Scientists of india

1. Unit 2
Indian Scientists: Who have made
great contributions to science and
cemented the way for others to
walk on.
Ms. Daizy D’mello
Asst.Professor
St.Joseph Vaz college

4. 1) Anandibai Joshi- Physician(1865-1887)
• She was the first woman from the Bombay presidency of India to
study and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine in
the United States.
• She was also referred to as Anandibai Joshi and Anandi Gopal
Joshi
• Originally named Yamuna, Joshi was born, raised and married
in Kalyan where her family had previously been landlords before
experiencing financial losses.

5. • Gopalrao Joshi, her husband, was a progressive thinker, and,
supported education for women. Her husband encouraged her to
study medicine.
• In 1880 he sent a letter to Royal Wilder, a well-known American
missionary, stating his wife’s interest in studying medicine in the
United States and inquiring about a suitable post in the US for
himself.
• Wilder published the correspondence in his Princeton’s Missionary
Review. Theodicia Carpenter, a resident of Roselle, New Jersey,
happened to read it .
• Impressed by both Anandibai’s desire to study medicine, and
Gopalrao’s support for his wife, she wrote to Anandibai. Carpenter
and Anandibai developed a close friendship.

6. •In 1883, Gopalrao her husband was transferred
to Serampore, and he decided to send Anandibai by herself
to America for her medical studies despite her poor health.
•Though apprehensive, Gopalrao convinced her to set an
example for other women by pursuing higher education.
•A physician couple named Thorborn suggested that
Anandibai apply to the Woman’s Medical College of
Pennsylvania.
•On learning of Anandibai’s plans to pursue higher education
in the West, orthodox Indian society censured her very
strongly.

7. • Anandibai began her medical training at age 19.
• In America, her health worsened because of the cold weather and
unfamiliar diet. She contracted tuberculosis.
• Gopalrao moved to America when he felt displeased by her
efforts. By the time he arrived in Philadelphia, she had completed
her studies in 1886, and was a doctor.
• She graduated with an MD in March 1886.
• The topic of her thesis was “Obstetrics among the Aryan Hindoos.”
The thesis utilized references from both Ayurvedic texts and
American medical textbooks.
• On her graduation, Queen Victoria sent her a congratulatory
message.

8. •The princely state of Kolhapur appointed her as the physician-in-
charge of the female ward of the local Albert Edward Hospital.
•Anandibai died of tuberculosis early the next year on 26 February
1887 before turning 22.
•Her ashes were sent to Theodicia Carpenter, who placed them in
her family cemetery at the Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery
in Poughkeepsie, New York.
•The inscription states that Anandi Joshi was a Hindu Brahmin girl,
the first Indian woman to receive education abroad and to obtain a
medical degree.
•In 1888, American feminist writer Caroline Wells Healey Dall wrote
Joshi’s biography.

9. •The Institute for Research and Documentation in Social
Sciences (IRDS), a non-governmental organization from Lucknow,
has been awarding the Anandibai Joshi Award for Medicine in
honour of her early contributions to the cause of advancing medical
science in India.
•The Government of Maharashtra has established a fellowship in
her name for young women working on women’s health.
•A crater on Venus has been named in her honour. The 34.3 km-
diameter crater on Venus named ‘Joshee’ lies at latitude 5.5° N
and longitude 288.8° E.
•A film on her life in Marathi has been made in 2019 as Anandi
Gopal.

10. • Doordarshan, aired a Hindi series based on her life, called
“Anandi Gopal” and directed by Kamlakar Sarang.
• Shrikrishna Janardan Joshi wrote a fictionalised account of
her life in his Marathi novel Anandi Gopal, which was
adapted into a play of the same name by Ram G. Joglekar
• Dr. Anjali Kirtane has extensively researched the life of Dr.
Anandibai Joshi and has written a Marathi book entitled “डॉ.
आनंदीबाई जोशी काळ आणि कर्तृत्व” (“Dr. Anandibai Joshi, Kaal
ani Kartutva: Dr. Anandibai Joshi, her times and
accomplishments”) which contains rare photographs of Dr.
Anandibai Joshi

11. • One of the first women scientists to receive the
Padma Shri way back in 1977.
• In an age when most Indian women didn’t
make it past high school, Janaki Ammal didn’t
just obtain a PhD at one of America’s finest
public universities, She also remains one of
the few Asian women to be conferred a
honorary doctorate (DSc. honoris causa) by
her alma mater, the University of Michigan in
1931.
2) Janaki Ammal (Botanist 1897-1984)

12. •A pioneering botanist and cytogeneticist, Janaki
Ammal is credited with putting sweetness in
India’s sugarcane varieties.
•There is a flower named after her, a delicate
bloom in pure white called Magnolia Kobus
Janaki Ammal. Magnolia Kobus Janaki Ammal
•Yet, at a time when the country is focussing on educating the girl
child, Janaki Ammal’s contribution to Indian botanical research
remains mostly unknown outside academic circles.
•This is the story of an extraordinary Indian woman who braved a
largely patriarchal, ultra-conservative society to fulfill her academic
dreams Michigan in the US.

13. • Janaki left for the University of Michigan, where she obtained her
Master’s degree in 1925.
• Returning to India, she continued to teach at the Women’s
Christian College, but went to Michigan again to pursue her
doctoral thesis. On her return, she became Professor of Botany at
the Maharaja’s College of Science in Trivandrum, and she taught
there for two years between 1932 and 1934.
• An expert in cytogenetics (the study of chromosomes and
inheritance), Janaki next joined the Sugarcane Breeding Station at
Coimbatore to work on sugarcane biology.

14. • At that time, the sweetest sugarcane in the world was
the Saccharum officianarum variety from Papua New Guinea and
India imported it from Southeast Asia.
• In a bid to improve India’s indigenous sugarcane varieties,
the Sugarcane Breeding Station had been set up at Coimbatore in
the early 1920s.
• By manipulating polyploid cells through cross-breeding of hybrids
in the laboratory, Janaki was able to create a high yielding strain of
the sugarcane that would thrive in Indian conditions.
• Her research also helped analyse the geographical distribution of
sugarcane across India, and to establish that the
S.Spontaneum variety of sugarcane had originated in India.

15. • In 1935, the famous scientist and Noble laureate C V Raman
founded the Indian Academy of Sciences and selected Janaki as a
research fellow in its very first year.
• Facing caste and gender based discrimination, Janaki left for
London where she joined the John Innes Horticultural Institute as
an assistant cytologist.
• In 1951, the then prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru personally
invited her to return to India and restructure the Botanical Survey
of India (BSI).
• She acquiesced and was appointed as the Officer on Special Duty
to the BSI, in which capacity she reorganised the Calcutta office in
1954

16. • Her colleagues still remember how Janaki would take a long
broom and clean the streets outside the BSI office on the famous
Chowringhee lane.
• Janaki also travelled to some of the most remote areas of the
country in search of the plant lore of the indigenous peoples of the
subcontinent.
• She would spend time searching for medicinal plants in Wayanad
before visiting Ladakh to explore methods of sustainable
agriculture at high altitudes.

17. • As a scientist who studied about ecology and biodiversity.
• She was also the only woman invitee to the landmark international
symposium on environmental history, “Man’s Role in Changing the
Face of the Earth” organized by the Wenner Gren Foundation for
Anthropological Research at Princeton in 1955 (and one of only
two Indians, the other being Radhakamal Mukherjee).
• On a personal note, Janaki was a staunch Gandhian who liked her
life simple.

18. • After retirement, she continued to work in science
• she served for a short period at the Atomic Research Station at
Trombay before serving as an Emeritus Scientist at the Centre for
Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras.
• Few know that during her last years, Janaki’s main interest had
been the rearing of a large family of cats and kittens – an expert
geneticist, she had even discovered and tracked down the subtle
differentiations in the characteristics of her beloved kittens!
• At the age of 87, Janaki Ammal passed away on February 7, 1984
while working in her research lab at Maduravoyal. Her obituary
stated “She was devoted to her studies and research until the end
of her life.

19. • At the age of 87, Janaki Ammal passed away on February 7, 1984
while working in her research lab at Maduravoyal. Her obituary
stated “She was devoted to her studies and research until the end
of her life.”
• For her exemplary contribution to science in India, Dr Janaki
Ammal awarded the Padma Shri in 1977.
• In 2000, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry created the
National Award of Taxonomy in her name.
• There is also a herbarium with over 25,000 species in Jammu Tawi
that is named after this pioneering botanist.

20. •Recently, the John Innes Centre in England chose to honour
Janaki by launching a new scholarship for post-graduate students
from developing countries in her name.
•An incredible woman who spent her life in the pursuit of science,
Janaki Ammal believed that it was through her work that she
should be remembered.
•So, the next time you use a spoonful of sugar grown by an Indian
sugarcane farmer, remember that you are it was Dr Janaki Ammal
who added that extra bit of sweetness!

21. 3) KAMALA SOHONIE
Kamala Sohonie by Gobonobo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K
amala_Sohonie.jpg#filelinks CC
BY-SA3.0
• Kamala Sohonie (14 September
1912 - 28 June 1998)
• Pioneering Indian women biochemist.
• Graduated in 1933 with B.Sc degree in
Chemistry and Physics from Bombay
University

22. • The first Indian women to receive a PhD in a scientific
discipline in a British University
• Also, first Indian women to head a scientific research
institute.
• Her research contributed to the discipline of Nutrition and
Dietetics.

23. • Kamala started to work at IISc in 1933.
• Her mentor was Sri. Srinivasayya.
• Prof. C.V Raman gave permission to pursue further
research.
• She worked on proteins present in food items, this
research earned her an M.Sc degree in Biochemistry.

24. • She worked under Dr.Robin Hill and discovered the
cellular enzyme cytochrome.
• She returned to India in 1939.
• Worked at the nutrition research lab Koonoor.
• She then joined the Royal institute of Science in
Bombay as the professor of biochemistry department.
• She worked on the nutritional aspect of legumes.

25. • She was presented with the Rastrapati award for her
work on the drink ‘Neera’.
• Her work found that Neera significantly improved the
health of children and pregnant women.
• Sohonie became the director of the Indian Institute
Science

26. • In 1966, she joined eight other women in forming the
Consumer Guidance Society of India.
• She served as their president from 1982 to 1983.
• She won the National Award for excellence and
contribution to Science in 1997.
• She passed away on 28th June 1998, having lived a full
life as a Scientist , wife and mother.

27. • Today, we remember Dr. Kamala Sohonie as a pioneer
for women’s equality in India.
• A role model for any women making her way in STEM
field (Science, Technology, Engineering and
mathematics).

28. References
• History of Scientific women. (n.d.). Retrieved August 5,
2020, from https://scientificwomen.net/mainpage
• Weston, M. (2017, November 17). Celebrating Women
in STEM: Dr.Kamala Sohonie. Retrieved from
https://info.umkc.edu/unews/celebrating-women-in-
stem-dr-kamala-sohonie/

29. Anna Mani
Anna Mani by Gobonobo
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/en/6/67/Anna_Mani.jpg
CC BY -SA 3.0
• Anna Mani was born in Travancore,
India on 23rd August 1918.
• She was an Indian Physicist and
Meterologist.
• She loved to read, nearly read all the
books in Malayalam and English.

30. • She graduated with a Bachelor of Science honors
degree in 1939, from Presidency college in Madras.
• She began graduate research in physics at the Indian
Institute of Science in the lab of Nobel Prize winning
spectroscopist C.V Raman.
• Focused on properties of diamonds and rubies, including
fluorescence, polarization and temperature dependence of
crystal structure.

31. • Mani published five single author papers of her findings
between 1942 and 1945.
• In 1945; she submitted her Ph.D dissertation to Madras
University .
• Her unaccepted dissertation remains in the Raman
Research Institute’s library.
• She accepted a government scholarship, to work with

32. meteorological equipment at the Imperial college of
London.
• She returned to India in 1948 and joined the Indian
Meteorology Department , Pune.
• She standardized the design for around 100 weather
related instruments, including rain gauges and barometer.

33. • Mani also set up station to monitor solar radiation for
future solar energy projects and developed the Indian
ozonesondea ballon- borne instrumenrt that measures the
ozone in the earths atmosphere.
• Mani retired from her position as deputy director general at
the Indian Meteorology Department in n1976.
• She returned to the Raman Research Institute as a visiting
professor.

34. • Later, started a reseach group to focus on India’s potential
for solar and wind energy for the Indian government of
Science and Technology.
• in 1980’s , Mani published two books about solar radiation
in India and started a company that made instruments for
solar radiation and wind speed.
• she was involved in the world Meteorological organization,
the Indian National Science Academy,

35. • the International soalr energy society.
• mani passed away in 2001.
• She lived an incredible scientific life, inspiring the childrens
book Anna’s extraordinary expiriments in weather ,written
by Nandita jayaraj.

36. “ we have only one life, first equip yourself for the
job, make full use of your talents and then love and
enjoy the work, making the most of being out of
doors and in contact with nature”

37. 5) Asmita Chatterjee-Chemist and Author (1917-2006)
•Born on September 23, 1917, Asima Chatterjee, was one of the
first Indian women to earn a doctorate in science in British India.
• She paved the way for Indian women to pursue organic chemistry
and opened the world’s eyes to the power of medicinal plants.
• She grew up in a middle-class household in Calcutta and was the
oldest of two children of Dr Indra Narayan Mookerjee and his wife,
Kamala Devi.

38. •As a young girl, her parents never restricted Asima from pursuing
education. She completed her graduation with honors in chemistry
from the Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta in
1936.
•She moved on to received a master’s degree in organic chemistry
in 1938 from the University of Calcutta.
•She became the second woman after Janaki Ammal to be earn a
Doctorate of Science by an Indian University, i.e the University of
Calcutta in 1944.
•She researched natural products chemistry and developed leading
anti-convulsive, anti-malarial, and chemotherapy drugs.

39. •One of her most successful anti-epileptic drug, ‘Ayush-56’ was
developed from Marsilia minuta, while her anti-malarial drug was
developed from Alstonia scholaris, Swrrtia chirata, Picrorphiza
kurroa and Ceasalpinna crista.
•She spent 40 long years researching a class of compounds called
alkaloids.
• Some of these alkaloids are efficiently used during chemotherapy
to prevent the multiplication of cells in cancer patients.
• These patented drugs have been widely marketed by several
companies.

40. •Asima also chemically analysed coumarins, which essentially
came from the bael tree, a native species in India.
• It was she who brought to light that the fruits and bark of this tree
could treat a variety of gastrointestinal disorders.
•In association with Mr. Anjan Palit, a well known personality in
chemistry, she became the founding head of the department of
chemistry at Lady Brabourne College of the University of Calcutta.
She joined the University College of Science of the University of
Calcutta, as reader in pure chemistry in 1954.

41. •Her numerous achievements include being a Premchand
Roychand Scholar of the University of Calcutta and serving as the
Khaira Professor of Chemistry (1962-1982, the most prestigious
and coveted chairs of the University of Calcutta.
•1960 marked her election as the Fellow of the Indian National
Science Academy, New Delhi.
•The following year, she became the first female recipient of the
country’s most prestigious science award, the annual Shanti
Swarup Bhatnagar Prize.

42. •Even though the award was first introduced in 1958, but it wasn’t
until 1960, that the ‘chemical sciences’ category was introduced.
Asima won the award for her contribution and achievements in
phytomedicine (the study of plant extracts for therapy).
• It took over 14 years for another woman to win the same prize,
and over 48 years for a woman to win it in the ‘chemical sciences’
category.
•In 1972, Asima was appointed the Honorary Coordinator of the
Special Assistance Programme to intensify teaching and research
in natural product chemistry, sanctioned by the University Grants
Commission (India).

43. •She was conferred the prestigious Padma Bhushan in 1975. She
also became the first lady scientist to be elected as the General
President of the Indian Science Congress Association .
•She was nominated by the President of India as a Member of the
Rajya Sabha from February 1982 to May 1990. She left for her
heavenly abode on November 22, 2006.
•In her lifetime, she published over 400 papers on Indian medicinal
plants and their chemistry.
•Ashima may have gone, but her legacy continues to live on.

44. 6) Rajeshwari Chatterjee- Scientist and Academic (1922-2010)
• Considered to be the first woman engineer to hail from Karnataka,
she was bestowed with the posthumous recognition by the
ministry for her path-breaking contribution to the field of microwave
and antennae engineering in India.
• At a time when sprawling inequalities persisted in women’s access
to education, one woman was making inroads into the field of
engineering and setting up a niche for herself.
• Jump back to 1953, when the Department of Communication
Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru,
welcomed its new member Rajeshwari Chatterjee.

45. •Born in the year 1922 in Karnataka, Rajeshwari had the privilege of
receiving primary education under a ‘special English school’
founded by her grandmother.
• Following the culmination of her schooling, she made it to
the Central College of Bangalore, where she pursued B.Sc (Hons)
and M.Sc degrees in Mathematics.
•Such was her dedication and earnestness towards learning that
she ended up ranking first under Mysore University for both
undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. She was also awarded
the Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar Award, M.T. Narayana Iyengar
Prize and the Walters Memorial Prize, respectively, for her
performances in the B.Sc and M.Sc examinations.

46. •After the completion of her M.Sc, she joined the Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bangalore, as a research student in the then
Electrical Technology Department in the area of Communication in
1943
• Selected as a ‘bright student’ by the Government of Delhi and
given a scholarship to go abroad to pursue higher studies in 1946,
Rajeshwari decided to head to the United States.
•Back in the time when it was considered to be quite scandalous for
Indian women to go abroad for the pursuit of higher education, the
young woman let no barrier mar her determination.

47. •Just a month short of India gaining its independence, Rajeshwari
set sail for the US and reached her destination in a month. Here,
she was admitted to the University of Michigan and gained her
Master’s degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering.
• Under the guidelines of the contract that she had signed with the
Government of India, Rajeshwari underwent eight months of
practical training in the Division of Radio Frequency Measurements
at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington D.C.
•Finishing which, she headed back to the University of Michigan
and resumed her scholarly studies. In early 1953, she obtained her
PhD degree for which she received the guidance of Professor
William G. Dow.

48. •After completing her PhD and receiving the degree, Rajeshwari
returned to the homeland and joined the Department of Electrical
Communication Engineering at IISc in 1953 – this time as a faculty
member.

50. • In the same year she married Sisir Kumar Chatterjee, who was
also one of the faculty members at the institute.
•The couple had a daughter, Indira Chatterjee, who is now a
Professor of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering at the
University of Nevada, USA.
• After their wedding, the husband-wife started research in the field
of Microwave Engineering, which at the time was a pioneering
research in India.
•They soon built a microwave research laboratory.

51. • During the same period, she went on to become a professor at
IISc, and eventually became the Chairman in the Department of
Electrical Communication Engineering.
• Her areas of teaching expertise included electromagnetic theory,
electron tube circuits and microwave technology.
• Actively interested in research, Rajeshwari spent many years of
her life mentoring almost 20 PhD students and wrote over 100
research papers along with seven books related to microwave
engineering and antennae.

52. •For her contribution and works in the field of microwave
engineering, the great engineer was bestowed with many awards
and recognition, including the Mountbatten prize from the Institute
of Electrical and Radio Engineering in UK, J.C Bose Memorial
prize from the Institution of Engineers and Ramlal Wadhwa Award
for the best research and teaching work from the Institute of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers.

54. 7) Darshan Ranganathan- Organic Chemist(1941-2001)
•Darshan was born on 4 June 1941 to Vidyavati Markan and Shanti
Swarup in Delhi where she finished her schooling and graduate
studies.
•She received her PhD in organic chemistry from Delhi
University under the supervision of T. R. Seshadri who was at that
time heading the research.
•Due to her perseverance and excellence in the academic field, she
won the prestigious Senior Research Scholarship of the Royal
Commission which gave her the financial means to conduct
postdoctoral work at Imperial College London with Professor D.H.R.
Barton.

55. •During her time in London, her work revolved around organic
natural products and was specifically focused on the structural
elucidation of cycloartenol from jackfruit.
• Dr. Barton, her superior, wanted to study the actual structure and
stereochemistry of cycloartenol but was not able to do so due to
the lack of jackfruits in London.
•Darshan, along with her contributions in research, was able to ship
jackfruits from her hometown to London with the help of her
mother.

56. After commencing her work in London and attaining a teaching
position in one of the colleges in Delhi University, she met Dr
Subramania Ranganathan in the Indo-Soviet Binational Conference
on Natural Products held in Delhi in 1970. They later got married
and she joined IIT Kanpur as a research fellow. The reason why
someone, as accomplished as her, was restricted to that position
was mainly due to the implementation of the unofficial rule that
prevented spouses from joining the same department in research
institutes. This rule was in place as the administration felt that there
would be possible conflict of interests and professional
miscommunication. The implementation of this practice led to the
side-lining of Darshan who would eventually come up with ideas
that pioneered research in the field of organic chemistry.

57. •Due to both being cooperative and supportive of each other, they
published many papers and books and also started many courses
and lectures related to organic chemistry.
•The highest achievement due to their collaboration was the
inception of Current Highlights in Organic Chemistry, which
became popular across the world and led the discourse in organic
reaction mechanisms.

59. •However, her most important collaboration was with Isabella L.
Karle of the Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research
Laboratory of USA at Washington DC.
•The most fascinating aspect of this professional relationship was
that these two remarkable women collaborated for over 7 years
and published two dozen papers together but never met each other
in person.

60. Darshan was elected to the fellowship of the Indian Academy of
Sciences in 1991 after which she joined the Regional Research
Laboratory, Trivandrum in 1993.
In 1996, she received another fellowship from the Indian National
Science Academy, and two years later became the director of the
renowned Indian Institute of Chemical Technology in Hyderabad.
She funded her European lecture tour by the Jawaharlal Nehru Birth
Centenary Visiting Fellowship. She received the prestigious Third
World Academy of Sciences Award (TWAS) in Chemistry in 2000
(Tehran, Iran), for ‘her outstanding contributions to bio-organic
chemistry, particularly in supramolecular assemblies, molecular
design and chemical simulations of key biological processes, as
well as for designing hybrid peptides leading to a new class of cyclic
receptors and membrane ion carriers.’

61. It can be undoubtedly said that Darshan Ranganathan was the most
distinguished organic chemist of her times in India, with multiple
publications in The Journal of the American Chemical Society,
Journal of Organic Chemistry and many notable others.
Though she was denied a position at IIT Kanpur at a point where it
would have only boosted her contributions to the field of bio-organic
chemistry, she singlehandedly funded her research work as well as
lecture tours through the several fellowships that she received over
the years.
Due to her multiple achievements, work ethic and dedication to the
field of organic chemistry, she will always be revered as an
inspiration to women in STEM.

62. 8) Prof. C.V. Raman- Physicist and Nobel laureate (1888-1970)
•Dr. C.V Raman full name is Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.
•On 28 February, 1928, he discovered the Raman Effect and win
Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery.
•Every year on 28 February, National Science Day is celebrated to
pay tribute to the Nobel Laureate Dr. C.V. Raman.

63. • Dr. C.V Raman's was born on 7 November, 1888 in
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu.
• His father was a lecturer in Mathematics and Physics and so at a
young age, he was exposed to an academic environment.
• In 1902, he joined the Presidency College and received his
graduate degree in 1904.
• That time, he was the only student who received the first division.
• He has done his Master's in Physics from the same college and
broke all the previous records.
• In 1907, he went to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and joined as Assistant
Accountant General.

64. •In the spare time, he went to the laboratory for doing research at
the Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences.
• His job was very hectic still he continued his research work at
night due to his core interest in science.
• The facilities available in the laboratory were very limited, he
continued his research and published his findings in leading
international journals including 'Nature', 'The Philosophical
Magazine', 'Physics Review', etc.
• At that time, his researches focused on the areas of vibrations and
acoustics.

65. • joined the University of Calcutta in 1917, as the first Palit
Professor of Physics.
•After 15 years at Calcutta, he became the Professor at the Indian
Institute of Science at Bangalore from 1933-1948.
• 1948, he became the Director of the Raman Institute of Research
at Bangalore which was established and endowed by him only.

66. Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Works and
Discovery
•He established the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926 where he was
the Editor.
•He also sponsored the establishment of the Indian Academy of
Sciences and served as the President since its inception.
• He was the President of the Current Science Association in
Bangalore, which publishes Current Science (India).
•In 1928, he wrote an article on the theory of musical instruments to
the 8th Volume of the Handbuch der Physik.

67. • He published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light" in
1922 which led to his ultimate discovery of the radiation effect on
the 28th February 1928 and gained him to receive Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1930.
• He became the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize.
• Other researches carried out by Dr. C.V. Raman were:
• Diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic
frequencies and effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations
in crystals exposed to an ordinary light.

68. In 1948, he also studied the fundamental problems of crystal
dynamics.
His laboratory has been dealing with the structure and properties of
diamond, and the structure and optical behaviour of numerous
iridescent substances like pearls, agate, opal, etc.
He was also interested in the optics of colloids, electrical and
magnetic anisotropy and the physiology of human vision.
In 1924, he was also elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society early
in his career and was knighted in 1929.

69. • He is best known for discovering the 'Raman Effect' or the theory
related to the scattering of light.
• He showed that when light traverses a transparent material, some
of the deflected light changes its wavelength.

70. Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Awards and
Honours
• In 1924, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society early in
his career and was knighted in 1929.
• He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
• He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1941.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954, the highest civilian
award in India.
• In 1957, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.

71. • The American Chemical Society and the Indian Association for the
Cultivation of Science in 1998 recognised Raman's discovery as
an International Historic Chemical Landmark.
• On 28 February every year, India celebrates National Science
Day to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect in 1928 in
his honour.
• In 1970, he received a major heart attack while working in the
laboratory.
• He took his last breath in the Raman Research Institute on 21st
November, 1970.

72. • Dr. C.V. Raman was one of the great legends from India whose
hard work and determination made India proud and became the
first Indian to receive Nobel Prize in Physics.
• He proved that, if a person really wants to pursue his/her desires
nobody can stop.
• His interest in science and dedication towards research works
made him discovered the Raman Effect.
• He will always be remembered as a great Scientist, Physicist and
a Nobel laureate.

73. 9) Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose- Physicist (1858-1937)
•Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose is one of the most prominent first
Indian scientists who proved by experimentation that both animals
and plants share much in common.
•He demonstrated that plants are also sensitive to heat, cold, light,
noise and various other external stimuli.
•Bose contrived a very sophisticated instrument called the
crescograph, which could record and observe plants minute
responses to external stimulants.

74. •It was capable of magnifying the motion of plant tissues to about
10,000 times of their actual size and, in doing so, found many
similarities between plants and other living organisms.
•Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on 30 November, 1858 at
Mymensingh, now in Bangladesh.
• He received his elementary education from a vernacular school,
because his father believed that Bose should learn his own mother
tongue, Bengali, before studying a foreign language like English.
•Later he attended St. Xavier’s School at Kolkata and passed the
Entrance Examination for Calcutta University.

75. •Bose attended the University of Cambridge studying natural
sciences after graduating with a physics degree from Calcutta
University.
• He returned to India in 1884 after completing his B.Sc. degree
from Cambridge University and was appointed professor of
physical science at Presidency College, Calcutta (now Kolkata).
n 1917 Bose left his professorship and established the Bose
Institute at Calcutta which was initially devoted principally to the
study of plants.
He was its director for twenty years until his death.

76. •The central hall of the Royal Society in London was jam-packed
with famous scientists on May 10, 1901.
• Everyone seemed to be curious to know how Bose’s experiment
will demonstrate that plants have feelings like other living beings
and humans. Bose chose a plant whose roots were cautiously
dipped up to its stem in a vessel holding the bromide solution,
which is considered a poison.
•He plugged in the instrument with the plant and viewed the lighted
spot on a screen showing the movements of the plant, as its pulse
beat, and the spot began to and fro movement similar to a
pendulum.

77. •Within minutes, the spot vibrated in a violent manner and finally
came to an abrupt stop.
• The whole thing was almost like a poisoned rat fighting against
death.
• The plant had died due to the exposure to the poisonous bromide
solution.
•Using the crescograph, he further researched the response of the
plants to fertilizers, light rays and wireless waves.
•The instrument received widespread acclaim, particularly from the
Path Congress of Science in 1900.
•Many physiologists also supported his findings later on, using more
advanced instruments.

78. •Bose authored two illustrious books; ‘Response in the Living and
Non-living’ (1902) and ‘The Nervous Mechanism of Plants’ (1926).
• He also extensively researched the behavior of radio waves.
Mostly known as a plant physiologist, he was actually a physicist.
•Bose made improvements on another instrument called ‘the
coherer’, for detecting the radio waves.
•He was knighted in 1917 and elected the Fellow of the Royal
Society in 1920 for his amazing contributions and achievements.
•He died aged 78, on 23 November in 1937, in Giridih, India.

80. 10) Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam- Missile Man of India (1931-2015)
•Former President of India Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
is one of the most distinguished scientist of India.
• Dr. Kalam became the 11th President of India on 25th July 2002.
After five eventful years he demitted office on 25th July 2007.
•His focus is on transforming India into a developed nation by 2020.
His accent is on constructive networking and excellent human
resources for an economically developed, prosperous and
peaceful society

81. • Born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, Dr.
Kalam, graduated in Science from St. Joseph's College, Trichy in
1954 and specialised in Aeronautical Engineering from Madras
Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1957.
• Dr. Kalam is a pioneer in fibre glass technology and led a young
team to initiate this effort in ISRO from design, development
leading to production of composites rocket motor cases.
• He was responsible for the evolution of ISRO's launch vehicle
programme, particularly the PSLV configuration.
•

82. •After working for two decades in ISRO and mastering launch
vehicle technologies, Dr. Kalam took up the responsibility of
developing Indigenous Guided Missiles at Defence Research and
Development Organisation as the Chief Executive of Integrated
Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP).
• He was responsible for the development and
operationalisationof AGNI and PRITHVI Missiles and for building
indigenous capability in critical technologies through networking of
multiple institutions.
• One of his significant contribution was creating Research Centre
Imarat for advanced technologies.

83. •Dr. Kalam is one of the most distinguished scientists of India with
the unique honour of receiving honorary doctorates from 48
Universities and institutions from India and abroad.
•The Honorary Doctorates include, Nyenrode Business University,
Netherlands; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg USA; University of
Wolverhampton, UK; University of Kentucky,USA; Oakland
University, Michigan USA; University of Waterloo, Canada;
University Sans Malaysia, Malaysia University of Sydney, Australia
and the Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.

84. •He has been awarded with the coveted civilian awards - Padma
Bhushan (1981) and Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the highest
civilian award Bharat Ratna (1997).
• He is a recipient of several other awards and Fellow of many
professional institutions.