Anatomy of the tongue

1. Tongue
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY COURSE BME 7014
DEVELOPED BY AHMED EL-WALI
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

2. Outlines
Motivation.
Functions.
Structure.
Papillae.
Muscles.
Vessels.
Innervations.
Diseases.
Tongue and Sleep Apnea.
 Conclusion.
 Questions.
 References.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

3. Motivation
Curiosity to know more about tongue structure and functions
How could we enhance our tongue muscles?
Tongue and its role in sleep apnea disease
Figuring some of tongue diseases
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

4. Functions
Participating with the nose in tasting process
Participating in producing speech “Changing the cavity frequency”
Participating in swallowing process
Participating in the chewing process “Eating”
Preventing foreign substances from entering the air way “play as the 3rd line of defense after lips
and teeth”
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

5. Tongue
is a muscular structure that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity and part of the anterior
wall of the oropharynx.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

6. Tongue
The Root of the tongue is attached to the mandible and the
hyoid bone.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

7. Tongue
Superior surface “the anterior two-thirds of
the tongue” is oriented in the horizontal
direction.
Pharyngeal surface “the posterior one-third of
the tongue” is oriented more in the vertical
plan.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

8. Tongue
The oral and pharyngeal surfaces are
separated by a V-shaped “sulcus terminal”
At the Apex of the V-shaped sulcus a small
depression (called foramen cecum of the
tongue)
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

9. Tongue
In some people, the thyroglossal duct connects the foramen
cecum with the Thyroid gland in the neck.
The Thyroid gland makes and stores hormones that help
regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature,
and the rate at which food is converted into energy.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

10. Papillae
The superior surface of the oral part of the tongue is covered by Hundreds of papillae.
It has the tasting buds.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

11. Filiform papillae
Is small cone-shaped with one or multi ends.
Act as an abrasive coating, which gives the tongue a cleaning
and rasping action.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

12. Fungiform papillae
Rounded shaped and larger than filiform and more concentrated
on the tongue margins.
are involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds
embedded in their surfaces. They respond to both sweet and sour
tastes.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

13. Vallate Papillae
The Largest one, Blunt-ended cylindrical papillae ‘less sharp
end’
are involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds
embedded in their surfaces ”more sensitive to bitter tastes”
There is a set of seven to twelve of these papillae.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

14. Foliate Papillae
Linear folds on the sides of the tongue near the sulcus terminal.
are involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds
embedded in their surfaces.
are clustered into two groups on each side of the tongue.
Note: There are no papillae on the pharyngeal surface.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

15. Tongue Muscles
The tongue is divided into a left and right half by a
median sagittal septum.
All tongue muscles are paired.
It has two types:
Intrinsic muscles.
Extrinsic muscles.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

16. Intrinsic muscles
Originate and insert within the substance of the
tongue.
Types:
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse muscles
Vertical muscles
Function: Altering the tongue shape:
Lengthening and shortening the tongue.
Curling and uncurling its apex and edges.
Flattening and rounding its surface.
Working in pairs or one side at a time.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

17. Superior longitudinal
Origin:
The back of the tongue and from the median septum.
Insertion:
On the margin of the tongue
Function:
Shortens tongue, curls apex and sides of tongue.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

18. Inferior longitudinal
Origin:
Root of the tongue ‘some from the hyoid’
Insertion:
Apex of the tongue
Function:
Shortens tongue, uncurls apex and turns it downward.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

19. Transverse muscles
Origin:
Median septum of the tongue
Insertion:
Lateral margins of tongue.
Function:
Narrows and elongates tongue.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

20. Vertical muscles
Origin:
Dorsum of tongue
Insertion:
Ventral of the tongue
Function:
Flattens and widens the tongue
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

21. Extrinsic Muscles
Originate from the structures outside the tongue and insert into the
tongue.
Types:
Genioglossus.
Hyoglossus.
Styloglossus.
Palatoglossus.
Functions:
Protruding the tongue.
Retracting the tongue.
Depressing the tongue.
Elevating the tongue.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

22. Genioglossus
Origin:
Superior mental spines
Insertion:
Body of the hyoid
Function:
Protrudes the anterior part of the tongue, depresses
center of tongue
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

23. Hyoglossus
Origin:
Greater horn of the hyoid bone.
Insertion:
Lateral surface of the tongue.
Function:
Depresses tongue.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

24. Styloglossus
Origin:
Styloid process
Insertion:
Lateral surface of the tongue
Function:
Elevates and retracts tongue.
Pulling the back of the tongue superiorly.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

25. Palatoglossus
Origin:
Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis ‘muscle of the
soft palate’
Insertion:
Lateral margin of tongue
Function:
Elevates back of tongue and depresses the soft palate.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

26. Vessels
Arteries:
Lingual artery.
Originated from the carotid artery in the neck.
Veins:
Deep Lingual veins.
Dorsal Lingual veins.
Drains into the internal lingual vein in the neck.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

27. Innervations
For the motors:
All the muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve [XII].
Excecpt the palatoglossus muscle which is innervated by the
vagus nerve [X].
For the sensors: ”taste and sensation”
Mandibular nerve.
Lingual nerve.
Facial nerve.
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

28. Tongue Diseases
Oral cancer
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
Geographic tongue (benign
migratory glossitis)
Median rhomboid
glossitis
Ankyloglossia

29. Tongue and sleep Apnea
Tongue falls down and blocks the air way
causes stopping breathing during sleeping.
You may have to strengthen your tongue
muscle by doing some exercises.
There is a video on YouTube called “Stop Sleep
Apnea Now!“ by doing some exercises for the
tongue muscles.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

30. Conclusion
Tongue is a very vital organ in your body
Tongue does many important functions
Keep your tongue safe!
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

31. Questions
Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

32. References
http://www.healthhype.com/
http://www.thefitindian.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://skullanatomy.info/
http://www.innerbody.com/
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/
http://www.acpmedicine.com/
http://www.macmillan.org.uk/
http://www.cdc.gov/
http://www.bigfootencounters.com/
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/
http://www.healthhype.com/
http://media.dentalcare.com/
http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/
http://www.sleepdisordersguide.com/
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014

33. Thanks
Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014