The document summarizes a presentation on how racial stratification and gender inequality are "moving targets" over time. It discusses the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North from 1910-1970 as they sought freedom and opportunity. It then explains how de jure segregation laws enforced racial segregation after the Civil War. Next, it outlines some of the technological, economic, and social changes that led to racial and gender inequality in the workplace. The presentation concludes by discussing affirmative action and how its goals and legal status have evolved over time.

1. The Moving Target of Racial
Stratification and Gender
Inequality
Presenters: Jack Dedrick, Ditra Comer, Shauntel Burzynski,
Aaron Verrett

2. Question: How is racial stratification and
gender inequality “a moving target?”
The Great Migration – Ditra Comer
De Jure Segregation – Jack Dedrick
Racial/Gender Inequality in the Workplace – Shauntel Burzynski
Affirmative Action – Aaron Verrett

3. What was the Great Migration?
• Southern blacks moving up north.
• Freedom of movement.
• Voted against southern segregation.
• Blacks have lack of income.
• Blacks live in poorer areas.
• Blacks have lack of employment.
• They were discriminated in applying for housing and
jobs.
• Later things started to change for African Americans
now and in the future.

4. The Great Migration
• In 1630 and 1640 about ten thousand settlers
crossed the Atlantic Ocean.
• Movement of 6 million African American out of the
rural southwest United States to the urban north
east, Midwest, and west that occurred between 1910
and 1970.
• The great migration was also a movement for
African Americans.
• A change in the ethnic make up of cities.
• A movement of African Americans to the north.

5. The Great Migration
• World War I and boll weevils were major factors in pulling blacks to the North.
• The war created a huge demand for labor in the North when it caused millions of men to leave their jobs
to serve in the armed forces and forced immigration to slow down.
• In the South, a boll weevil infestation of the cotton crop that ruined harvests and threatened thousands
of African Americans with starvation also caused people to head North.
• Railroad companies were so desperate for help that they paid African Americans' travel expenses to the North.
• While northern labor agents traveled to the South to encourage blacks to leave and go find jobs in the North.
• With black labor leaving the South in large numbers, southern planters tried to prevent the outflow, but were
ultimately unsuccessful.
• The more progressive southern employers tried to promise better pay and improved treatment. Others tried to
intimidate blacks, even going so far as to board northbound trains and to attack black men and women to try
to force them into returning to the South.
• Despite the jobs and housing available in the North, the challenges of living in an urban environment were
daunting for many of the new migrants.
• The stream of migrants continued apace, however, until the Great Depression and World War II caused
northern demand for workers to slacken.

6. The Second Great Migration
• The Second Great Migration was the migration of more than 5 million African Americans
from the South to the other three regions of the United States.
• It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970.
• It was much larger and of a different character than the first Great Migration (1910-1940).
Some historians prefer to distinguish between the movements for those reasons.
• In the Second Great Migration, more than five million African Americans moved to cities in
states in the North, Midwest and West, including many to California, where Los Angeles and
Oakland offered many skilled jobs in the defense industry.
• More of these migrants were already urban laborers who came from the cities of the South.
They were better educated and had better skills than people who did not migrate.

7. We Wear the Mask
By: Paul Lawrence Dunbar
Written in 1896
Appears in Dunbar’s published
volume lyrics of low life.

8. What is De Jure Segregation?
• Following the Reconstruction period, slavery was replaced by
De Jure Segregation, also known as the Jim Crow System
• Minority group is physically and socially separated from the
dominant group and consigned to an inferior position in
every area of social life
• ”De Jure” means “by law”, which means that the system is
sanctioned and reinforced by legal code

9. Examples of De Jure Segregation
• In some southern cities during this time period, it was a
law that African Americans had to ride in the back of the
bus
• Only a matter of time until all aspects of life were
encompassed by de jure segregation, including in
neighborhoods, jobs, stores, restaurants, parks, schools,
bathrooms, and even drinking fountains
• If an African American did not comply with these laws, he
or she would be arrested

10. De Jure Segregation Continued
• Segregation created a vicious cycle. The more African Americans
were excluded from mainstream society, the greater their
objectiveness and powerlessness became.
• The more powerless they became, the easier it was to mandate more
inequality
• During the peak of the Jim Crow Era in Birmingham, Alabama, it
was against the law for blacks and whites to play checkers together
• Some southern courtrooms would even have a different bible for
African Americans to swear on

11. COLORED CHILD AT CARNIVAL
Where is the Jim Crow section
On this merry-go-round,
Mister, cause I want to ride?
Down South where I come from
White and colored
Can’t sit side by side
Down South on the train
There's a Jim Crow car.
On the bus we're put in the back--
But there ain't no back
To a merry-go-round!
Where's the horse
For a kid that's black?
Merry-Go-Round
By Langston Hughes
De Jure Poetic Justice

12. Technological/Economic Changes Leading to
Racial/Gender Inequality in the Workplace
• From slavery to rigid competitive systems to fluid competitive systems
• Agrarian to industrial to postindustrial from in a relatively short period
• Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Occupations
• Deindustrialization
• Shift away from blue-collar secondary manufacturing positions
• Primary Labor Market
• Secondary Labor Market

13. Social Changes Leading to Racial/Gender
Inequality in the Workplace
• Ownership to Segregation to Discrimination
• Changing gender roles
• Women’s career goals and aspirations
• Wider access and availability for higher education
• Globalization and its effect on how we perceive ourselves and
do business

14. Modern Struggles with Gender Discrimination
• Pay gap between men and women
• The elusive glass ceiling
• Transgender/LGBT work discrimination

15. Modern Struggles with Racial Discrimination
• Modern institutional racism
• Black women and the workplace

16. She is the vessels on the table before her: the
copper pot tipped toward us, the white pitcher
clutched in her hand, the black one edged in
red and upside down. Bent over, she is the
mortar and the pestle at rest in the mortar—
still angled in its posture of use. She is the
stack of bowls and the bulb of garlic beside it,
the basket hung by a nail on the wall and the
white cloth bundled in it, the rag in the
foreground recalling her hand. She’s the stain
on the wall the size of her shadow— the color
of blood, the shape of a thumb. She is echo
of Jesus at table, framed in the scene behind
her: his white corona, her white cap. Listening,
she leans into what she knows. Light falls on
half her face.
Natasha Trethewey, 1966
Kitchen Maid with Supper at Emmaus, or The Mulata
Diego Velàzquez, ca. 1619

17. Affirmative Action
•The moving target Affirmative action
•How has Affirmative Action evolved?
•What is the outlook for Affirmative
action in the future?

18. The Moving Target Affirmative Action
•Industrial Revolution
•Original concept
•Benefits
•Obstacles

19. Evolution of Affirmative Action
•Executive Order 10925 March 6, 1961
•Executive Order 11246 September 24,
1965
•Ricci v DeStefano June 29, 2009

20. Outlook for Affirmative Action in the future
•Outcome vs. Intent
•The downward trend
of legality
•Current survey
Solely on merit % Consider race %
U..S adults 67 28
Whites 75 22
Blacks 44 48
Hispanics 59 31
June 13-July 5, 2013 Gallup poll

21. Lyndon B. Johnson commencement, Howard University
June 4, 1965
But freedom is not enough. You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: Now
you are free to go where you want, and do as you desire, and choose the leaders you
please.
You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him,
bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say, "you are free to compete with all
the others," and still justly believe that you have been completely fair.
Thus it is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity. All our citizens must have the
ability to walk through those gates.
This is the next and the more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just
freedom but opportunity. We seek not just legal equity but human ability, not just equality
as a right and a theory but equality as a fact and equality as a result.

22. In Conclusion
Racial and Gender Inequality are moving targets because with new technology, different
social norms and expectations, society changes. When society changes, so too do the
racial stratifications and gender inequality. From the Great Migration and Jim Crow
laws, to workplace inequality and Affirmative Action, postmodern America is a vastly
different society than its predecessor. We cannot help but ask ourselves, how will these
moving targets help shape the America of the future?
Discussion Question: Are American postmodern ideologies a direct product
of subsistence technology(Gerhard Lenski), or are they influenced solely by
the current intersectionality of people of various races, ethnicities, genders,
and socioeconomic classes (Patricia Hill-Collins)?