O;fDr dks mi;qZDr dk;Z lkSaiuk
n- mijksDrlHkh
------------------- O;olk; izcU/kdk nwljk egRoiw.kZdk;Z gS&
v- fu;kstu
c- laxBu
l- lEisz’k.k
n- deZpkjhizcU/k
Lizhxy ds “kCnksa esa] ** -------------------------- og lk/kugSftlds }kjk
iz”kkluvkSjizcU/kds chprkyesy cSBk;ktkrkgS A** &
v- laxBu
c- fu;kstu
l- lEizs’k.k
n- deZpkjh izcU/k
---------------------- ds vuqlkj laxBu,d iqy dh Hkkafr gS tks ;kstuk ds
nkSjkucuk;s x;s fopkjksadks bUgsa izkIrdjusds lk/kuksa ls
tksM+rk gS &
v- Lizhxy
c- Qs;ksy
l- fgDl
n- ,syu
gseSu ds “kCnksaesa ] ** ----------------------- ,d ,slh izfdz;k gSftlds
}kjkm|e ds dk;ksZ dks ifjHkkf’kr o oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS vkSjmUgsa
fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dks lkSaidj muds vf/kdkj lEcU/kksadks r; fd;k
tkrkgS A ** &
v- fu;kstu
c- funsZ”ku
l- fu;U=.k
l- laxBu
laxBu dkmÌs”; gS&
v- le; o iz;Ruksa esa ferO;f;rk
c- deZpkfj;ksads lkFke/kqj lEcU/k
l- lkekftdvkSfpR;
n- mi;qZDr lHkh
laxBudh dzekxr voLFkk gS&
v- fdz;kvksa dk lewghdj.k
c- vf/kdkjksa dk lkSaiuk
l- deZpkfj;ksa esa dk;Z dk caVokjk
n- mi;qZDr lHkh
laxBu dh fo”ks’krkgS &
v- laxBu,d fdz;kRed fopkj/kkjkgS
c- laxBu lkekU;mÌs”;ksadh iwfrZ gsrqLFkkfir gksrkgS
l- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS
n- mi;qZDr lHkh
laxBudh fo”ks’krkugha gS &
v- laxBulkoZHkkSfedugha gksrsgSa
c- laxBuizcU/kdk ;U= gS
l- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS
n- laxBu,d lapkjdh iz.kkyhgS
vkSipkfjd laxBudh LFkkiuk------------------- gksrh gS &
v- ,dk,d
c- fu;ksftr
l- fof/korugha
n- Lor%
vUkkSipkfjdlaxBudk fuekZ.k----------------------------------- gksrkgS&
v- ;dk;d
c- fu;ksftr
l- lqO;ofLFkr
n- fof/k iw.kZ
vkSipkfjd laxBu dk thou ------------------------------- gksrk
gS&
v- LFkk;h
c- vYik;q
l- vLFkk;h
n- deLFkk;h
vkSipkfjd laxBudh fo”ks’krkgS&
v- fuekZ.k vutkus o ,dk,d gksrk
c- pkVZ ugha cuk, tkrs gSa
l- lkekU;mÌs”;dh iwfrZ ds fy, fu;ksftr :Ikls LFkkfirfd, tkrs gSa
n- lnL;ksa dschp oS;fDrd lEcU/kgksrsgSa
**fdlh lkekU;mÌs”;lewg dh izkfIr ds fy, m|ksx ds fo”ks’k
vo;oksa esa eS=hiw.kZlek;kstu gh laxBugS A** ;g
ifjHkk’kkfdldh gS &
v- gSus
c- mfoZd
l- dhFk
n- tksUl
**laxBufofHkUu fdz;kvksa o ?kVdksads chpdk lEcU/kgS A** ;g
dFku fdldkgS
v- bZ0 ,Q0 ,y0 czsp
c- fofy;e vkj0 Lizhxy
l- vkj0 lh0 Msfol
n- fdEcky ,oa fdEcky
**vkS|ksfxd laxBulkekU;fgrksadh iwfrZ ds fy, cuk;kx;k euq’;ksa dk
leqnk; gS A** ;g fopkj fdlus izLrqr fd;k gS 
v- fofy;e vkj0 Lizhxy
c- fdEcky,oa fdEcky
l- bZ0 ,Q0 ,y0 czsp
n- ewus ,oa jSys
**laxBuizcU/kdh lajpukgS]D;ksafd og vf/kd izHkkoh dk;Z fu’iknu ds
fy, dqy nkf;Ro dks leqfprHkkxksa esafoHkkftr djrh gS A** ;g dFku
fdldk gS&
v- bZ0 ,Q0 ,y0 czsp
c- fofy;e vkj0 Lizhxy
l- fdEcky ,oa fdEcky
n- ewus ,oa jsys
**fdlh dk;Z dks iwjk djus ds fy, fdu&fdu fdz;kvksa dks fd;k tk,] bldk
fu/kkZj.kdjuk RkFkklEcfU/krO;fDr;ksa ds chp mu fdz;kvksa dks
ckaVusdh O;oLFkkgh laxBugSA** ;g ifjHkk’kk fdldhgS 
v- dhFk
c- mfoZd
l- tksUl
n- gSus
fuEu esa ls laxBu dh fo”ks’krkgS &
v- laxBuizcU/kdk ;U= gS
c- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewggS
l- laxBulkekU;mÌs”;ksa dh iwfrZds fy, LFkkfi gksrk gS
n- mi;ZqDr LkHkh
fuEu vk/kkj laxBudh vko”;drk rFkkegRo dks Li’V dj ldrkgS &
v- izcU/kdh;dk;Z{kerkesao`f)
c- fof”k’Vhdj.kdks c<+kok
l- midze ds fodkl esa lgk;d
n- mijksDrlHkh
fuEu esa laxBudh fo”ks’krk ughagS&
v- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS
c- laxBuizcU/kdk ;U= gS
l- leUo;esa lqfo/kk
n- laxBu,d fdz;kRed fopkjk/kkjkgS
laxBuO;olk; dks mlds dk;Z lapkyuds fy, miyC/k djkrkgS&
v- deZpkjh
c- eky
l- ;U= o e”khujh
n- mijksDrlHkh
laxBugksrk gS &
v- vkSipkfjd
c- vukSipkfjd
l- vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd
n- mijksDr lHkh

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Chapter 4 Business Studies Class 12 NCERT

  • 2. ------------------------- ds vuqlkj] ** leku O;fDr;ksads lewg ds }kj y{;ksa dh izkfIrds fy, fd, tkus okys dk;kZs dks gh laxBu dgrs gSa A&** v-eSd QkWjyS.M c-mfoZd l-ywFkj xqfyd n-yqbZl ,0 ,syu
  • 3. **laxBuekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa vkSjdk;Z ds chpdk tfVy lEcU/k gS tks iz.kkyh rU= ds :Ik esa lqnz.k fd;k x;k gS A** ;g dFkufdldkgS & v- fFk;ksgseu c- gkWt ,oa tkulu l- vksfyoj “kSYMu n- e¡d QkjyS.M
  • 4. fuEu esa ls laxBudh dkSu&lhfo”ks’krkgS & v- laxBu,d izfd;kgS c- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewggS l- laxBu,d lk/ku gS lk/;ugha n- mijksDrlHkh
  • 5. pSLVj cjukMZus laxBuds fuEu esa ls dkSu&ls rRo crk;s gSa& v- lapkj c- lg;ksx o lsokdh bPNk l- leku mÌs”; n- mijksDrlHkh
  • 6. gkWt cjukMZus laxBu ds fuEesa ls dkSu&ls rRo crk;s gSa& v- lewg lnL;rk c- mfpr dk;Z foHkktu l- HkkSfrd lk/ku n- mijksDrlHkh
  • 7. ,d vPNs laxBudh LFkkiuk esafuEu es ls dkSu&ls dne mBk;s tkus pkfg, & v- fdz;kvksa dk fu/kkZj.k,oa foHkktu c- fdz;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k,oa Js.kh;u l- drZO;ksa dk vkcaVu n- mijksDrlHkh
  • 8. laxBuik;ktkrk gS------------------------------------- & v- dk;Z lkSaius esa c- vf/kdkj iznkudjus esa l- mrjnkf;Ro fu/kkZj.kdjus esa n- mijksDrlHkh esa
  • 9. laxBuizfdz;kesa ------------------------------- ik;ktkrk gS & v- dk;Z dk foHkktu c- lekudk;ksZ dklkewghdj.k l- mfpr O;fDr dks mi;qZDr dk;Z lkSaiuk n- mijksDrlHkh
  • 10. ------------------- O;olk; izcU/kdk nwljk egRoiw.kZdk;Z gS& v- fu;kstu c- laxBu l- lEisz’k.k n- deZpkjhizcU/k
  • 11. Lizhxy ds “kCnksa esa] ** -------------------------- og lk/kugSftlds }kjk iz”kkluvkSjizcU/kds chprkyesy cSBk;ktkrkgS A** & v- laxBu c- fu;kstu l- lEizs’k.k n- deZpkjh izcU/k
  • 12. ---------------------- ds vuqlkj laxBu,d iqy dh Hkkafr gS tks ;kstuk ds nkSjkucuk;s x;s fopkjksadks bUgsa izkIrdjusds lk/kuksa ls tksM+rk gS & v- Lizhxy c- Qs;ksy l- fgDl n- ,syu
  • 13. gseSu ds “kCnksaesa ] ** ----------------------- ,d ,slh izfdz;k gSftlds }kjkm|e ds dk;ksZ dks ifjHkkf’kr o oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS vkSjmUgsa fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dks lkSaidj muds vf/kdkj lEcU/kksadks r; fd;k tkrkgS A ** & v- fu;kstu c- funsZ”ku l- fu;U=.k l- laxBu
  • 14. laxBu dkmÌs”; gS& v- le; o iz;Ruksa esa ferO;f;rk c- deZpkfj;ksads lkFke/kqj lEcU/k l- lkekftdvkSfpR; n- mi;qZDr lHkh
  • 15. laxBudh dzekxr voLFkk gS& v- fdz;kvksa dk lewghdj.k c- vf/kdkjksa dk lkSaiuk l- deZpkfj;ksa esa dk;Z dk caVokjk n- mi;qZDr lHkh
  • 16. laxBu dh fo”ks’krkgS & v- laxBu,d fdz;kRed fopkj/kkjkgS c- laxBu lkekU;mÌs”;ksadh iwfrZ gsrqLFkkfir gksrkgS l- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS n- mi;qZDr lHkh
  • 17. laxBudh fo”ks’krkugha gS & v- laxBulkoZHkkSfedugha gksrsgSa c- laxBuizcU/kdk ;U= gS l- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS n- laxBu,d lapkjdh iz.kkyhgS
  • 18. vkSipkfjd laxBudh LFkkiuk------------------- gksrh gS & v- ,dk,d c- fu;ksftr l- fof/korugha n- Lor%
  • 19. vUkkSipkfjdlaxBudk fuekZ.k----------------------------------- gksrkgS& v- ;dk;d c- fu;ksftr l- lqO;ofLFkr n- fof/k iw.kZ
  • 20. vkSipkfjd laxBu dk thou ------------------------------- gksrk gS& v- LFkk;h c- vYik;q l- vLFkk;h n- deLFkk;h
  • 21. vkSipkfjd laxBudh fo”ks’krkgS& v- fuekZ.k vutkus o ,dk,d gksrk c- pkVZ ugha cuk, tkrs gSa l- lkekU;mÌs”;dh iwfrZ ds fy, fu;ksftr :Ikls LFkkfirfd, tkrs gSa n- lnL;ksa dschp oS;fDrd lEcU/kgksrsgSa
  • 22. **fdlh lkekU;mÌs”;lewg dh izkfIr ds fy, m|ksx ds fo”ks’k vo;oksa esa eS=hiw.kZlek;kstu gh laxBugS A** ;g ifjHkk’kkfdldh gS & v- gSus c- mfoZd l- dhFk n- tksUl
  • 23. **laxBufofHkUu fdz;kvksa o ?kVdksads chpdk lEcU/kgS A** ;g dFku fdldkgS v- bZ0 ,Q0 ,y0 czsp c- fofy;e vkj0 Lizhxy l- vkj0 lh0 Msfol n- fdEcky ,oa fdEcky
  • 24. **vkS|ksfxd laxBulkekU;fgrksadh iwfrZ ds fy, cuk;kx;k euq’;ksa dk leqnk; gS A** ;g fopkj fdlus izLrqr fd;k gS v- fofy;e vkj0 Lizhxy c- fdEcky,oa fdEcky l- bZ0 ,Q0 ,y0 czsp n- ewus ,oa jSys
  • 25. **laxBuizcU/kdh lajpukgS]D;ksafd og vf/kd izHkkoh dk;Z fu’iknu ds fy, dqy nkf;Ro dks leqfprHkkxksa esafoHkkftr djrh gS A** ;g dFku fdldk gS& v- bZ0 ,Q0 ,y0 czsp c- fofy;e vkj0 Lizhxy l- fdEcky ,oa fdEcky n- ewus ,oa jsys
  • 26. **fdlh dk;Z dks iwjk djus ds fy, fdu&fdu fdz;kvksa dks fd;k tk,] bldk fu/kkZj.kdjuk RkFkklEcfU/krO;fDr;ksa ds chp mu fdz;kvksa dks ckaVusdh O;oLFkkgh laxBugSA** ;g ifjHkk’kk fdldhgS v- dhFk c- mfoZd l- tksUl n- gSus
  • 27. fuEu esa ls laxBu dh fo”ks’krkgS & v- laxBuizcU/kdk ;U= gS c- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewggS l- laxBulkekU;mÌs”;ksa dh iwfrZds fy, LFkkfi gksrk gS n- mi;ZqDr LkHkh
  • 28. fuEu vk/kkj laxBudh vko”;drk rFkkegRo dks Li’V dj ldrkgS & v- izcU/kdh;dk;Z{kerkesao`f) c- fof”k’Vhdj.kdks c<+kok l- midze ds fodkl esa lgk;d n- mijksDrlHkh
  • 29. fuEu esa laxBudh fo”ks’krk ughagS& v- laxBuO;fDr;ksa dk lewg gS c- laxBuizcU/kdk ;U= gS l- leUo;esa lqfo/kk n- laxBu,d fdz;kRed fopkjk/kkjkgS
  • 30. laxBuO;olk; dks mlds dk;Z lapkyuds fy, miyC/k djkrkgS& v- deZpkjh c- eky l- ;U= o e”khujh n- mijksDrlHkh
  • 31. laxBugksrk gS & v- vkSipkfjd c- vukSipkfjd l- vkSipkfjd ,oa vukSipkfjd n- mijksDr lHkh