14. • Work-up:
1. Urine: Oval fat bodies
2. BUN and Sr. Creatinine increased
3. ANA + , Anti PLA2 Ab +
4. HIV/HBV/HCV
5. Workup for malignancy
6. Kidney biopsy: Hypercellularity, PMN cells, C3/IgM/IgG, Subepithelial deposits +, Spikes
• Treatments:
1. Low protein diet
2. Furosemide
3. ACEI
4. Statins
• Complications: Renal vein thrombosis.
15. Nephritic syndrome:
• Typically present with non visible hematuria and modest proteinuria.
• Decreased GFR and increased renin leads to:
1. Hypertension
2. Hematuria
3. Sub nephrotic range proteinuria
• Subtypes:
1. IgA nephropathy
2. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
16. IgA nephropathy:
• Most common type of glomerulonephritis.
• It can present in many ways. Non visible hematuria and hypertension are
common and universal.
• Often detected during screening/ annual medical check-up.
• Increased IgA deposition in mesangium:
1. Capillaries (N)
2. GFR (N), BP (N/elevated)
3. Microscopic haematuria
• If patient develops URTI, IgA level rises and gross hematuria develops.
17. • O/E: BP (N/Elevated) , No
edema
• Work-up: >3RBC/hpf, Normal
C3
• Treatments: ACEI and high dose
steroids (In highly progressive
disease)
18. MPGN:
• Increased mesangial cellularity and thickening of glomerular capillary wall.
• Types:
Type 1:
Deposition of immunoglobulin within glomeruli.
Caused by chronic infections (HCV), autoimmune disease (SLE) and monoclonal
gammopathy (Cryoglobulinimia)
Biopsy shows mesangial deposits between basement membrane and endothelial cells (tram
tracking)
Type 2:
Deposition of complements in glomeruli, inherited or acquired defect in complement
pathway.
Dense Deposit Disease
19. • Treatment:
1. Identification and
treatment of underlying
disease
2. Immunosuppression:
MMF, Cyclophosphamide
3. Anti C5 inhibitor:
Eculizumab
20. RPGN:
• Rapid loss of renal function over days to weeks, usually in association
with hypertension and edema.
• Features:
• Urine RE: Non visible hematuria, variable proteinuria, characteristic
red cell casts, dysmorphic RBC
• Renal biopsy: Crescentic lesions
• Occurs in: Small vessel vasculitis, PSGN, IgA nephropathy and other
nephropathies.
21.
22. PSGN:
• Type III hypersensitivity reaction
• Immunological manifestation after nephritogenic streptococcus infection (Impetigo/
pharyngitis).
• Antigen: Streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin B (SPEP)
• Molecular mimicry mediated by Anti DNAase and Anti hyaluronidase
• Immune complex (+) – Complement mediated vasculitis.
• C/F:
1. Hematuria, cola colored urine/ smoky urine (freshly voided sample)
2. Hypertension: Sudden onset LVF/ Dyspnea/ pulmonary edema
3. Renal insufficiency with uremia
23.
24. • Work-up:
1. Urine RE: >3RBC/hpf, RBC cast, Dysmorphic RBC
2. Decreased C3 and normal C4
3. Increased Anti DNAase and Anti Hyaluronidase
4. Kidney biopsy: hypercellularity/ PMN infiltration/ IgG, IgM, C3 deposition/ subepithelial deposits
5. Immunofluorescence: Starry sky appearance
• Treatment:
1. Acute pulmonary edema: Furosemide
2. Hypertensive crisis: IV labetalol and ACEI
3. Hemodialysis