one of the subject studies in law school is tort and it's very essential as it gives a clear meaning as to the fundamental principles as to law.

1. TORT
Contents
1 Meaning of Tort
2 Typesof Wrongs
3 Origin
4 Definition
5 Typesof Torts
6 Characteristics
7 Essential elements toprove aTort
7.1 Related Case
8 Typesof Tort
9 Differences
9.1 Differences betweenTortand aCrime
10 TortLawof various countries
10.1 Lawof Tortsin UK/English TortLaw
10.2 Lawof Tortsin France /French TortLaw
10.3 Lawof Tortsin othercountries

2. MeaningofTort
Theword Tort is derived from aLatin word'Tortus'whichmeans 'twisted'or 'cookedact'.In
English itmeans, 'wrong'.TheExpression 'Tort'is ofFrench Origin.
Theterm 'Tort' means a wrongfulact committedbya person,causing injury ordamage to
another,therebythe injured institutes(files) an action in Civil Court fora remedy viz.,
unliquidated damages orinjunction orrestitution ofpropertyorother available relief.
Unliquidateddamages means theamountof damages tobefixedor determined bytheCourt.
 Theperson whocommits oris guilty ofatortis called a "tortfeasor".(Gordonv.Lee,133
Me. 361,178A.353,355)
 Theperson whosuffered injury ordamage byatortfeasor is called injured or aggrieved.
 Tortis a commonlaw term andits equivalent in Civil Law is"Delict".
 Ingeneral, the victim ofa tortiousact isthe plaintiff in atortcase.
 Asa general rule, all persons havethe capacity to sueand besued in a tort.
 TortLawprovides an avenue foran injured personofa remedy. Itdoesnotprovidea
guarantee ofrecovery.
TypesofWrongs
Wrongcan beoftwotypes- Publicand Private.Tortis a Private Wrong,whereas Crime isa
PublicWrong.Tortsare tried in Civil Courts.
 Wrong
 Publicwrong - These are acts thatare triedin Criminal Courts andare
punishable underthePenal Law (suchas theIndianPenal Code, 1860in India)

3.  Private wrong - Theseare actsagainst an individual personor aperson withina
community andare tried inCivil Courts.
Origin
Main article: Historyof Torts
The'LawofTorts' owesits origin totheCommon LawofEngland.It iswell developed inthe
UK,USAandotheradvanced Countries. InIndia, LawofTortsis noncodified, like other
branches oflaw eg: Indian ContractAct,1872and IndianPenal Code, 1860.Itis still in the
process ofdevelopment.
Atortcan takeplace either bycommission ofan actor byomission ofan act.
DefinitionofTort
AccordingtoProf. Winfield, Tortious Liability arises from breach ofa dutyprimarily fixed by
law;this dutyistowards personsgenerally anditsbreach is redressable byanaction for
unliquidateddamages.
Sir JohnSalmonddefinedTort asa civil wrongfor whichtheremedy is common law actionfor
unliquidateddamages andwhichis notexclusively thebreach ofcontract orthebreach oftrust
orother merely equitable obligation.
TypesofTorts
Broadly speaking,Torts are ofthreetypes:
 Intentional Torts
 Against thePerson:Assault, Battery,Infliction of mental distress,False
imprisonment

4.  Against theProperty
 Negligence
 StrictLiability
Characteristics
1. Tort,is aprivate wrong,whichinfringes thelegal rightof anindividual or specific group
ofindividuals.
2. Theperson, whocommits tortiscalled "tort-feasor"or"Wrongdoer"
3. Theplace of trial is Civil Court.
4. Tortlitigation is compoundablei.e. theplaintiff can withdrawthesuit filed byhim.
5. Tortis a specie ofcivil wrong.
6. Tortis otherthana breach ofcontract
7. Theremedy in tortis unliquidateddamages or otherequitable relief tothe injured.
EssentialelementstoproveaTort
 Existence of legal dutyfromdefendant toplaintiff
 Breach of duty
 Damage as proximate result.
RelatedCase
 City ofMobile v.McClure, 221Ala. 51,127So.832,835.
TypesofTort
 Maritime Tort
 Personal Tort

5.  PropertyTort
 Quasi Tort
 Willful Tort
DifferencesbetweenTortandaCrime
Tort Crime
1.Tortis triedin Civil Courts Crimes are tried inCriminal Courts
2.Aperson whocommits Tortis a
'tortfeasor'
Aperson whocommits Crime isa 'Criminal' or
'Offender'
3.The remedyof tortisunliquidated
damages orother equitablerelief tothe
injured
Theremedy is topunish theoffender
4.Tortlitigation is compoundable
Criminal cases are notcompoundableexceptin
case ofexceptions as per Section320Cr.PC of IPC
TortLawofvariouscountries
LawofTortsinUK/EnglishTortLaw
TheEnglish Tory Systemwas basedona closed systemof nominate tortsandfollows the
Roman law. Examples forthis include trespass,batteryand conversion. Negligence is themost
popularform oftort.Forliability undernegligence adutyofcare must beestablished owedtoa
groupofpersons ofwhichthe victim is one,anebulous conceptintowhich many other
categories are being pulledtowards.Butas LordMacMillan saidin thecase, "thecategories of
negligence are never closed".

6. LawofTortsinFrance/FrenchTortLaw
Unlike tortlawof manycounties, theTortlaw ofFrance (délit)is entirely codified, andArticle
1382of theCivil Codeof France simply states that“[a]nyactwhatever of man,whichcauses
damage toanother,obliges theonebywhose faultit occurred,tocompensate it.”