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1. Module 1:
Earthquakes
and Faults

4. An earthquake is one of the most
frightening things that anyone can
ever experience. You grow up
believing that the Earth is rock solid
and steady. But then the ground
suddenly shakes and you do not
know what to believe anymore.

5. An earthquake is brought about by
an abrupt slip on a fault, much like
what happens when you snap your
fingers. Going before the snap, you
push your fingers together and
sideways.

6. The same process
goes on in an
earthquake. Stress
in the outer layer
of the Earth
pushes the sides
of the fault
together.

7. Earthquake is the shaking of
the surface of the Earth
resulting from the sudden
release of energy in the
Earth’s lithosphere. The
energy will eventually be
released once the fault
overcomes the friction
movement.

8. Faults are
thin zones
of crushed
blocks of
rocks.

11. Q1. As you move the sheets,
what is formed in the sand?
Q2. What happens to the
lines?

12. FAULTS- breaking in
the Earth's crust where
rocks on either side of
the crack have slid
past each other.

14. Strike-slip faults are
rocks sliding past one
another on a horizontal
plane, with little to no
vertical movement. Examples
to these are the San Andreas
Fault and the Anatolian Fault.

16. Normal faults are
two blocks of crust
layer pulling apart,
extending the crust
into a valley thus,
creating a space.

17. A normal fault has
the upper side or
hanging wall
appears to have
moved downward
with respect to the
footwall.

19. Reverse faults are
also known as
thrust faults, the
slide one block of
crust on top of
another

21. Describe
Me

22. Faults are
compressional,
pushing the sides
together.

23. Faults have walls
that move
sideways, not up or
down.

24. Faults are pulling
the sides apart.

25. Fill in the blanks with
the correct term to
complete the
statements.

26. 1.______________ faults form when
the hanging wall drops down.
2. ______________ faults form when
the hanging wall moves up.
3. ______________ faults have walls
that move sideways, not up or down.

27. 4. ______________ is the shaking of the
surface of the Earth resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the
lithosphere.
5. ______________ are thin zones of
crushed blocks of rocks. These are often
in centimeters to thousands of kilometers
long.

30. 1. Which way did point B move
relative to Point A? DOWN
2. What happened to rock layers
X, Y and Z? THEY SHIFTED
VERTICALLY

31. 3. Are the rock
layers still
continuous?

32. 4. What likely happened to the
river? The road? The railroad
tracks?

34. 1. Which way did point D move
relative to Point C? UP
2. What happened to rock layers
X, Y and Z? THEY SHIFTED
VERTICALLY

35. 3. Are the rock
layers still
continuous?

36. 4. What likely happened to the
river? The road? The railroad
tracks?

38. 1. If you were standing at point
F and looking across the fault,
which way did the block on the
opposite side move?
SOUTH/ RIGHT

39. 2. What happened to
rock layers X, Y and Z?
THEY SHIFTED
HORIZONTALLY

40. 3. Are the rock
layers still
continuous?

41. 4. What likely happened to the
river? The road? The railroad
tracks?

43. A fault is a weak point in the tectonic
plate where the pressure inside the
crust is released.

44. The point at the Earth's
surface directly above
the focus is known as the
epicenter of the quake.

48. The area inside the Earth
where an earthquake
starts is known as the
focal point of the quake
or the focus.

50. The shallower focus causes
more destruction. Seismic
waves from a deep-focus
earthquake lose more of their
energy as they travel farther
up to surface.

51. Magnitude
and Intensity

52. Magnitude measures the
energy being released
from the origin of the
earthquake.

53. It is measured by an
instrument called
seismograph.

54. The Richter
Magnitude Scale
measures the
quantity of seismic
energy released by
an earthquake

56. Intensity is the
strength of the
trembling made by the
earthquake at a place.

57. The intensity of an
earthquake varies relying on
where you are and is
determined by the Mercalli
Scale.

62. http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
WEST VALLEY
FAULT LINE

66. Active and
Inactive
Faults

70. Active faults are areas along in which
displacement is expected to occur.
Since a shallow earthquake produces
displacement across a fault, all
shallow earthquakes occur on active
faults

73. Inactive faults are areas
that can be identified,
but which do not have
earthquakes.

74. 1. Marikina Valley
Fault
2. Western Philippine
Fault
3. Eastern Philippine
Fault
4. Southern Mindanao
Fault
5. Central Philippine
Fault
6. Northern Luzon
Fault
7. Masbate Island
Fault
8. Eastern Mindanao
Fault
9. Bondoc
Peninsula Fault
Zone

76. Fill in the blanks with the correct term/s to complete the statements.
1. ___ is the sudden movement of Earth’s crust at a fault line.
2. ___is the point where an earthquake begins.
3. An earthquake’s most intense shaking is often felt near the _____.
4. When the stresses get too large, it results to cracks called
______.
5. ___measures the energy being released from the origin of the
earthquake.

77. 6. _______is determined by the strength of the trembling made by the
earthquake at a place.
7. _______scale measures the quantity of seismic energy released by
an earthquake.
8. The intensity of an earthquake is determined by a _____ scale.
9. _______ fault is one that has moved in the past and is expected to
move again.
10. ______fault is a structure that we can identify, but which does not
have earthquakes.

79. fault
epicenter
focus

80. Pacific Ring of Fire

81. West Valley Fault

82. Earthquake
Waves

83. Waves are all
around us,
and the Earth
produces
waves as well.

84. What causes Earthquake?
An earthquake occurs because of
geologic forces inside the Earth.
These inner forces build up slowly
and eventually become so strong that
may cause underground rocks to
break.

85. When this happens,
tremendous energy is released
causing the ground to move
and shake. These waves of
energy travel through the
Earth are called seismic waves.

86. What are Seismic Waves?
Seismic waves are the waves of
energy that travel either along or
near the Earth’s surface. This energy
that travels through the Earth is
recorded by seismographs

87. Types of Earthquake
Waves
1. body waves
2. surface waves.

88. Body Waves
The body waves are
seismic waves that
travel through the
interior of the Earth.
These waves are of
higher frequency than
surface waves.

89. Primary Waves
The first type of body waves are the P waves or
primary waves.
• Fastest kind of seismic waves, and consequently,
• First to arrive at a seismic station and recorded
in the seismograph.
• Can move through solid rocks and fluids, like
water or the liquid layers of the Earth.
• push and pull the rocks

90. compressional or longitudinal waves

91. Secondary Waves
The second type of body waves are the S waves or
secondary waves.
• These are waves that arrive second.
• S waves are slower than P waves
• can only move through solid rocks, not through
any liquid medium.
• This concludes that the Earth’s outer core is liquid
due to this property of the S wave.

92. TRANSVERSE or SHEAR waves

93. Surface waves travel
only through the
crust. These are of
lower frequency than
body waves and are
easily distinguished on
a seismograph.
Surface Waves

94. Love Waves
The first type of surface wave is called Love wave,
named after Augustus Edward Hough Love in
1911. This wave is the
• Fastest surface wave and moves the ground
from side-to-side.
• Love waves produce entirely horizontal motion.
• It can travel a velocity of 4 km/s and create
more shaking.

96. Rayleigh Waves
The second type of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave,
named after John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh in 1885.
• Rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a
lake or an ocean.
• It moves the ground side-to-side and up and down in
the same direction.
• Most of the trembling felt from an earthquake is due
to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than
the other waves.

98. What can seismic waves tell us?
The different types of
seismic waves can tell us
more about the nature of
the Earth’s interior

100. Tsunamis are giant
waves caused by
earthquakes or
volcanic
eruptions under
the sea.
What is a Tsunami?

101. A tsunami is a series
of extremely long
waves caused by a
large and sudden
displacement of the
ocean, usually the
result of an
earthquake below or
near the ocean floor.

104. INDIVIDUAL
ACTIVITY

105. Fill in the blanks with the correct term to complete the statements.
1.Seismic waves are also known as ______.
2. When the seismic waves travel deeper into the crust, the
quake will ___
3. The waves that travel the fastest are ____.
4. The type of wave that travels only in solid medium is known
as ____.
5. ____ waves, also known as L waves are the slowest waves.

106. 6. ______ releases energy that travels through and
around the earth in seismic waves.
7. ______ are of lower frequency than body waves.
8. One of the types of surface waves is ____ which
creates more shaking.
9. Primary waves can travel a velocity of _____.
10. ______ is the velocity of secondary waves.