2. What is Anaemia ?
Anaemia is defined as reduction in circulating
haemoglobin mass below the
critical level.
The normal haemoglobin (Hb) is 12-14 gm%.
WHO has accepted up to 11 gm% as the normal
haemoglobin level in pregnancy.
Therefore any haemoglobin level below 11gm
in pregnancy should be considered as anaemia
3. Anaemia in pregnancy is present in very high
percentage of pregnant women in India.
Exact data is not available about the prevalence
of nutritional anaemia. However according to
WHO, the prevalence of Anaemia in pregnancy in
south East Asia is around 56 %.
In India incidence of anaemia pregnancy has
been noted as high as 40-80%.
4. Total iron requirement is 1000 mg.
Fetus and placenta -- 300 mg
↑ in red cell mass – 500 mg
Basal loss – 200 mg
Average requirement is 4-6mg/day.
2.5 mg/day in early pregnancy
5.5 mg/day from 20-32 weeks
6-8 mg/day from 32 weeks onwards
5. Anaemia is often classified as
Mild degree (9-11 gm %)
Moderate (7-9 gms %)
Severe (4-7 gm %)
Very severe (<4gm %)
It is also classified according to Haematocrit
(PCV) %.
6. Antenatal Period
-Poor weight gain
-Preterm labour
-PIH
-Placenta Previa
-PROM Postnatal Period
-Postnatal sepsis
-Sub involution
-Embolism
Intranatal Period
-Dysfunctional Labour
-Intranatal
-Hemorrhage
-Shock
-Cardiac Failure
-Anaethesia risk
What are the maternal risk factors ?
7. • Prematurity
• Low birth weight
• Poor apgar score
• Foetal distress
• Neonatal Anaemia
What are the fetal and neonatal risk factors ?
8. Physiological
Nutritional: Iron deficiency
Folate &/orVit B12 deficiency
Dimorphic
Hemorrhagic: Acute or Chronic
Hemoglobinopathies
Hemolytic: Congenital or acquired
Aplastic anaemia
9. Symptoms
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Digestive upset
Dyspnoea
Palpitation
Signs
Pallor
Pale nails
Koilonychias
PaleTongue
Severe Case - Oedema
11. Serum Folate
RBC folate
SerumVit B12
Serum Bilirubin
Coombs test
HB electrophoresis
NESTROF test
Red cell osmotic fragility
12. Routine screening for anaemia for adolescent
girls from school days
Encouraging iron rich foods
Fortification of widely consumed food with iron
Providing iron supplementation from school days
Annual screening for those with risk factors
13. Prophylaxis of non-pregnant women – 60 mg of elemental
iron daily for 3 months.
Iron supplementation during pregnancy.
Routine iron supplementation is debatable in western
countries
It has to be given in non-industrialized countries
W.H.O RECOMMENDATION: Universal oral iron
supplementation for pregnant women (60 mg of elemental
iron and 400 µg of folic acid) for 6 months in pregnancy
and additional of 3 months post-partum where the
prevalence is more than 40%.
14. MINISTRY OF HEALTH, GOVT. OF INDIA
RECOMMENDATION: [CSSM] 100 mg of elemental iron with
500 µg of folic acid in second half of pregnancy for atleast 100
days. 2 injections of iron dextran (250 mg each) given IMI at 4
weeks interval with TT injection.
Treatment of hook worm infestation
Single albendazole (400 mg) or mebendazole (100 mg x BD x 3
days)
Change in defecation habits and avoidance of walking bare
footed.
18. ORAL IRONTHERAPY
1. Safe,inexpensive and effective way to
administer iron
2. National nutritional anemia prophylaxis
program suggest 60 milligrams of elemental
iron and 500 micrograms of folic acid daily
3. However it is suggested that 120 milligram of
elemental iron and 1 milligram of folicacid are
the optimum daily dose needed
20. SIDE EFFECTS OF ORAL IRON
A. UPPER GITRACT
Nausea,gastric discomfort,loss of apetite,staining
of teeth
A. LOWER GITRACT
Constipation,diarrhoea,flatulance
21. PARENTRAL IRONTHERAPY
Preparation
Iron sucrose-Imax S[100mg/5ml],orofer s[50mg
/2.5ml]
Iron sorbital citric acid complex-jectocos
Iron dextran-imferon
22. Intramuscular iron
1. 0.5ml test dose should be given
2. 75/100mg/day is given daily on alternate days
3. Given deep Im by Z-techniue to prevent skin
staining
4. Side effects-painful,discolouration,injection
abscess
23. INTRAVENOUS IRON
1. Formula-0.66*% deficit of Hb*wt in kg=mg of iron
2. Total dose in mg/50=ml of imferon
3. Total dose is given in normal saline
COMPLICATION
Local-thrombophlebitis at IV site
Systemic-malaise,fever,arthralgia,utricaria
lymphadenopathy
24. BLOODTRANFUSION
1. Indicated insevere anemia at any GA,moderate
anemia beyond 36wks and when there is a
failure of response to iron therapy,severe
hemorrhage likeAPH,PPH,rupture
uterus,cesarean section,first trimester
hemorrhage,thalassemiasand sickling disorders
in pregnancy
25. ADVERSE REACTIONS
1. Tranfusion reaction
2. Infection
3. Volume overload
4. Others like hypothermia,citrate
toxicity,hyperkalemia,hypocalcemia and rarely
air embolism
26. First stage – Comfortable position
Adequate analgesia
Arrangement for oxygen,
Digitalization maybe required in cardiac failure
due to severe anaemia
Antibiotic prophylaxis
27. Second stage – Cut short by forceps application.
Active management of third stage
During puerperium
Adequate rest
Iron and folate therapy for 3 months
Infection if any should be treated energetically
Careful watch for puerperal sepsis, failing lactation; sub
involution of uterus and thromboembolism