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Medella
1. We chose the company name medella because
the word medella is Latin for cure, remedial
treatment and healing.
2. Business plan
Our business plan is to create miniaturized 100% synthetic
food from chemicals, consumed in a tablet or sachet
form. The idea is that the tablet will dissolve in water and
sterilise it, making the water drinkable, and providing all
the essential nutrients that a human being will need to
survive for a day. The product will need to be cheap so
that it can be given to 3rd world countries or in natural
disasters as emergency supplies through charities, free of
charge. We plan to join with other charities and
businesses that could help us with the sterilisation of
water and with the production of our product.
3. How our product is useful?
It can stop starvation in the 3rd world countries.
It can feed the growing human population which has
exponential growth and eventually we wont have enough
food to feed the population and survive.
It can spare animals from slaughter.
It wont take up soil or natural resources which also need
to be spared as they are non renewable and will soon run
out.
4. What are the key nutrients that humans
need?
Fats(lipids)
Protein(actin)
Carbohydrate(glucose)
Saturated fat
Sugars
Sodium(salt)
Fibre
Potassium
Magnesium
Chloride
Calcium
Iodine
Starch
Phosphorus
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Biotin
Selenium
Folate
Vanadium
Iron
Calories
Boron
Fluorine
Vitamin A
Vitamin B
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
5. Amount of nutrients adults need daily:
Nutrients needed Male adult Female adult
Protein 56 g 46 g
Calories 2,500 Kcal 2,000 Kcal
Iron 8.7 mg 14.8 mg
Vitamin A 0.7 mg 0.6 mg
Vitamin C 40 mg 40 mg
Vitamin D 50 µg 50 µg
Vitamin B12 10 µg 10 µg
Vitamin K 80 µg 80 µg
Vitamin E 10 mg 10 mg
Fat (lipids) 32 g 32 g
Saturated fat 10 g 10 g
Carbohydrate 130 g 130 g
Sugars 20 g 20 g
Boron 20 mg 20 mg
Chromium 120 µg 120 µg
7. Nutrients needed Male adult Female adult
Copper 2 mg 2 mg
Nickel 1 mg 1 mg
We found out that men and women need slightly
different amounts of certain nutrients for example
women need more iron than men. When making the
tablet we will take the highest amount needed and use
that because it doesn’t matter if you get more
nutrients than you need. However children need
different amounts of nutrients than adults, it could be
dangerous to give a child the same amount as an adult
so we will make 2 tablets one for children and one for
adults, we could split the dosage by making the tablets
so that they can be broke in half.
8. We thought about using baby milk as a base
and turning it into a tablet for adults.
We looked at the ingredients and there amounts and worked out how
much more we would need to make this for adults here is what we
found: Ingredients in 100ml of Aptamil gold+ HA baby formula 900g:
Protein= 1.5 g
Carbohydrate= 7.2 g
Fat= 3.4 g
Calcium= 46g
Phosphorus= 26 mg
Chloride= 41 mg
Magnesium= 5.1 mg
Iron= 0.53 mg
Zinc= 0.50 mg
Iodine= 12 µg
Manganese= 7.5 mg
copper= 40 mg
Selenium= 1.5 µg
Vitamin A= 50 mg-RE
Vitamin D3= 1.2 mg
Vitamin E= 1.0 mg α-Te
Vitamin K1= 4.4 µg
Thiamin(B1)= 50 µg
Riboflavin(B2)= 100 µg
Vitamin B6= 40 µg
Vitamin B12= 0.16 µg
Vitamin B5= 0.35 mg
Biotin= 1.8 µg
Folic acid= 8.4 µg
Vitamin C= 9.1 mg
Choline= 10 mg
Taurine= 5.3 mg
Inositol= 5.3 mg
L-Carrnitine= 1.0 mg
Sodium(salt)= 25mg
9. We looked up some of the ingredients we
didn’t know:
Arachidonic acid= is a kind of omega-6 polyunsaturated
fatty acid. It is necessary for nutrition in the body, and
is helpful for the growth of muscle tissues around the
skeleton. We cannot produce arachidonic acid in our
bodies and it must be taken in through food or
supplements. Adults need 10g daily.
10. We looked up some of the ingredients
we didn’t know:
Docosahexaenoic acid= is an omega-3 fatty acid
that is primary structural component of the
human brain, cerebral, cortex, skin and retina. It
is found in cold water fatty fish, such as salmon,
or seaweed for vegetarians and vegans. Our
bodies can make docosahexaenoic acid in small
amounts naturally, but we must get the amounts
we need from food or supplements because what
our bodies produce naturally is not enough.
Adults need 200mg daily.
11. We looked up some of the ingredients
we didn’t know:
Taurine= also known as 2-aminoethanesulfonic
acid, is an organic acid widely distributed in
animal tissues. It is a major constituent of bile
and can be found in the large intestine, it
accounts for approximately 0.1% of the total
human body weight. Adults need 3,000 mg daily.
12. We looked up some of the ingredients
we didn’t know:
Inositol= a small molecule structurally similar to
glucose that is involved in cellular signalling.
This does not needed to be taken daily.
13. Next we worked out how much more/less of
each ingredient in the baby milk we would
need to adapt it for an adult:
Protein= +54.5g
Carbohydrate= +122.8g
Fat= +28.6g
Calcium= +954mg
Phosphorus= +974mg
Chloride= +1525mg
Magnesium= +344.9mg
Iron= +14.27
Zinc= +14.5 mg
Iodine= +138µg
Manganese= +4.9925mg
copper= -38mg
Selenium= +33.5µg
Vitamin A= -49.4
Vitamin D3= +34.998µg
Vitamin E= +9mg
Vitamin K1= +75.6 µg
Thiamin(B1)= -99.998µg
Riboflavin(B2)= -99.9µg
Vitamin B6= -39.998 µg
Vitamin B12= +2.24µg
Vitamin B5= +3.57mg
Biotin= +28.2µg
Folic acid= +291.6µg
Vitamin C= +30.9mg
Choline= +1.99g
Taurine= +2994.7mg
Sodium(salt)= +1475 mg
14. We looked at the number of calories we needed
compared it to the amount in baby milk to see
how many scoops of baby milk we would need:
There is 20 calories(Kcal) per ounce(Oz) of baby milk
(1 scoop to every 2 Oz of water).
We need 2500 calories.
Ratio= Calories: scoops: water = 20:1:2
So 2500/20= 125
And 125 X 2= 250
Calories: Scoops: Water(oz)
2500 : 125 : 250
Per person!
15. We looked into using different sources of
calories to make up the tablet:
The main sources of calories are:
Carbohydrates (mostly bread, fruits and vegetables).
Protein (mostly comes from meat and milk).
Fats or lipids (mostly comes from meat and dairy products).
What makes up carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are mostly sugar, both natural sugar and processed sugar,
all types of sugar give the same number of calories.
16. Which has the most calories?
A teaspoon of fat has about twice as many calories than
a teaspoon of carbohydrate or protein. A table spoon of
butter has about the same amount of calories as a table
spoon of vegetable oil, basically all types of fat have the
same number of calories. However, the difference is that
butter is saturated fat and is bad for your heart, on the
other hand vegetable oil is unsaturated fat and is not
bad for your heart. Both fats will give calories and make
you gain weight, but vegetable oil is better for your
heart.
18. Different types of fats that we can use in
our product:
Animal fats(Lard, tallow and fish oil):
High in saturated fats and cholesterol and low in
everything else, consumption of animal fats is best
minimalized. Lard, tallow and fish oils all top the
list providing 902 calories per 100g serving. That is
1849 calories per cup, 117 calories per
tablespoon, and 45 calories per teaspoon. Butter
contains slightly fewer calories with 876 calories
per 100g serving.
19. Different types of fats that we can use in our
product:
Vegetable oils (soybean, peanut, palm,
olive etc.):
Purified vegetable fats do not lag far behind animal fats.
Oils like canola and olive oil are not hydrated, and therefore
do not contain harmful trans fats. Vegetable oils provide
884 calories per 100g serving, that is 1972 calories per
cup, 124 calories per tablespoon, and 44 calories per
teaspoon. Vegetable fats are slightly healthier than animal
fats, so we decided to use these in our product instead of
animal fats.
20. What could be in our product?
To get the right number of calories, fats and proteins we
would need to use the following:
1 cup of vegetable oil (rice bran)= 1927 calories
100g of sesame seeds= 567 calories.
In 100g of sesame seeds there is:
Calories (Kcal) Fat (grams) Carbs (grams) Protein (grams)
567 48 26.04 16.96
We need 2500 calories:
We have 1927 + 567 = 2494 Kcal
So 2500 – 2494 = 6 Kcal
We are 6 calories short but this will be made up with the other
ingredients that we will use so this doesn’t matter.
21. What could be in our product?
The sesame seeds alone will actually provide more fat
than we need, we need 32g of fat and the sesame seeds
provide 48g of fat, this is 16g of fat more than we need.
However because we our feeding people in the 3rd world
country who have poor nutrition and are starving it
doesn’t matter that we have more fat than we need.
In 1 cup of vegetable oil there is:
Calories (Kcal) Fat (grams) Carbs (grams) Protein (grams)
1927 218 0 57
The vegetable oil gives us 1g more of protein than
we need, this could come in useful because people
in third world countries have a lack in protein in
their diets.
22. What could be in our product?
With the 1 cup of vegetable oil and the 100g of sesame
seeds we get enough calories, fat and protein. Added
together we get the following:
Calories (Kcal) Fat (grams) Carbs (grams) Protein (grams)
2494 266 26.04 68.96
The vegetable oil and sesame seeds provide us
with enough calories, fats and proteins but only
provides us with 26.04g of carbohydrates, this
means that we will need103.96g more of carbs
and we need to add the vitamins and minerals
to our product.
23. We thought that 1 cup of vegetable oil was too un healthy so we looked at
other healthier foods with a lot of calories to replace some of the vegetable
oil.
100g of vegetable oil gives:
Calories (Kcal) Fat (grams) Carbs (grams) Protein (grams)
884 100 0 0
100g of banana chips gives:
Calories
(Kcal)
Fat (grams) Carbs (grams) Protein
(grams)
519 33.6 58.4 2.3
Sodium (mg) Potassium
(mg)
6 536
25. This means that all together we will get:
Calories
(Kcal)
Fat (grams) Carbs (grams) Protein
(grams)
2626 33.1 153.4 166
Sodium (mg) Potassium
(mg)
38 1638
With these four ingredients we will also get 100g of sugar
and 21g of fibre.
These four ingredients provide all the calories, fat,
sugars, potassium, protein and carbohydrates that we
need to survive for a day plus a little bit extra.
All we now need to add now is:
1462g more sodium, 17g more of fibre, vitamins, the
ingredients to make the tablet sterilise water and make it
drinkable and some kind of preservative to give the tablet
a longer shelf life.
26. Looking at water purification tablets.
We found out as much information as we could but as this is a fairly new product
on the market there is not that much information on it:
Here is the information on purification tablets:
The UK’s leading brand of water purification tablets is Oasis water
purification tablets. They are effervescent NaDCC tablets which make
water safe to drink. They kill microorganisms in water to prevent
dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera and other water borne diseases. They
are used by all the largest NGO’s for emergency water purification in
disaster situations and by social marketing organisations and
pharmacy distributors for household water treatment where water
supplies are not safe and reliable. They also have applications in
travel and military settings. Oasis water purification tablets are
manufactured under GMP by Hydrachem, the largest manufacturer of
NaDCC tablets in the UK.
Use of tablets:
1 tablet in 1 litre of water and leave for 10 minutes before drinking.
When abroad where Bilharzia (Schistosomiasis) is a problem or water
is visibly contaminated use 4 tablets and leave for 10 minutes before
drinking.
27. How Tablets are made?
In the case of tablets, manufacturers have standard size molds for the
precise size of their pill. During the manufacturing process, in
addition to the active ingredients, the manufacturer will usually add a
variety of other ingredients to take up space, hold the ingredients
together, and assist in disintegration. It may even be necessary to
coat the tablet so that the taste and odor are masked (coatings).
Fillers are necessary for the manufacturing process, but do nothing
more for the pill itself than take up volume. Some common fillers are
lactose (milk sugar), microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, sugars
(including sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, fructose, and dextrose), whey
and yeast.
Binders are used to make the components stick together when the
ingredients are compressed to make the pill. Some common binders
are povidone, xanthan gum and Carbopol (an acrylic resin). Some
fillers may also serve as binding agents and are referred to as
filler/binders.
28. How are tablets made?
In the tablet-pressing process, it is important that all
ingredients be fairly dry, powdered or granular, somewhat
uniform in particle size, and freely flowing. Mixed particle sized
powders segregate during manufacturing operations due to
different densities, which can result in tablets with poor drug
or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content uniformity
but granulation should prevent this. Content uniformity ensures
that the same API dose is delivered with each tablet.
Some APIs may be tableted as pure substances, but this is rarely
the case; most formulations include excipients. Normally, an
pharmacologically inactive ingredient (excipient) termed a
binder is added to help hold the tablet together and give it
strength. A wide variety of binders may be used, some common
ones including lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate, sucrose,
corn and (maize) starch. Often, an ingredient is also needed to
aid tablet dispersion once swallowed, releasing the API for
absorption, Some binders, such as starch and cellulose, are also
excellent at aiding with this.
29. Single-piece gel encapsulation ("soft
capsules")
In 1834, Mothes and Dublanc were granted a patent for a method to produce a single-piece gelatin
capsule that was sealed with a drop of gelatin solution. They used individual iron moulds for their
process, filling the capsules individually with a medicine dropper. Later on, methods were developed
that used sets of plates with pockets to form the capsules. Although some companies still use this
method, the equipment is not produced commercially any more. All modern soft-gel encapsulation
uses variations of a process developed by R.P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation was to use a rotary die
to produce the capsules, with the filling taking place by blow molding. This method reduced
wastage, and was the first process to yield capsules with highly repeatable dosage.
The current owner of the RPScherer technology is Catalent Pharma Solutions, the world's largest
manufacturer of prescription pharmaceutical softgels.
Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is
because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubility or permeability of the
drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid
dosage form such as a tablet. Softgels are also highly suited to potent drugs (for example, where the
dose is <100 µg), where the highly reproducible filling process helps ensure each softgel has the
same drug content, and because the operators are not exposed to any drug dust during the
manufacturing process.
