1. Electromotive force (emf) is the potential difference between the poles of a battery when it is not draining current in an open circuit. 2. When the switch is closed, current flows in the circuit and the lights turn on. 3. There are two main types of voltage sources: direct current (DC) sources like batteries; and alternating current (AC) sources like generators.

1. Oleh
Fajar Kurnia Priandiny
5C_09330100

2. Electromotive force (emf) is
the potential difference between the
poles of the battery(element) when the
battery does not drain current at open
circuit.
If the switch is open, then no current
flows so that the lights are switched off.

3. a. Series Arrangement
r r r ∑E=nxE
E E E ∑r= nxr
b. Parallel Arrangement
∑E = E
r
∑r = r
n
E

4. Voltage clamp is the potential difference between the poles of the
battery (element) when the battery drain current (on a closed circuit).
When the switch is closed, the current flowing in the circuit and the
lights turned on.
Voltage Source Type
Voltage source type can be divided into two, namely:
a. Source Voltage (DC)
example: Volta element, dry element (battery), the accumulator
b. Source of Alternating Voltage (AC)
example : dynamo or generator

5. Element is a voltage source that come from
chemical
reactions that produce direct current(DC).
There are two kinds of elements :
1. The Primary Element
The primary element is an element that can
not be updated again when the
electrical energy has been exhausted.
Examples of primary element is an element
of Volta, Daniel element, dry element (battery
)

6. Bagian Utama
Carbon ( C )
• Carbon ( C )
sebagai Kutub positif Mangan dioksida
• Seng ( Zn ) ( Mn O2)
sebagai kutub negatif
Amoniun Clorida
• Amonium Clorida
( NH4Cℓ)
( NH4 Cl ) sebagai
zat elektrolit yang
berbentuk pasta ( kering ) Seng ( Zn )
• Mangan dioksida ( Mn O2 )
sebagai zat depolarisator
• Beda potensial carbon
dan seng adalah 1,5 Volt

7. Secondary elements are
the elements (current source) which can
be renewed or refilled
when electrical energy is up.
Examples of secondary elements
is accumulator

8. arah arus
Bagian Utama
 Timbal dioksida Pb O2
sebagai kutub positif Pb O2 Pb
 Timbal ( Pb ) sebagai kutub negatif
 Asam sulfat ( H2SO4 )
Reaksi kimia H2SO4
PbO2 + 2 H+
+2e PbO + H2O
Pb + SO4 + H2O PbO + H2SO4 + 2 e
 Ion-ion H+ menuju PbO2 dan ion-ion SO4
menuju Pb. Hingga kedua kutubnya membentuk PbO.
Ketika ke dua kutubnya membentuk PbO maka tidak ada beda
potensial antara kedua kutub dan akumulator dikatakan habis