Using Data Visualization to Improve Your Data Balance Sheet
Presentation_Blanch
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3D Visualization of Cadastre: Assessing the Suitability of
Visual Variables and Enhancement Techniques in the 3D
Model of Condominium Property Units
Thesis Defense
Ph.D. candidate: Chen Wang
Date: 2015/11/18
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Outline
Context
Problematic
Research aim and objectives
Methodology
Research process and key results
Conclusion and Contributions
Discussion
Future works
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Context
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3D visualization in geospatial
domain
A part of many current solutions
A hot cross-domain research topic
3D visualization in cadastre
Introduced for overlapping situations
Aiming 2D visualization deficiencies
Part of several pilot systems
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Context
For cadastre, current 3D
visualization research is
insufficient
Around 10 papers focus on 3D
visualization of cadastre
The third dimension in
visualization
Is a double edged sward
Is not only a technical problem
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Problematic
Current experience in 2D
may be no longer applicable
to 3D visualization of
cadastre
Visual variables may/may not
performance the same in 3D
Enhancement techniques may/ may not
be helpful
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Research Aim
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Data Derived data 3D model Display User
perception
The general aim is to improve the 3D visualization
of Cadastre
From semiotics of graphic’s aspect
Feature a
Feature b
Symbol a
Symbol b
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Research Objectives
To evaluate the suitability of visual variables and
enhancement techniques in the 3D visualization of
cadastre
Visual variables: size, shape, brightness, saturation, hue, orientation, texture
Enhancement: labeling, object detaching, highlighting
To evaluate the suitability of transparency
To compare the perceptual properties of visual
variables between 3D cadastre visualization and 2D
visualization
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Research Scope
User: mainly notaries and notarial students
Scenario: condominium with overlapping property units
Decision making goal: delimitating property units
Evaluation criteria of suitability: mainly usability
A limited set of visual variables and enhancement techniques
Do not consider the influence of 3D navigation
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Methodology
Cross-domain literature review
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Expert group evaluation
Two empirical test with the
cadastre user
Face-to-face interview
Online questionnaire
• Data
• User
• Tasks
3D geo-visualization Cadastre
• Concepts
• Theories
• Challenges
Compare perceptual properties
perceptual
properties in 3D
perceptual
properties in 2D
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Preliminary Evaluation
Purpose
Contribute a brief insight of suitability
Limit the following empirical test
Method
Expert group evaluation
Cognitive walkthrough
Process
Identify 5 requirements
Construct more than 100 3D models
Viewing, accessing and discussing
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Represent the relationship between
3D legal units and 2D land parcels
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Change the size of the boundary is feasible
Add extra symbol with different shape is feasible
Orientation is obviously infeasible
Brightness and Texture are feasible but have
ambiguities sometimes
Color (hue and saturation) is feasible
Preliminary Evaluation: Key results
11Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Face-to-Face Interview
Purpose
Verify visual tasks for delimitating property units
Evaluate the usability of visual variables and
enhancements
Understand notaries’ opinions
Method
Combine the interview with empirical tests
Evaluation criteria
Usability: effectiveness, efficiency, preference
12Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Face-to-Face Interview
Test settings
8 visual tasks
35 3D models
Video animation
Two types of question
Interviewed with 4
notaries
In the notaries’ offices
Last one hour
With open discussion
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Associate building part with 2D land parcel
and compare their geometric limits
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Face-to-Face Interview: Key Results
A list of eight notarial visual tasks
Usability of visual variable
Brightness is marginal effective and not preferable
Color and texture is effective and preferable
Transparency is effective and marginal preferable
Suitability of visual enhancement
Labeling should be placed inside or as close as possible to the symbol
Highlighting should always highlight all three dimensions
Object detaching affects the perception of displaced parts
14Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Face-to-Face Interview: Key Results
Notaries’ general opinions towards 3D visualization
of cadastre
They lack exprience with 3D visualization, but are really interested
Photo-realistic is not preferred
Too much color is dazzling
One of them prefers 2D visualization
They want to know the real value gaining
15Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Face-to-Face Interview: A Retrospective Review
Only interviewed 4 notaries, is the result valid?
5 participants is enough to contribute 80% of the design problems (Virzi, 1992)
3.2 users is an appropriate number (Nielson and Landauer, 1993)
Verified by multiple ways: literatures, examples, reasoning
Big improvement compare with many cartographic research
The following experiment should:
Have more participants
Test different visual variable value settings
Enable freely 3D navigation
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!
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Online Questionnaire
Purpose
Evaluate the usability of transparency for delimitating legal and physical boundaries
Investigate the influence of user’s attributes and transparency value settings
Context
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c a
a. Simple legal
b. Simple physical
c. Legal & Physical
b
Boundary type
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Online Questionnaire
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Using three levels of transparency
a. Simple legal 13%
b. Simple physical 36%
c. Legal & Physical 100%
alphaBoundary type
b ca
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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survey.3dcadastre.com
Online Questionnaire
A questionnaire website
6 models, 12 tests
Different value settings
Same boundary set
Similar environment settings
Questions
Effectiveness question
Certitude question
Respond time registration
Statistical analysis
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Online Questionnaire: Participants
Three group of participants
70 participants, 41 finished
User’s attributes
Training background
Familiarity with cadastre data
Familiarity with 3D visualization
Color perception deficiencies
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Notary
Geomatics
Pure and applied Science
Social science
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Online Questionnaire: Key Results
Transparency
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a. Simple legal 13%
b. Simple physical 36%
c. Legal & Physical 100%
alphaBoundary type
b ca
a. Simple legal 13%
b. Simple physical 36%
c. Legal & Physical 85%
Reduce the efficiency
a. Simple legal 36%
b. Simple physical 13%
c. Legal & Physical 100%
Reduce the certitudeThis design is usable
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Online Questionnaire: Key Results
Notaries and
notarial students
lack experience
with 3D
visualization
No experience
with 3D reduces
the certitude of the
user’s answer
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The participants’ experience with 3D visualization
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Compare Perceptual Properties
Identify perceptual property involved in each visual
task
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Bertin (1983) Green
(1998)
Carpendal
e (2003)
Halik
(2012)
MacEachren
(1995)
Kraak &
Ormeling
(2011),
Slocum
(2009)
Garlandini and
Fabrikant, (2009)
Visual Task6: Associate building
part with 2D land parcel and
compare their geometric limits
Dissociative Selective Selective Visual isolation Nominal Saliency
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Compare perceptual properties: Key Results
Synthesize perceptual properties in 3D and
compare with the conclusions in 2D visualization
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* Marginal
effective
Brightness
Visual variables Bertin (1983) Our result in 3D
Dissociative
Selective
Dissociative*
Selective*
Orientation Associative
Selective
Not effective
Preliminary Evaluation Interview Questionnaire Comparison
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Conclusion
Empirically evaluate the
suitability of eight visual
variables in 3D cadastre
visualization
Detailed examine the
usability of transparency
Find the perceptual
properties differences of
visual variables between
3D and 2D
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Preliminary evaluation
Face-to-face interview
Online questionnaire
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Contributions
The results could support the practice of cadastre
related 3D visualization
Introducing empirical research methods to
cadastre visualization research
One of the preliminary attempts to extend
semiotics of graphics into 3D
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Discussion
Only test a subset of all possibilities
Non-probabilistic sampling
The limits of the theoretical foundation
The result should be interpreted and used carefully
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Future research
Improving the 3D visualization of cadastre
More usability tests with visual variables
3D cadastre visualization design principles
Pilot systems construction
Usefulness tests
Investigating semiotics of graphics in 3D geo-visualization
Towards a 3D geo-visualization ontology
Semiotics of graphics in other 3D geo-visualization application domain
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“New symbol systems are being developed
constantly to meet the needs of a society
increasingly dependent on data. Once
developed, they may stay with us for a very
long time, so we should try to get them right “
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Colin Ware, 2012
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Acknowledgement
Supervisor: Jacynthe Pouliot
Co-supervisor: Frédéric Hubert
Prélecteur: Francis Roy
Evaluator: Stéphane Roche, Jantien Stoter
Director: Marc Cocard
François Brochu, Michel Bédard, Guy Delisle, Jean-Claude Simard
Martin Leclerc, Vivien Fuchs, Marc Vasseur, Alborz Zamyadi, Abbas
Boubehrezh
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3D cadastre
There is no standardized definition for 3D cadastre
that could fit all jurisdictions
According to Stoter (2004), the term 3D cadastre
could refer to
Full 3D cadastre: Acceptance of the rights in 3D space. Infinite and finite
parcel volume
Hybrid: Register 3D situations integrated and being part of the 2D data set
3D tags: using current 2D cadastre, but with external references to the
representation of 3D situations
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Semiotics of Graphics
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Domain (Data)
Codomain
(Visual design space)
Visual mapping function
Feature a
Feature b
Feature c
Symbol a
Symbol b
Symbol c
Image (3D model)
Based on ISO 19117
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Cadastre data for visualization
Only a subset of cadastre data
We collected by
Researchers’ view: what they suggest
Institutions’ view: what they have achieved
Users’ view: what they expected
There are many common items in different
cadastre visualization solutions worldwide
geometry of property units in condominium, the land lot the condominium
located, the surrounding land lots, the official measurements of the
property units, and legal/physical boundaries
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Evaluation criteria in HCI
Appreciation, Trust and privacy issues, User
experience, User satisfaction
Usability, User behavior, User performance,
Intention to use, Perceived usefulness
Appropriateness of adaptation, Comprehensibility,
Unobtrusiveness
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Cadastre users and usages
A wide variety of users
By service division: property assessment, land management, and
geomatics
By their duty in each division: technicians, section leader, and domain
experts
A wide variety of usages
Goals: taxation, construction permission, delimitating, urban development,
planning
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3D visualization challenges
keeping the optimal information density
Using the appropriate visual variables
Occlusion management
Spatial-relationship perception
The distance and position
3D topological relationship
3D navigation and orientation
3D cartographic standardization
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Visual tasks
1. Identify the geometric limits of the property units
2. Locate a specific property unit inside the building
3. Distinguish the limits of the property units and the associated building
parts
4. Distinguish the private and common parts of the condominium
5. Associate property units with its surrounding units
6. Associate building part with 2D land parcel and compare their geometric
limits
7. Identify the official measurements of property units
8. Background the condominium with its surrounding environment
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A Comparison between frameworks
Brightness
Bertin: selective, dissociative
Carpendale: selective, associative
Color (hue)
Bertin: selective, associative
Carpendale: selective, associative
Garlandini and Fabrikant
Saliency problem
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Statistic
Randomized repeated measure
6 models, 12 tests
Randomized sequence
Same measurement in each test
Mixed-effect model
The correctness: logistic regression
The certitude: generalized logit link with Laplace approximation
The response time: with log transformation and use linear regression
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The deficiencies of current theories
Can’t describe visual variable quantitatively
(physical and perceptual)
Can’t describe the dependencies between visual
variables
Can’t describe the perceptual interaction between
them
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The deficiencies of current theories
Color: Brightness, hue, and saturation
Current definition is according to a color space HSL or HSV
There are more
RGB, CMY+K, CIEXYZ, CIELab, Munsell color system…
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Compare color space
A comparison between HSV and HCL
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HSV (Same brightness) HCL (Same brightness)
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BIM
BIM: Digital representation of physical and
functional characteristics of a facility
Visualization of BIM
Immersive, 3D, Virtual reality
Complex rendering
Physics engine (in near future)
Software: Artlantis, Lightscape, Accurender
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Editor's Notes
arcScene, skyline, Cesium
Overlapping situation: condominium, bridge
2D deficiencies: indirect, need mental process, sometime hard even for the professional
Netherland, Australia, German, China, Turkey
Why insufficient: 100 papers, only 10 concentrated on visualization. Only shojaei () and vandesheva () involved somehow user’s participation in visualization design
Brings new opportunities, more design factors, But without careful design, may result result that couldn’t support user’s work
The other factors
Data, semiotics, users, usages ----MacEachren and Kraak (2001)
Research questions
1. A theory that describes how the features in the derived data projected into symbols and the visual variables, such as hue, brightness, and transparency
1. Other models (other than pipeline model): data state model (EH Chi & Riedl, 1998) , Tory and Möller (2004) discussed the user model in visualization, and Chi (2000) proposed an influential data-state reference model centered on data.
We have to restrain the effort
notary is a public officer that shall prepare and authentic legal document
Their work directly ensures the integrity of the property transaction and registration
notaries are not experts in 3D graphics, surveying and architecture.
3. condominium: most common situation, structurized
4. There are others: according to Boubehrezh’s survey: taxation, construction permission, urban development
5, Usability: the ease of use by user, effectiveness, efficiency, and preference. It is only one criteria of suitability. We also used the term feasibility in the early stage of the research, since first it doesn’t fully concerns all the aspect of usability, but more about the effectiveness. Also, it is subjectively evaluated, we term it feasibility, to imply the difference with a normal usability test.
5, the are many of them…
6, limit of the time, money and research complexity
1.Cartography, Information visualization, Psychophysics, Psychology, cognitive science….
2. Our research group, a quick evaluation, restrain
4. Experimental, or quasi-experimental
Evaluation criteria
2 professor, 3 graduate students, and me..
5 requirements, over 100 models tested
There is already a preselection in construction
Represent the relationship between 3D property units and 2D land parcels:
Visual task
Result: we won’t test size and orientation in the following test, test only surface,
Priceless direct contact, go deep rather than broad, verify the list of tasks
Visual task: Associate building part with 2D land parcel and compare their geometric limits Imbedded empirical test prevents a too open result. Give participant a direct impression of both the visual task and 3d model. User sometimes don’t know what they want entil they used and experienced
Eight visual tasks, with a uniform vocabulary set (Zhou and Feiner 1998)
Associate building part with 2D land parcel and compare their geometric limits
Video animation : same process, could wind forward or backward
Invite notaries by email
Open discussion
1. Identify the geometric limits of the property units
2. Locate a specific property unit inside the building
3. Distinguish the limits of the property units and the associated building parts
4. Distinguish the private and common parts of the condominium
5. Associate property units with its surrounding units
6. Associate building part with 2D land parcel and compare their geometric limits
7. Identify the official measurements of property units
8. Background the condominium with its surrounding environment
Limits:
Expert in GIS, 3D visualization, some in cartography, but not in aesthetic and HCI
Limited model,
video navigation
Perceptual property synthesis
Only 4 notaries (220 notaries in Quebec, estimate 90 dealing with overlapping)
Validity:
expert group: cognitive walkthrough. Bias, since we are good in 3D visualization, GIS but not aethetic and HCI designer.
Limited model, video navigation,
Only four notaries. We have 220 notaries in Quebec. 57% use Complementary Plan—Bubazeri, 20% working on co-ownership. In HCI, normally a minimum is 5 (Virzi, 1992), some one (Nielson an Landauer 1993) claim 3.2 user is more efficient. We finally got 4, and try to got as much as possible outcomes from it.
Video of navigation in 3D
Notaries in Quebec: a relatively small group
Classic HCI research problem
Limits: only4 , pre-selected value settings
3D model limits, participant selection limits, participant number, video…
We test only one visual variable, it is special, test length 15 min
Using two transparency level to differentiate symbols that represent two categories of objects is effective
Interior, median, and exterior of the wall
alpha value is the weight in a weighted sum
formula that used to composite foreground and background color
Alpha 0: fully transparent
Alphs 1: fully opaque
Similar environment setting: background, lighting….
The design, implementation, participant recruitment and data analysis together cost around 1 year.
Post-graduate notarial students, Laval University
Post-graduate students in Geomatics, Laval University
Scholars in IGN (national geography institution), France
Anova: analysis of variance
Significance test
11 over 13 notarial student have no experience with 3D visualization
6 different frameworks
The judgement is subjective
Visual task 3, 4, 5, and 6 all concern Bertin’s dissociative property
The performance of visual variable in these tasks could be combined together to tell whether they are associative
An example, color hue is effective in task 4 Distinguish the private and common parts of the condo
And we evaluate task4 is dissociative according to Bertin`s work. So, we evaluate color hue is dissociative
For the pic:
1, spiral with evolution, contribute wholistic view of the suitability visual variables in 3D visualization cadastre
Robust in a 3D visualization research point of view
2, Three principles according to (Wallach & Scholz, 2012)
Early focus on users and tasks
Empirical measurement
Iterative design
3, robust in a engineer point of view
1. Current work in the definition of user centered design is in a phase of design elements evaluation. It could provide valuable material for the real design and implementation
2. It is also very few in cartography domain. Cross-domain nature: cartography, information visualization,
We have vandesheva, shojaei etc..
3. Other attempts:
Haeberling: 3D cartography
Jobst and Döllner: semiotics structure of 3D city model, non-photorealistic in 3D city
Hasso-Plattner-Institut as the U Potsdam: 3D portrayal, 3D symbology encoding
1, we use preselected settings, we didn’t consider the relationship of physical value and perceptual stimuli, we omit the influence of the background and interaction, The hypothetic: we use negative hypothetic ( the empirial evidence can only reject but not prove), more complex situation
2, For the online survey, non-probabilistic sampling, OK for HCI, The group is representable enough, and we collected their attribute. We didn’t control, which one could participate in the invited group. but it is possible that the people with more enthusiastic may tend to participate
3. Current theories not sufficient: link physical and perceptual; Hard to express the ad-hoc and the general conclusions
4. According to the precisions of the test, the validity is trustable.
careful generalization, and careful qualitative conclusion
judege by cartography, HCI, and information visualization research standard
4, compare with most research in cartography and 3D city model
The problem of ad-hoc and applicability
1, usable, doesn’t mean any combination of value is usable
2, not usable, doesn’t mean any combination of value is not good
3, design and specific test is still important
About how to do test,, how to synthesize the result, how to use the result.
Methodology, the validity of existing cartography knowledge
Other investigation aiming the practice of 3D visualization of cadastre
3D portrayal standards
3D visualization design principles
More usability tests
Usefulness tests
Why ontology: no standard framework, hard to communicate, machine readable
CartoCss reflect the ontology
Who is colin ware: a guru of cartographer and information visualization
For hundreds of years, the cadaster was visualized as 2D plan, and until recently and occasionally involves 3D visualization. However, it seems inevitable in future with the development of 3D cadaster. 3D visualization expands the way how we interact with cadaster, and changes the traditional habits.
One type of schema mapping.
Domain: the set of input
Codomain: target set of function
Feature: a, b, c
Symbol: a circle, b hexahedron, c cylinder
Visual variables:
Hue
Shape
Size
Value (brightness)
Orientation
Texture
There are more visual variables
Transparency, saturation, pattern, arrangement, crispness, resolution, grain, sketchiness…
Variables concerning attitude and experience:
Variables concerning actual use
Variables concerning system adoption
Variables concerning system output
All are according to Boubehrezh’s survey
Logistic regression (boolean)
Generalized logit link since it will not fulfill proportional odds assumption, (can`t use ordinal logistic regression)
Laplace approximation: relative small sample size
Log transformation could normalize it
HCL is a transformation from CIEXYZ, supported by many visualization software or platform like D3.js
Hue Chroma Lightness, designed based on how human eye perceive colors
Left photopic (low light)
Right scotopic (Normal light)
Embedding game engine
Virtual reality will be a possibility, but the cost will enormous, if no revolutionary technology and architecture occur