1. RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012
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Every year many districts in India face severe water scarcity continuously for several months, and this has
manifested in the form of severe drought affecting millions of people. Till the 10th Five-year Plan, an
estimated total of Rs. 1,105 billion had been spent by government on providing safe drinking water [3].
To analyze the situation in depth, we carried out a case study on planning aspect of drinking water issues
in drought affected villages of Thane district in Maharashtra during May-July 2013. In order to provide
water security to local population, small and large reservoirs were evaluated in Shahapur region, to
develop improved and cost effective drinking water supply scheme. First, water availability in six
reservoirs was evaluated on the basis of estimated demand from January to May and overall minimum
cost solutions were designed. The water supply design and operation costs of nine villages were then
compared with the current tanker costs. The studies present a need for focused analysis of various
options during the design and planning of water supply schemes at taluka and district level to increase
the success rate. In addition, six more villages were studied where the possibility of pipeline scheme and
tanker supply on a daily basis was limited due to their location on high plateaus. The small amount of
water present in dug wells and small ponds which is used for drinking are heavily contaminated.
At the end of the case study, storage structures like Jalkumbha is proposed and role of technology has
been highlighted to incorporate techniques such as hydro fracturing and bore blasting to increase
retaining capacity of water during summer months.
Summary
Shahapur
The water level data collected from minor irrigation office, Kalva puts light on the current scenario of water
availability during the months of crisis. We have taken six reservoirs into consideration. (Table 2)
Based on Data obtained:
Total average water availability from January to April = 12.22 million cubic meters
= 12,220 million liters
Forecasted water demand in the area during the above months = 0.25448 MLD* 90 days
= 22.9 million liters
As can be seen from the analysis there is surplus water available for supply during the months of crisis. So
there is no issue of water shortage. It is just an issue pertaining to water distribution.
Approach
The 95 tanker fed villages were identified and mapped on QGIS (Figure 3). Out of these 95 villages ,15 were
selected (Table 1)and again divided into two focus areas. Focus Area 1 composed of 9 villages in which design
of pipeline scheme was possible. Focus Area 2 covered 6 villages in which different water storage structures
were studied and recommended because of their large distance to the nearest reservoir.
Target Areas Inferences
Our design for the proposed multi village scheme for supplying piped water to 2 villages (7 hamlets) from
Musai Lake has an estimated capital cost of INR 988 per capita at a demand of 40lpcd for a design population
of 2500. Given the fact that the capital cost of Mumbai city water supply scheme is approximately Rs.7000, it is
a foregone conclusion that it is possible to solve the water scarcity problem of the tanker fed villages in rural
areas at a fraction of cost of a city water supply scheme.
The difference is even more striking when compared with the cost of tankers. The amount of money that can
be saved is up to INR 25 lakhs in the design period of scheme.
Conclusion
In the poster, we presented a case study of Shahapur taluka from drinking water availability point of view.
We observed that the villages experienced extreme water scarcity and poor water quality during crisis
period. The harsh drought conditions spurred us to design drinking water supply scheme for nine villages
connecting nearby reservoirs. The proposed scheme is much affordable compared to conventional tanker
based approach for supplying drinking water. In addition, six other villages were studied and alternate
storage structures and techniques were suggested.
We propose that collaboration with educational institutions in the vicinity to analyze the designs can be
cost effective; convergence of various departments associated with water and sanitation to operate jointly.
A wider approach is needed where water and sanitation issues are looked at with the aim of reducing
disease, improving hygiene, improving educational levels and reducing poverty. Borrowing techniques from
those presented here, schemes can be developed for other similar parts of country as well.
We would like to express gratitude to our supervisor Mr. Rajaram Desai and guide Prof. Milind Ashok Sohoni for their
personal commitment, valuable guidance, useful discussions, encouragement, patience and trust throughout this
journey. We are also thankful to Amrit Lenka and Prof. Chandan Mahanta, IIT Guwahati for their support and
guidance.
Centre for Technology Alternatives in Rural Areas (CTARA), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Divyam Beniwal, Pallav Ranjan and Prof. Milind Sohoni
Drinking Water Security in Rural Maharashtra
About Shahapur – Problem, Causes and Results
Problem
• Severe water scarcity In the months of February till June
• Tanker fed villages in 2011 = 66
• Tanker fed villages in 2012 = 74
• Tanker fed villages in 2013 = 95
Causes
• Region has impervious Deccan Basalt rocks of 3000 meters depth, which restricts the
replenishment of ground water by natural percolation
• Small reservoirs in the area dry up during summer months
• Large reservoirs are accessible only to a few villages located in its proximity
• Villages situated at high plateaus where tankers don’t have accessibility
Results
• Various schemes based on ground water and surface water have been attempted with different
degrees of success.
• Every year more villages are depending on water tankers to meet their drinking water need
Figure 1 Map showing Thane District with 15 talukas
Source [5]
Figure 2 Map showing anker fed villages, highlighted in
yellow of Shahapur taluka
• Locate all tanker fed villages of Shahapur taluka on QGIS and Google Earth.
• Locate all the reservoirs in the proximity of the villages which have irrigation potential greater than 40
Hectares.
• Classify the reservoirs based on irrigation potential for quick data collection.
• Link the villages to adjacent reservoirs, based on estimated water demand and the required capacity
during January to May
• Review documentation of the Schemes from irrigation offices (Scheme Design /Handover
Notes/Schemes Data Spreadsheets)
• Calculate the total cost incurred by tankers in the crisis period
• Identify all major cost components involved in capital cost estimation of a scheme based on the
current MJP protocol.
• Compare overall design cost to the cost incurred by tankers.
• Discussion & Conclusions
Figure 3: Layout
of classification
of reservoirs
Figure 4: Snapshot of
Google Earth map
showing source
reservoir and tanker
fed village with a
possible pipeline
design along the road
highlighting elevation
difference
Dolkhamb
Kharade
Adivali
Musai
Figure 5: Map showing tanker fed villages highlighted
in green with focus areas and reservoirs.
Focus Area 2
Focus Area 1
Focus Area 1 Focus Area 2
1. Musai 1. Vashala Bk
2. Vehloli Bk. 2. Mokhavane
3. Kharade 3. Shirol
4. Apate 4. Veluk
5. Manekhind 5. Susarwadi
6. Dadhare 6. Kasara Kh.
7. Ambekhor
8. Kothare
9. Sakadbav
Table 1: Target villages
Water Availability in Reservoirs
S.No. Reservoir Average Storagein Million
Cubic Meters
1 Musai 2.05
2 Jambhe 3.31
3 Vehloli 2.86
4 Dolkhamb 2.87
5 Adivali 1.06
6 Kharade 1.33
Table 2: Obtained average storage of reservoirs
Figure 6: Analysis of water available during January to April
2013
The design of typical water supply scheme follows the network mentioned below (Figure 7). We
restricted our study till primary distribution network.
Design Methodology
Figure 7: layout of typical piped water scheme
Scheme Description - Focus Area 1
Option A : Multi Village Scheme at Musai lake which can serve as source of water for 7 hamlets
(Table 3)
An ESR of height 15 meters can be constructed at Madhaliwadi (center point of focus area) to provide with 0.0742
MLD of water every day.(Figure 9)
Figure 8: Profile view of hamlets and lake with their elevation
S. No Pada/ Village Village Panchayat Elevation (m)
1 Musaiwadi Musai 203
2 Ambyachiwadi Vehloli Bk 210
3 Krishnachiwadi Vehloli Bk 221
4 Chinchwadi Vehloli Bk 220
5 Khanduchiwadi Vehloli Bk 213
6 Ghartan Vehloli Bk 215
7 Katyachiwadi Vehloli Bk 212
Table 3: Hamlets with their elevation
Figure 9: Location of ESR and layout of distance among hamlets
S.No Component Property Cost(INR)
1. ESR 0.1 MLD 13,15,000
2. Pipeline Length 11.6 km
Dia. 80mm
9,62,800
3. Pumping
Machinery
Pump 7.5 HP 50,000
4. Rising Main Dia.= 80mm
Length = 500m
GI Pipe
41500
5. Miscellaneous 1,00,000
6. Total 24,69,300
7. Cost per capita Population 2500 988
Total O & M Costs per 1000 liters:
1062/100 = INR 10.62 per 1000 liters which
is acceptable compared to economic figure
quoted by World Bank of INR 16 per 1000
liters.
If these tankers operate for 15 years, then
tentative amount of money spent with
3.5% inflation will be more than INR
50,00,000
Table 4: Estimated cost of components based on MJP
guidelines
S.
No
Village
Distance
Tanker
(Kms)
Pada/Hamlets Population
Water
Demand
25lpcd
Estimated Cost
for One trip
(INR)
Estimated
Cost from 17
March to 22
May
1 Musai 14 Musaiwadi 467 11675 2200 70,000
2
Vehloli
Bk
18
Ambyachiwadi 273 6825
7000 230000
Krishnachiwadi 450 11250
Chinchwadi 151 3775
Khanduchiwadi 180 4500
Ghartan 144 3600
Katyachiwadi 190 4750
Total 3,00,000
Table 5: Estimated tanker cost for the given crisis period based on data
supplied by Shahapur irrigation office on June 16 2013
Figure 10: View of Musai dam on June 1 2013 Figure 11: View of Musai dam on July 5 2013, during
monsoon
Problems in Focus Area 2
In Tokarkhand, most of the children were found fetching drinking water from a ditch near a reservoir.
Sufficient amount of water was present but was of poor quality and was contaminated by cattle dung.
To mitigate drinking water scarcity various steps have to be taken at the personal level or at the
community level. Some of the suggested techniques are :
1.Jalkumbha Structures - Shahapur region falls in the zone of basaltic rocks where ground water cannot
percolate easily. Using this to the benefit of the area, small water storage ponds can be dug out from the
rocks and called as Jalkumbha. The layers of rocks beyond 2 meters from the surface are highly compressed
and they lack any kind of fractures. Thus, preventing stored water from seeping into the ground. These
structures can be covered with a shed to prevent evaporation losses. The main drawback lies in the fact that
only 50% are successful of all the structures made.
2. Bore Blasting is a technique which is used for opening up of fracture zones of bore wells located in hard
rock areas. It is usually carried out when a drilled bore well is dry and there is a potential to obtain water by
opening up fissures in the rock at the specific site. The method was implemented successfully in Aurangabad
district of Maharashtra and solved the water crisis of 17 villages.
Figure 14: Girls fetching water from ditch near a small reservoir having contaminated water
Water Quality and Sanitation problems were observed in second cluster of villages. Marked in (Figure
5). Few images of Tonkarpada hamlet where the drinking water was found to be heavily
contaminated—extremely greenish water.
Figure 12: Field study Figure 13 Green Drinking Water
References
Acknowledgements
[1] Drinking Water and Quality in Rural India – Issues and Approaches, WaterAid India, 2009
[2] Water in India: Situation and Prospects, UNICEF, 2013
[3] Ensuring Drinking Water Security in Rural India, Strategic Plan 2011-2012, Department of Drinking Water and
Sanitation, 2011
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahapur (Accessed on May 2013)
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thane (Accessed on June 2013)
Contact Information
Divyam Beniwal
Senior Undergraduate
Civil Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Email – divyambeniwal@gmail.com
The TEAM !
In 2011
TFV: 66
In 2012
TFV: 74
In 2013
TFV :95