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Socio political structure (Bontoc and Benguet)
- 1. Socio Political Structure of Benguet & Bontoc
- 2. BENGUET
- 3. Benguet Kankana-ey Social Classes: • Amam-a(Dakay)- Elders, power elites • Kadangyan- the richest and wisest among the rich. • Baknang/Babaknang- the rich • Abiteg- Poor
- 4. Benguet Kankana-ey Leadership: • An individual with the most prestigious feast( Mankayan). • Ownership of land(Bakun). • Animal ownership( Buguias).
- 5. Benguet Kankanaey Prestige: - A baknang acquires prestige through a series of feasts which begins with a three pig pedit and progressing to higher numbers. ( kibungan and Bakun)
- 6. Benguet Kankanaey The role of the Baknang & Kadangyan: -The Babaknang shared the functions of administration and the control of the resources. -The Kadangyan was the acknowledged leader.
- 7. Benguet Kankanaey The role of the Amam-a -their functions includes directing, restraining, and advising the heads of the family as well as prescribing the holding of feasts when necessary. Some of the old men who constituted the agom or jury were known to be mansapit.
- 8. Benguet Ibaloi Kaising & kalon • Kaising- Parental betrothal that aims to stratify social status. • Kalon- when both partners are of marriageable age.
- 9. Benguet Ibaloi Pachit or Peshet, the rich man’s feast - A feast by the kadangyan or babaknang to gain or to prove their prestige. - Only those who finished the saveng are qualified to perform the peshet. - The capacity to serve rice, particularly kintoman added further prestige to the affair.
- 10. Benguet Ibaloi Estancia, the cattle ranch( 1700’s) - it solidifies the social status of the baknang. Pastol ( Benguet Cowboy) - The right hand man of the baknang in keeping the necessity of the Estancia.
- 11. Benguet Ibaloi Bagaen - Slave trade introduced the bagaen into ibaloi society. - They where spoils of inter- tribal warfare or purchased from the lowland as part of gold trade. - They and their children will be slaves for the rest of their lives.
- 12. BONTOC
- 13. BONTOC SOCIAL CLASSES: • Kachangyan: Traditional rich • Waday ngachan na: Middle class • Pusillawa: Poor
- 14. BONTOC Kadangyan’s wealth and prestige is defined by the rice fields they have inherited, the possession of akon( ceremonial jewelry), their sponsorship of a feast, and position of authority.
- 15. BONTOC Chono, the Kadangyan’s feast • A thanksgiving feast • Must be approved by the elders Mangisegfat • richest family who leads the chono.
- 16. BONTOC ATO: • Is a social, political, and religious institution at the heart of the ili. • A council house where the elders hold various ceremonies or meetings. • As the basic means of social control, it is where the members learn the customs, laws, taboos, history, and oral traditions.
- 17. BONTOC Intugtukan • Male council of elders • Each Ato has the intugtukan, which allows the Ato members to discuss community issues before decisions are made.
- 18. BONTOC Pechen (peace pact) • Inter village relations are determined by the pechen. • Pechen is forged through a ritual conducted by the two villages’ council of elders.
- 19. BONTOC Retribution, Ifontok’s way of justice • male relatives of a murder victim is morally obligated to avenge his death. Head taking • Is also a religious dimension. - a beheaded man’s spirit became a pinteg, a diety to which the people pray for good luck, identification of thieves, and recovery of stolen objects.
- 20. BONTOC Fatek, once a symbol of prestige • Chaklag -breast tattoo of the head hunter. • Pongo- arm tattoo usually worn by women but can be worn by both.
- 22. Physical structure of the Ato • Pabafunan- Physical structure consisting of a larger hut and an open court where people gather to perform their rituals. • Fawi - where the council of elders meet. An open court of the ato, where human skulls used to be stored.
- 23. Other social and economic structures • Ulog- women’s( babalasang) dormitory, where courtship takes place. • Afong- family residence • Fayu- rich people’s house • Katyufong- poor’s house • Kol-lob- residence of a widow or unmarried old woman.
- 24. Other social and economic structures • Al-lang: where food supplies, jewelry, wine jars are stored. • Akhamang- rice granary • Falinto-og- pig pens • Pachipad- a seal of twigs and leaves knotted together.