2. ERUPTION AND SHEDDINGERUPTION AND SHEDDING
OF TEETHOF TEETH
Dr.sangameshwarDr.sangameshwar
POST GRADUATE IN DEPT. OFPOST GRADUATE IN DEPT. OF
PEDODONTICSPEDODONTICS
BAPUJI DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITALBAPUJI DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL
DAVANGEREDAVANGERE
3. CONTENTSCONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
PHASES OF TOOTH ERUPTIONPHASES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
THEORIES OF TOOTH ERUPTIONTHEORIES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
CHRONOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTIONCHRONOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
FACTORS INFLUENCING ERUPTION OF TEETHFACTORS INFLUENCING ERUPTION OF TEETH
ABNORMALITIES OF ERUPTIONABNORMALITIES OF ERUPTION
SHEDDING OF DECIDUOUS TEETHSHEDDING OF DECIDUOUS TEETH
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
REFERENCESREFERENCES
5. erumpere = break outerumpere = break out
James K AveryJames K Avery—— Eruption is the movement of the teeth throughEruption is the movement of the teeth through
the bone of the jaws and the overlying mucosa to appear andthe bone of the jaws and the overlying mucosa to appear and
function in the oral cavity.function in the oral cavity.
OrbansOrbans —— Eruption is axial or occlusal movement of the tooth fromEruption is axial or occlusal movement of the tooth from
its developmental position within the jaw to its functional position inits developmental position within the jaw to its functional position in
the occlusionthe occlusion
DEFINITIONS:DEFINITIONS:
6. NOLLA STAGES OF TOOTHNOLLA STAGES OF TOOTH
DEVELOPMENT(1952)DEVELOPMENT(1952)
10.Root apex completed.
9.Root almost completed,open apex.
8.Two thirds of root completed.
7.One third of root completed.
6.Crown completed.
5.Crown almost completed.
4.Two thirds of crown completed.
3.One third of crown completed.
2.Initial calcification.
1.Crypt present.
0.Crypt absent.
7. PHASES OF TOOTH ERUPTIONPHASES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
Preeruptive phase:Preeruptive phase:
Eruptive or Prefunctional phase:Eruptive or Prefunctional phase:
Posteruptive or functional phase:Posteruptive or functional phase:
8. PRE-ERUPTIVE PHASEPRE-ERUPTIVE PHASE
Movements made by the deciduous and
permanent tooth germs within the
tissues of the jaw before they begins to
erupt
Finished with initiation of root
development
Permanent anteriors – lingually and shift
from incisal to apical area
Permanent premolars – shift from
occlusal to beneath primary molars
Upper molar: distally
9. a) total bodily movement
b) eccentric growth
Pre eruptive phase
Histology
10. ERUPTIVE / PRE-FUNCTIONAL PHASEERUPTIVE / PRE-FUNCTIONAL PHASE
During this phase tooth move from its
position within the bone of the jaw to its
functional position in the occlusion
a) Intraosseous component
b) Extraosseous component
Four major events occur :
1) Root formation
2) Movement
3) penetration
4) incisal or occlusal movement
13. FUNCTIONAL / POST ERUPTIVE PHASEFUNCTIONAL / POST ERUPTIVE PHASE
Occurs most actively between 14
to 18 yrs
This movements occurs mainly
to
a) Position of erupted tooth while
jaws continues to grow
b) Compensate for occlusal wear
c) Compensate for interproximal
wear
14. THEORIES OF ERUPTIONTHEORIES OF ERUPTION
Papillary constriction theoryPapillary constriction theory
Bony remodelingBony remodeling
Epithelial path theoryEpithelial path theory
Cushion hammock theoryCushion hammock theory
Root formation theoryRoot formation theory
Vascular pressureVascular pressure
Periodontal ligament tractionPeriodontal ligament traction
15. PAPILLARY CONSTRICTION THEORYPAPILLARY CONSTRICTION THEORY::
Dental papilla constricts because ofDental papilla constricts because of
decrease in the volume of the pulpdecrease in the volume of the pulp
cavity by continuous dentine formationcavity by continuous dentine formation
and this generates propulsive forceand this generates propulsive force
BONY REMODELLING:BONY REMODELLING:
Bony remodeling of the crypt wall isBony remodeling of the crypt wall is
important to achieve tooth eruptionimportant to achieve tooth eruption
In some experiments tooth germ isIn some experiments tooth germ is
removed but follicle is left in positionremoved but follicle is left in position
the eruptive pathway still forms in thethe eruptive pathway still forms in the
bonebone
This clearly indicates the dental follicleThis clearly indicates the dental follicle
not the bone as the major determinantnot the bone as the major determinant
in tooth eruptionin tooth eruption
16. ROOT FORMATION:ROOT FORMATION:
According to this theory root formation isAccording to this theory root formation is
responsible for tooth eruptionresponsible for tooth eruption
Points against this theoryPoints against this theory
Teeth moves a greater distance than theTeeth moves a greater distance than the
length of their fully formed rootslength of their fully formed roots
Teeth erupt even after the completion of theirTeeth erupt even after the completion of their
rootsroots
Removal of roots does not prevents eruptionRemoval of roots does not prevents eruption
If roots formation is responsible for eruptionIf roots formation is responsible for eruption
then the apical growth of the roots needs tothen the apical growth of the roots needs to
be translated into occlusal movements andbe translated into occlusal movements and
this requires a fixed base. if any pressurethis requires a fixed base. if any pressure
applied to bone result in its resoption so noapplied to bone result in its resoption so no
such fixed base exist.such fixed base exist.
17. EPITHELIAL PATH THEORY:EPITHELIAL PATH THEORY:
Hair, nail and salivary gland are end product of epithelial downHair, nail and salivary gland are end product of epithelial down
growth. they return to the surfacegrowth. they return to the surface
Enamel is also an epithelial structure and so return back to theEnamel is also an epithelial structure and so return back to the
surfacesurface
CUSHION HAMMOCK THEORY:CUSHION HAMMOCK THEORY:
This theory states that pulp grows and pushes against the cushionThis theory states that pulp grows and pushes against the cushion
hammock ligament which passes from one side of the socket to thehammock ligament which passes from one side of the socket to the
oppositeopposite
But recent works shows that this hammock ligament does not extendBut recent works shows that this hammock ligament does not extend
across the socket, but only separates the pulp from the follicleacross the socket, but only separates the pulp from the follicle
18. VASCULAR PRESSURE:VASCULAR PRESSURE:
Local volume changes can produce tooth movementsLocal volume changes can produce tooth movements
Ground substance swell up to 50 % With addition ofGround substance swell up to 50 % With addition of
water and this differential pressure is sufficient to causewater and this differential pressure is sufficient to cause
tooth movementstooth movements
Points againstPoints against
Surgical excision of tooth and vasculature does notSurgical excision of tooth and vasculature does not
prevent eruptionprevent eruption
19. Periodontal ligament traction:Periodontal ligament traction:
There is good evidence available thatThere is good evidence available that
eruptive force resides in ligament-follicleeruptive force resides in ligament-follicle
complexcomplex
The follicle before it becomes periodontalThe follicle before it becomes periodontal
ligament also play role in tooth eruption byligament also play role in tooth eruption by
providing eruptive pathwayproviding eruptive pathway
In some experiments tooth germ is removedIn some experiments tooth germ is removed
and follicle is left intact the eruptive pathwayand follicle is left intact the eruptive pathway
still forms. if tooth is enucleated andstill forms. if tooth is enucleated and
substituted with a silicon replica within thesubstituted with a silicon replica within the
follicle, the replica eruptsfollicle, the replica erupts
20. If the normal architecture of the periodontalIf the normal architecture of the periodontal
ligament is disturbed experimentally byligament is disturbed experimentally by
interfering with collagen synthesis, eruptioninterfering with collagen synthesis, eruption
is either slowed or stoppedis either slowed or stopped
If continuously erupting tooth is cut into halfIf continuously erupting tooth is cut into half
and a barrier is placed between the twoand a barrier is placed between the two
halves, the distal fragment which ishalves, the distal fragment which is
dissociated from the growing root anddissociated from the growing root and
vasculature will still erupt.vasculature will still erupt.
In PDL eruptive force is generated byIn PDL eruptive force is generated by
contraction of fibroblastscontraction of fibroblasts
25. Eruption occurs earlier in girls than boysEruption occurs earlier in girls than boys
Maxillary teeth calcifies first while Mandibular teeth erupts firstMaxillary teeth calcifies first while Mandibular teeth erupts first
Difference in 1 or 2 months on either sides should not be consideredDifference in 1 or 2 months on either sides should not be considered
abnormalabnormal
Clinical importance:Clinical importance:
Mandibular canine erupts before I & II PM, This will aid in maintainingMandibular canine erupts before I & II PM, This will aid in maintaining
adequate arch length & prevents the lingual tipping of incisorsadequate arch length & prevents the lingual tipping of incisors
If mandibular ll permanent molar erupts before ll pm,causes mesialIf mandibular ll permanent molar erupts before ll pm,causes mesial
migration of l molar and encroachment of space needed for ll pmmigration of l molar and encroachment of space needed for ll pm
In case of early loss of maxillary primary molar, permanent l molar willIn case of early loss of maxillary primary molar, permanent l molar will
drift mesially resulting in locked maxillary canine usually on labial sidedrift mesially resulting in locked maxillary canine usually on labial side
26. FACTORS INFLUENCING ERUPTION OF TEETHFACTORS INFLUENCING ERUPTION OF TEETH
General factorsGeneral factors
GeneticsGenetics
SexSex
Socioeconomical conditionsSocioeconomical conditions
Birth weightBirth weight
27. Local factorsLocal factors
AnkylosisAnkylosis
PathologyPathology
TraumaTrauma
Early loss of deciduousEarly loss of deciduous
teethteeth
28. ANKYLOSISANKYLOSIS::
It is also known as infraocclusionIt is also known as infraocclusion
Mandibular primary molars are commonlyMandibular primary molars are commonly
involvedinvolved
Primary anteriors are least involvedPrimary anteriors are least involved
Causes:Causes:
-Unknown-Unknown
-three theories are proposed-three theories are proposed
1)it fallows familial pattern1)it fallows familial pattern
2)congenital absence of permanent teeth2)congenital absence of permanent teeth
leads to Ankylosis of primaryleads to Ankylosis of primary
3)During resoption and repair process, if3)During resoption and repair process, if
repair process prevails the resoptionrepair process prevails the resoption
then tooth may be ankylosedthen tooth may be ankylosed
29. DIAGNOSIS:DIAGNOSIS:
Not mobile even in case of advance rootNot mobile even in case of advance root
resorptionresorption
Tapping suspected tooth and adjacent normalTapping suspected tooth and adjacent normal
tooth with blunt instrument and comparing thetooth with blunt instrument and comparing the
sounds, ankylosed tooth have solid soundsounds, ankylosed tooth have solid sound
where as normal tooth have cushioned soundwhere as normal tooth have cushioned sound
Radiographs shows the break in the continuityRadiographs shows the break in the continuity
in periodontal ligamentin periodontal ligament
MANEGMENTMANEGMENT::
Wait and watch for normal exfoliationWait and watch for normal exfoliation
If permanent successor of primary teeth areIf permanent successor of primary teeth are
missing then functional occlusion achieved withmissing then functional occlusion achieved with
stainless steel crown/overlaysstainless steel crown/overlays
34. ABNORMALITIES OF TOOTH ERUPTIONABNORMALITIES OF TOOTH ERUPTION
Teething and difficult eruption:Teething and difficult eruption:
It is a process by which teeth erupt afterIt is a process by which teeth erupt after
penetration of the overlying gumspenetration of the overlying gums
Clinical features:Clinical features:
Local signsLocal signs
Hyperemia of mucosaHyperemia of mucosa
Facial rashFacial rash
PainPain
Drooling of salivaDrooling of saliva
Gum rubbingGum rubbing
35. Management:Management:
Education of family members especiallyEducation of family members especially
mother and caretakermother and caretaker
Gentle massage of affected area withGentle massage of affected area with
clean finger or gauge socked in salineclean finger or gauge socked in saline
should be doneshould be done
Analgesic gel provide sound reliefAnalgesic gel provide sound relief
Teething ringsTeething rings
Systemic signs:Systemic signs:
General irritabilityGeneral irritability
CryingCrying
Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite
Disturbed sleepDisturbed sleep
Bowel upsetBowel upset
Respiratory infectionRespiratory infection
ConstipationConstipation
36. Eruption hematoma/eruption cyst:Eruption hematoma/eruption cyst:
Appears as bluish purple,Appears as bluish purple,
elevated area of tissueelevated area of tissue
Most common in primaryMost common in primary
second molar or permanentsecond molar or permanent
first molar regionfirst molar region
Etiology:Etiology:
UnknownUnknown
Trauma to soft tissueTrauma to soft tissue
during functionduring function
Management:Management:
Self limitingSelf limiting
Surgical uncovering ofSurgical uncovering of
crowncrown
37. Eruption sequestrumEruption sequestrum::
Appears at the time of eruptionAppears at the time of eruption
of first permanent molarof first permanent molar
Composed of nonviable boneComposed of nonviable bone
some times cementum andsome times cementum and
dentinedentine
They have no clinicalThey have no clinical
significancesignificance
They resolve itselfThey resolve itself
38. NATAL AND NEONATAL TEETH:
Congenital teeth/Fetal teeth/Predeciduous teethCongenital teeth/Fetal teeth/Predeciduous teeth
Natal : birthNatal : birth
Neonatal : <30 days of birthNeonatal : <30 days of birth
Natal teeth appears more frequently than neonatalNatal teeth appears more frequently than neonatal
teeth in a ration of 3:1teeth in a ration of 3:1
About 85% are Mandibular incisors and only smallAbout 85% are Mandibular incisors and only small
percent are supernumary teethpercent are supernumary teeth
Problems :Problems :
-If they are mobile child may swallow these teeth-If they are mobile child may swallow these teeth
-sharp incisal edges of teeth may lacerate lingual-sharp incisal edges of teeth may lacerate lingual
surface of tonguesurface of tongue
-may cause difficulty in breast feeding-may cause difficulty in breast feeding
39. These teeth are associated withThese teeth are associated with 3 syndromes3 syndromes
1)Chondroectodermal dysplasia or Ellis van creveld syndrome1)Chondroectodermal dysplasia or Ellis van creveld syndrome
2) Hallermann streiff syndrome2) Hallermann streiff syndrome
3)Pachyonychia congenital syndrome3)Pachyonychia congenital syndrome
management:management:
*Rounding of incisal edges*Rounding of incisal edges
*Extraction*Extraction
41. Pattern of shedding:Pattern of shedding:
shedding of deciduous tooth occurs mainlyshedding of deciduous tooth occurs mainly
because of resorption of their roots,because of resorption of their roots,
supporting tissue and periodontal ligamentssupporting tissue and periodontal ligaments
Resorption of deciduous incisors andResorption of deciduous incisors and
canines occurs on lingual surface of theircanines occurs on lingual surface of their
rootsroots
Resoption of deciduous molars begins onResoption of deciduous molars begins on
inner surface of their rootsinner surface of their roots
42. Pattern of exfoliation is symmetrical for Rt & LtPattern of exfoliation is symmetrical for Rt & Lt
side of mouthside of mouth
Mandibular teeth shed before their maxillaryMandibular teeth shed before their maxillary
counterpartcounterpart
Exfoliation in girls is earlier than boysExfoliation in girls is earlier than boys
43. MECHANISM OF SHEDDING:MECHANISM OF SHEDDING:
This mechanism is not fully understoodThis mechanism is not fully understood
Pressure from erupting successional tooth plays key rolePressure from erupting successional tooth plays key role
Forces of mastication also aids in sheddingForces of mastication also aids in shedding
Not much is known about the resoption of dental soft tissueNot much is known about the resoption of dental soft tissue
It occurs in two formsIt occurs in two forms
1)Fibroblast exhibits signs of interference with normal1)Fibroblast exhibits signs of interference with normal
cellular processes such as secretion as well ascellular processes such as secretion as well as
other cytotoxic alterations that eventually leads toother cytotoxic alterations that eventually leads to cell deathcell death
2)Fibroblast shows apoptosis2)Fibroblast shows apoptosis
44. Clinical considerationClinical consideration
REMNANTS OF DECIDUOUSREMNANTS OF DECIDUOUS
TEETH:TEETH:
Some times parts of roots of deciduous teethSome times parts of roots of deciduous teeth
are not in the path of erupting permanent teethare not in the path of erupting permanent teeth
and may escape resoptionand may escape resoption
Usually they contains cementum and dentinUsually they contains cementum and dentin
Most commonly seen in lower secondMost commonly seen in lower second
premolar regionpremolar region
ManagementManagement:: extraction if in the path ofextraction if in the path of
eruptioneruption
45. RETAINED DECIDUOUSRETAINED DECIDUOUS
TEETH:TEETH:
CausesCauses::
# absence of permanent# absence of permanent
successorsuccessor
# ankylosed/impacted# ankylosed/impacted
permanent teethpermanent teeth
commonly retained tooth is uppercommonly retained tooth is upper
lateral incisorlateral incisor
46. SUBMERGED DECIDUOUS TOOTH:SUBMERGED DECIDUOUS TOOTH:
If trauma occurs to dental follicle or developingIf trauma occurs to dental follicle or developing
PDL then eruption of tooth stops because ofPDL then eruption of tooth stops because of
continued eruption of neighboring teeth andcontinued eruption of neighboring teeth and
increased height of the alveolar bone the toothincreased height of the alveolar bone the tooth
may be either shortened or submerged in themay be either shortened or submerged in the
alveolar bonealveolar bone
Submerged deciduous teeth may prevent theSubmerged deciduous teeth may prevent the
eruption of permanent successor therefore theyeruption of permanent successor therefore they
should be removed as soon as possibleshould be removed as soon as possible
47.
48.
49. REFERENCESREFERENCES
Oral Histology : Richard TencateOral Histology : Richard Tencate
Oral Histology And Embryology : OrbansOral Histology And Embryology : Orbans
Oral Histology : James. K.AveryOral Histology : James. K.Avery
Dentistry For The Child And Adolescent :Mc DonaldDentistry For The Child And Adolescent :Mc Donald
Color Atlas Of Anatomy- BerkowitzColor Atlas Of Anatomy- Berkowitz
Textbook of pedodontics : Shobha tandonTextbook of pedodontics : Shobha tandon