4. (1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
Rawatan sementara waktu yang
diberikan kepada mangsa; sebelum
tibanya bantuan perubatan.
Professionally
coordinates by:
Variasi nama:
•First Aid
•Bantu Mula
•Pertolongan Cemas
5. Menyelamat nyawa
Mengelak mangsa cedera lebih serius
Mengurangkan kesakitan
Menguruskan pemindahan ke hospital
OBJEKTIF
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
6. Sesuatu situasi kritikal yang
mengancam nyawa
Jika tidak diberi rawatan segera,
kesakitan mangsa menjadi lebih
serius, lebih mudarat dan mungkin
menyebabkan kematian
APA ITU KECEMASAN?
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
7. Bertanggungjawab
Berjiwa cekal, waras dan tenang
Mengamati prinsip keselamatan diri
Berpengetahuan dan berkeyakinan
Terlatih
CIRI-CIRI SEORANG PENYELAMAT
Professionally
coordinates by:
(1)PENGENALAN
PERTOLONGAN CEMAS
10. Pembebatan digunakan untuk menutup luka
dan mengawal pendarahan.
(3)PEMBEBATAN
& PEMBALUT
Pembalut dilakukan untuk membantu
pembebatan.
Professionally
coordinates by:
17. Luka Tangan
Luka Dada
Luka Bahu
Luka Peha
Luka Siku
Luka Lengan
Luka Lutut
Luka Jari
JENIS BALUTAN LUKA
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
18. Balutan Luka Tangan
Professionally
coordinates by:
1
2 3 4
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
19. Balutan Luka Tangan
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
20. Balutan Luka Tangan
1 2
3 4
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
21. Luka di bahagian depan
Balutan Luka Dada
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
22. Balutan Luka Dada
Luka di bahagian belakang
Professionally
coordinates by:
(4)IKATAN, BALUTAN &
ANDUH
47. Di Malaysia terdapat
141 spesis ular, di
mana 37 daripadanya
adalah berbisa.
Terbahagi kepada 21
Ular Laut dan 16 Ular
Darat.
4.PATUKAN ULAR
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
48. 1) Sepasang lubang bekas patukkan.
2) Terasa sakit yang amat pada tempat yang
kena patuk.
3) Bengkak dan merah di sekeliling patukkan.
4) Pernafasan yang tercungap-cungap
5) Kemungkinan terhenti pernafasan.
6) Berpeluh dan penglihatan berpinar-pinar.
SIMPTOM / TANDA AWAL
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
49. Patukan ular berbisa bergantung kepada
spesis, amaun racun, kedudukan dan
kedalaman patukkan.
Boleh membawa kepada maut.
Mangsa rasa terkejut dan cemas.
BAHAYA
Professionally
coordinates by:
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
52. Terkelar, terbakar dan melecur adalah
sama keadaannya.
Perbezaannya hanya dari segi tahap
kecederaan. Kebiasaan terbakar
melibatkan kecederaan yang lebih
serius daripada melecur.
5.TERKELAR, TERBAKAR DAN MELECUR
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
54. Disebabkan terkena:
Air panas
Minyak panas
Wap panas
MELECUR DAN LEBAM
Simptom:
Kulit melecur dan
kemerahan
Bahagian terbakar
mengelembung dan
bengkak dengan cepat
Sakit yang amat sangat
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
55. 1. Baringkan mangsa di tempat teduh, sejuk
dan selesa.
2. Tanggalkan pakaian dan perhiasan pada
anggota tercedera seperti; kasut, cincin,
jam tangan, dll.
3. Jika serius elakkan beri minuman dan
makanan.
4. Hantar ke hospital jika perlu.
CARA RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
56. CARA RAWATAN TERBAKAR RINGAN
2
1
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
57. Renjatan elektrik boleh
menyebabkan maut,
mungkin mereka yang
cuba membantu turut
menemui maut.
6.RENJATAN ELEKTRIK
Professionally
coordinates by:
58. Matikan suis atau suis utama dan
pastikan elektrik sudah terputus.
Menggunakan penebat untuk
menyelamatkan mangsa:
1. Gunakan galah yang panjang dan kering
2. Kerusi kayu
3. Tikar getah
4. Kain sal (tuala yang kering)
5. Plastik tebal
6. Tali atau tali nylon yang kering
LANGKAH YANG PERLU DIAMBIL
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
60. Sekiranya mangsa tidak bernafas,
pulihkan pernafasan dari mulut ke mulut.
Jika gagal segera lakukan CPR.
Jika ada kesan terbakar beri rawatan
terbakar.
Segerakan mangsa ke hospital.
CARA RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
61. Kecederaan tulang meliputi patah atau retak.
Kemungkinan kecederaan boleh berlaku
disebabkan pukulan secara langsung atau
tidak langsung, terjatuh dari bangunan yang
tinggi, tarikan otot anggota yang tertindih,
tembakan atau perlanggaran dan sebagainya.
7.PATAH & TERSELIUH
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
62. Patah tebu Patah kayu muda
JENIS-JENIS PATAH
1 2
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
64. Lebam dan bengkak
Anggota tidak dapat digerakkan
Terluka atau berubah bentuk
Tajam/berbonjol pada kulit
Sakit
SIMPTOM
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
74. 1. Pastikan persekitaran dan diri anda selamat.
2. Alihkan mangsa ke tempat yang selamat.
3. Kesan melecur pada mulut – beri minum air
atau susu sedikit demi sedikit.
4. Jika sesak nafas, baringkan ke posisi koma.
5. Jika tidak sedar – lakukan ‘primary survey’.
RAWATAN
(5)JENIS KEMALANGAN &
CARA RAWATAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
75. Melalui 3cara:
1. Resusitasi secara hembusan (mulut ke mulut)
2. Resusitasi secara tekanan (kardio-pulmonari)
3. Holger Nielson
TEKNIK-TEKNIK
(6)PEMULIHAN
PERNAFASAN
Professionally
coordinates by:
79. Rescue Breathing
Is a way of breathing air into an unconscious
victim who is not breathing but has a pulse.
80. CPR (on adults & large children)
(see handout)
Giving chest compressions.
Position the heel of the right hand on the lower half of the
breast bone, right between the nipples.
Position left hand on top of the right hand.
Position shoulders directly over the hands and push
straight down, pushing the breastbone down 1.5 – 2
inches.
15 chest compressions, then 2 breaths.
After 3 sets of 15 and 2 check for signs of circulation.
81. RICE Treatment
Rest
For 24 to 72 hrs. Longer rest may be required for severe
injuries.
Ice
Apply for 20 min cycles ASAP after injury occurs. Applying cold
helps reduce pain, swelling and inflammation.
Compression
Wrap the injury to reduce swelling. Make sure it is not too
tight!
Elevation
Raise the injured part above heart level to reduce swelling
and drain blood and fluid from the area.
82. AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
What is an automated external defibrillator
(AED)?
An AED is a device about the size of a laptop
computer that analyzes the heart's rhythm for
any abnormalities and, if necessary, directs
the rescuer to deliver an electrical shock to the
victim. This shock, called defibrillation, may
help the heart to reestablish an effective
rhythm of its own.
83. AED (Automated External
Defibrillator)
How does an AED work?
An AED is easy to operate. It uses voice prompts to
instruct the rescuer. Once the machine is turned on,
the rescuer will be prompted to apply two electrodes
provided with the AED to the victim's chest. Once
applied, the AED will begin to monitor the victim's
heart rhythm. If a "shockable" rhythm is detected, the
machine will charge itself and instruct the rescuer to
stand clear of the victim and to press the shock
button.
85. Splints
A material or device used to protect and
immobilize a body part.
A splint should be used only if it can be
applied without hurting the victim.
Two Types of Splints
Soft splints are made from blankets, towels,
sheets, or bandages.
Rigid splints are made from rolled-up newspapers
or boards.
86. Appling Splints…
Attempt to splint the injury in the position you
find it.
Make sure it is not too tight!
On Fractured Bones
Must include the joint above and below the injured
bone.
On Injured Joints
Must include the bone above and below the
injured joint.
87. Slings
Is a wide piece of cloth looped under an inured
arm for support.
Example: Triangular Bandage
89. Types Bleeding Wounds
Bruise
Is a wound blood vessels cause bleeding under
the skin.
Incision
Is a cut caused by a sharp-edged object, such a
razor, scissors, broken glass.
Laceration
Is a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of
the skin.
90. Types Bleeding Wounds
Abrasion
AKA a scrape, is a wound caused by rubbing or scraping
away the skin.
Avulsion
Is a wound in which skin or other body tissue is separated
or completely torn away from the body.
Puncture
Is a wound produced when a pointed instrument or
projectile pierces the skin.
The risk of infection is high with this type of wound.
92. Shock
Is a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the
body tissues.
Signs of shock include…rapid, shallow
breathing; cold, clammy skin; rapid, weak
pulse; dizziness; weakness; and fainting.
What is the treatment for shock that we
covered last class?
93. Fractures
Is a break or crack in a bone.
Two Types
Open Fracture
There is also a break in the skin.
Closed Fracture
There is no break in the skin.
Treatment
Treat for bleeding and shock, splint the injury,
apply ice.
94. Dislocations
Is the movement of a bone away from its joint.
Treatment
Splint above and below the dislocated joint, apply
a cold compress.
Never try and set a dislocation!
95. Sprains and Strains
Sprain – is an injury to the ligaments, tendons,
and soft tissue around a joint caused by undue
stretching.
Strain – is an overstretching of muscles and/or
tendons.
Treatment – Apply the RICE treatment.
96. Weather Related Injuries
Heat Cramps – are painful muscle spasms in the
legs and arms due to excessive fluid loss through
sweating.
Treatment – have victim rest in a cool, shaded area; drink
cool water; and stretch stiff muscles.
Heat Exhaustion – is extreme tiredness due to the
body’s inability to regulate its temperature.
Treatment – have victim lie down with feet elevated in a
cool, shaded area; give cool water to drink.
97. Weather Related Injuries
Heat Stroke – is an overheating of the body
that is life-threatening. Sweating ceases, so
that the body cannot regulate its temperature.
Treatment – have victim lie in cool, wet towels or
sheets; place ice backs near the neck, armpits,
and groin.
98. Weather Related Injuries
Frostbite – is the freezing of body parts, often
the tissues of the extremities.
Treatment – do not attempt rewarming; handle the
affected area carefully and try to keep it warm.
Hypothermia – is a reduction of the body
temperature so that it is lower than normal.
Treatment – move the victim to a warm
environment; remove any wet clothing; cover their
head with blankets.
