RENEXPO Sarajevo 2015, Bioenergy in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1. Bioenergy in Bosnia and
Herzegovina

2. Country status Polity: a parliamentary democracy
Territory: 51.209 km²
Population: 3.829 Mil.
Capital: Sarajevo
Administration: Federation BiH, FBIH (10
cantons, 79 municipalities)
Republic of Srpska, RS, (63
municipalities),
District Brcko
GDP: near 13 billion €
GDP per capita: 5.297 €
Currency: Convertible Mark BAM
1.95583 BAM = 1 EUR
VAT: 17%
Trade agreement: with all neighboring
CEFTA countries, EU 27, Australia, Canada,
Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Russia,
Switzerland and the United States.
The average net salary: 428 €/month

3. Index of Economic Freedom 2015 shows that BiH is
very close to the level of moderately free

4. Biomass potential
BIOMASS
One of the most promising renewable sources in Bosnia and
Herzegovina
 Wood biomass
 Forest waste
 Wood processing industry waste
 Agriculture
 Animal waste
 Agricultural waste
 Synthetic fuels

5. Categories of forest wood products in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
m³ Logs Other
round
wood
Pulpwood Firewood Net mass
of large
wood
Residue
after
cutting and
production
of FWP
Gross
mass of
large
wood
Federation
BiH
905.830 53.952 248.017 669.375 1.877.174 306.569 2.183.743
Republika
Srpska
862.997 84.811 340.073 560.777 1.848.658 296.765 2.145.423
BiH 1.768.827 138.763 588.090 1.230.152 3.725.932 603.334 4.329.166
Bureau of Statistics of Republic of Srpska 2013; Ministry of Economy, Water Management and Forestry, FBiH 2013

6. Available quantities of wood biomass for
energy production
Sources
CONFIFERS DICIDUOUS
TREES
TOTAL
m³ m³ m³
Cordwood for energy 1.711 1.228.441 1.230.152
Residues after cutting and production of FWP 342.181 261.154 603.334
Small branches 314.848 401.432 716.280
Residues and waste after production of sawn
timber, veneer and furniture
354.857 200.843 555.701
Stumps 314.848 334.527 649.375
TOTAL: 1.328.446 2.426.396 3.754.842

8. Pellet potential
Total current available capacity of pellet production in Bosnia
and Herzegovina is estimated at around 200,000 tons per year

9. Agriculture and waste potential
Arable land by type of using in BiH (000 ha)
Year Grains Industrial
crops
Vegetables Fodder
crops
Total Uncultivated
arable land
Seedbeds,
gardens
and other
Total
2014 290 9 73 129 501 508 2 1011
2%
14%
26%58%
Planted
Industrial crops Vegetables Fodder crops Grains
22%
62%
16%
Grains
wheat maize other grains
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Annual Report

10. Agriculture and waste potential

11. Number of livestock and poultry in BiH
2014
Total / pcs
Species
Cattle 444.000
Sheep 1.025.000
Pigs 533.000
Poultry 20.664.000
Hens for eggs 392.000
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Annual Report

12. The huge potential of organic residues
from farms
Basis for biogas production on farms - multiple effects
(production of electricity, heat energy, organic fertilizer)

13. Biogas plant-example plant, Germany

14. Livestock and poultry in slaughterhouses
2014
Total number Tons
Species
Cattle 71.987 11.429
Sheep 97.957 1.484
Pigs 131.425 9.663
Poultry 28.218.000 43.431
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, Annual Report

15. The enormous potential of slaughterhouse waste
- serious ecological challenge

16. The technical potential estimate based
on experience and practice – overwiev
Total technical potential 33.52 PJ/year
Biogas 20.000.000 m³
Waste from fruit and wine gardens 211.257 tons
Crop waste 634.000 tons
Waste from oil seeds 3.858 tons
Industry wood processing 1.142.698 m³
Firewood 1.466.973 m³
Forest biomass 599.728 m³

17. Technologies / Project Development
To turn a biomass resource into productive heat and
electricity requires a number of steps and
considerations, most notably evaluating the
availability of suitable biomass resources:
 determining the economics of collection,
 storage and transportation,
 evaluating available technology options for
converting biomass into useful heat or electricity.

19. Technologies / Project Development
Cogeneration
There are two types of cogeneration—“topping cycle” and
“bottoming cycle.”
The most common type of cogeneration is the “topping
cycle” where fuel is first used to generate electricity or
mechanical energy at the facility and a portion of the waste
heat from power generation is then used to provide useful
thermal energy.
The less common “bottoming cycle” type of cogeneration
systems first produce useful heat for a manufacturing
process via fuel combustion or another heat-generating
chemical reaction and recover some portion of the exhaust
heat to generate electricity.

20. Technologies / Project Development
Biomass Cogeneration Systems

21. Technologies / Project Development
Biomass fuels are typically used most efficiently and
beneficially when generating both power and heat through a
Combined Heat and Power (or Cogeneration) system. A
typical CHP system provides:
 Distributed generation of electrical and/or mechanical
power,
 Waste-heat recovery for heating, cooling, or process
applications,
 Seamless system integration for a variety of technologies,
thermal applications, and fuel types into existing building
infrastructure.

24. Technologies / Project Development
Each cogeneration system is adapted to meet the needs of
an individual building or facility. System design is modified
based on the location, size, and energy requirements of the
site. Cogeneration is not limited to any specific type of
facility but is generally used in operations with sustained
heating requirements. Most CHP systems are designed to
meet the heat demand of the energy user since this leads to
the most efficient systems. Larger facilities generally use
customized systems, while smaller-scale applications can use
prepackaged units.
Cogeneration

25. Technologies / Project Development
Cogeneration systems are categorized according to their
prime movers (the heat engines), though the systems
also include generators, heat recovery, and electrical
interconnection components. There are currently five
primary, commercially available prime movers: gas
turbines, steam turbines, reciprocating engines,
micro turbines, and fuel cells. Steam turbines and gas,
or combustion turbines are the prime movers (heat
engines) best suited for industrial processes due to their
large capacity and ability to produce the medium- to
high-temperature steam typically needed in industrial
processes.

26. Gas turbines
Gas turbines typically have capacities between 500
kilowatts (kW) and 250 megawatts (MW), can be used
for high-grade heat applications, and are highly
reliable. Gas turbines operate similarly to jet engines—
natural gas is combusted and used to turn the turbine
blades and spin an electrical generator. The
cogeneration system then uses a heat recovery system
to capture the heat from the gas turbine’s exhaust
stream. This exhaust heat can be used for heating (e.g.,
for generating steam for industrial processes) or cooling
(generating chilled water through an absorption
chiller).

29. Steam Turbines
Steam turbines are highly reliable and can meet
multiple heat grade requirements. Steam turbines
typically have capacities between 50 kW and 250 MW
and work by combusting fuel in a boiler to heat water
and create high-pressure steam, which turns a turbine
to generate electricity. The low-pressure steam that
subsequently exits the steam turbine can then be used
to provide useful thermal energy. Ideal applications of
steam turbine-based cogeneration systems include
medium- and large-scale industrial or institutional
facilities with high thermal loads and where solid or
waste fuels are readily available for boiler use.

31. Steam turbine

32. Reciprocating Engines
In terms of the number of units, reciprocating internal
combustion engines are the most widespread technology
for power generation, found in the form of small,
portable generators as well as large industrial engines
that power generators of several megawatts;
Reciprocating engines are well suited for CHP in
commercial and light industrial applications of less than
5 MW. Smaller engine systems produce hot water. Larger
systems can be designed to produce low-pressure
steam. Multiple reciprocating engines can be used to
increase system capacity and enhance overall reliability.

33. Reciprocating Engines

34. Micro - turbines
Micro-turbines are small, compact, lightweight
combustion turbines that typically have power outputs
of 30 to 300 kW. A heat exchanger recovers thermal
energy from the micro-turbine exhaust to produce hot
water or low-pressure steam. The thermal energy from
the heat recovery system can be used for potable water
heating, absorption cooling, desiccant dehumidification,
space heating, process heating, and other building uses.
Micro-turbines can burn a variety of fuels including
natural gas and liquid fuels.

35. Micro – turbines

36. Fuel cell
A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical
energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical
reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with
oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are
different from batteries in that they require a
continuous source of fuel and oxygen or air to sustain
the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the
chemicals present in the battery react with each other
to generate an electromotive force (emf). Fuel cells can
produce electricity continuously for as long as these
inputs are supplied.

37. Fuel cell

38. About half of the CHP capacity consists of large
combined cycle systems that include two electricity
generation steps (the combustion turbine and a
steam turbine powered by heat recovered from the
gas turbine exhaust) that supply steam to large
industrial or commercial users and maximize power
production for sale to the grid.

39. Plant, Germany

40. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
Advanced technologies include biomass integrated
gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) systems, co- firing
(with coal or gas), pyrolysis and second generation
biofuels. Second generation biofuels can make use of
biochemical technologies to convert the cellulose to
sugars which can be converted to bioethanol,
biodiesel, dimethyl ester, hydrogen and chemical
intermediates in large scale bio-refineries.

41. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power
plants can achieve major CO2 reduction by effectively
capturing the feedstock's carbon inventory from the
syngas, before it is combusted in the gas turbine.
Captured CO2 can then be buried underground.
Significant overall integration know-how on the
processes that prepare the gasified fuel for
combustion enables the design of optimized IGCC
plants, the maximization not only of efficiency and low
emissions parameters, but also the life-cycle
electricity costs and reliability.
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

42. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle -
plant, Germany

43. Legislation and Framework
Law on Use of Renewable Energy Sources and Efficient
Cogeneration (Official Gazette of the Federation of BiH, No:
70/13),
Law on Renewable Sources of Energy and Efficient Cogeneration
of Republika Srpska (Official Gazette of Republika Srpska, No:
39/13)
It is necessary to enhance national action plan and constantly
improve coordination and cooperation between state, entity,
cantonal and local institutions and the public. The problem of
inter-sectoral cooperation implies definition of the level to
which public institutions responsible for the sectors which are
directly or indirectly involved in the issue of using biomass
(mining, agriculture, forestry, transport, spatial planning,
environmental protection, protection of nature, finances, etc.)
mutually cooperate and coordinate their activities.

44. Procedures to build a plant
1. Information on location (contains information about the
possibilities and limitations of building on the land plot, based on
the planning document; Local government - the Department of
Urbanism),
2. Conditions distributors for energy permit (opinion of the
competent Electric Power Company on the conditions and
possibilities of connection to the distribution system),
3. Energy license (design studies, the competent Ministry),
4. The license for carrying out energy activities (Energy Agency),
5. Obtaining conditions for planning permission (Ministry of Interior,
connection to municipal infrastructure),
6. The connection of the facility to the transmission, transportation
and distribution systems.

45. Prior actions
7. Feasibility Study, preliminary project,
8. Location permit (in accordance with the valid planning document; location
permit is issued on the basis of general regulation, to parts of the territory in
the coverage plan that does not provide a detailed regulation plan),
9. Compensation for land development,
10. Impact Assessment on the environment,
11. The main project (main project shall be for the purpose of construction of
the structure and the building permit),
12. Technical control,
13. Study of fire protection,
14. Permission of the main projects (Water management public institution;
Electric Power Company; Ministry of Interior; connection to municipal
infrastructure),
15. Building permit (issued by the local government).

46. Construction of the facility
16. Appointment to the responsible contractor (contract with the contractor, the
contractor Decision on the appointment of a responsible person with a license; Investor),
17. Registration for construction (the competent institutions and important building
inspector in the municipality),
18. Naming supervision for proper work (decision on the appointment of the investor for
the proper supervision works with licenses),
19. Construction facility (building evidence of the contractor and supervision),
20. Technical inspection of the building (the required certificates for devices and
installations),
21. Certified construction Diaries (commission formed by the authority that gave the
building license),
22. Geodetic surveying and measuring a new building (authorized geometer),
23. Certificates of marked underground installations (cadastre),
24. Usage permit (decision issued by the local government).

47. After obtaining use permit
25. Recording of constructed building (cadastre),
26. The status of privileged power producers (the competent
Ministry),
27. Contract for the sale of electricity (Electric Power Company).

48. Feed In Tariffs in BiH – Federation of BiH (FBiH)
Biomass power plants:
micro 2.9605
mini 2.3640
low 2.2770
medium 2.1482
Biogas:
micro 8.6673
mini 6.3046
low 2.6388
Efficient cogeneration plants:
micro 1.4588
mini 1.4588
low 1.4588
medium 1.4588

49. Guaranteed price (KM/kWh) – Republic of Srpska (RS)
Power plants using biomass:
- Up to and including 1 MW - 0.2413
- Over 1 MW up to 10 MW - 0.2261
Power plants on agricultural biogas:
- Up to and including 1 MW - 0.2402
Conventional energy resources in an efficient cogeneration plant:
- New cogeneration plant at the gas up to and including 1 MW - 0.2117
- New cogeneration plants Gas 1 MW up to 10 MW - 0.1864
- New cogeneration plant at lignite to 1 MW - 0.1197
- New cogeneration plants using lignite from 1 MW up to and including 10 MW - 0.0882
Landfill gas in an efficient cogeneration plant:
- Up to 1 MW - 0.0698
- From 1 MW up to 10 MW - 0.0541

50. Darijo Lazić MBA
Owner/Consultant
LAZIC Consulting s.p.
Ljubovijska b.b.
78420 Srbac
Bosnia and Herzegovina
+387 51 92 35 10
+387 63 64 71 76
lazic@lazic-consulting.com
www.lazic-consulting.com