13 Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases Daniela Montalvo Miami Regional University ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods Dr. Uliana Gancea April 11, 2022 Abstract While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions. Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the importance of preventing STIs. Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health. Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV transmissions (WHO, 2019). In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI) management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI, attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of other STI management efforts. Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result, STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked, or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations, has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Back ...

1. 13
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Daniela Montalvo
Miami Regional University
ENC2201: Report Writing and Research Methods
Dr. Uliana Gancea
April 11, 2022
Abstract
While research shows that no one preventative measure can curb
cases of HIV prevalence, high rates of infertility, and pelvic
inflammatory diseases, STIs prevention has shown to be an
effective way of drastically reducing these cases. This is
because most STIs are the leading causes of these conditions.
Therefore, reducing the rates of STIs is an essential aspect of
reducing these cases worldwide. We shall look into the
relationship between STIs and HIV prevalence, high infertility
rates, and pelvic inflammatory diseases. Using a systematic
review of previous research papers, we shall seek to show the
importance of preventing STIs.

2. Keywords: preventing STIs, curbing HIV prevalence, infertility
rates, pelvic inflammatory diseases, reproductive health.
Importance of Preventing Sexually Transmitted Diseases
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable
infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual
transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV
diagnoses (WHO, 2019). The immense strain of STI morbidity
and death has a significant effect on the quality of life, sexual
and reproductive health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-
components for the transmission of HIV subsequently (Mayaud
& McCormick, 2001). The risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV
is significantly increased by sexually transmissible diseases like
syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus
ulcer. In some instances, they represent over 40% or more HIV
transmissions (WHO, 2019).
In the evolution of sexually transmitted infection (STI)
management, as with other infectious diseases, the pendulum
moves around vertical disease-specific and broader horizontal
interventions, from a focused emphasis on conditions and their
care to people's more extensive interests that harbor and spread
them. STI prevention efforts have been more and more
established with respect to the goals of HIV programs since the
introduction of HIV in the 1980s. While HIV itself is an STI,
attempts to deter its transmission are primarily controlled by
funding, execution, and evaluation programs, regardless of
other STI management efforts.
Such a broken model has a harmful effect. Too frequently, the

3. overlooked STI programs - the basis on which attempts were
made to avoid HIV - fail when funding is limited. As a result,
STI hospitals and programs are under-personalized, overlooked,
or entirely lost (Steen et al., 2009). HIV testing may be
provided for pregnant mothers, but STIs such as syphilis are no
longer being thoroughly checked. Furthermore, STI reporting, a
vital indicator for sexually transmitted infection inclinations,
has withered away. This paper seeks to evaluate the need for
putting more emphasis on the prevention of sexually transmitted
diseases.
Background Information
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are sexually propagated
diseases. There is a universally known transmission of more
than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites via sexual
intercourse (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001). The higher
prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases lies in 8 of these
viruses. 4 of these eight diseases are syphilis, gonorrhea, and
chlamydia, and trichomoniasis is treatable. The remaining 4 are
untreatable viral infections: hepatitis B, herpes simplex (HSV),
HIV, and human papillomavirus (HPV). Medication may lessen
or modify the complications or illness caused by untreatable
infectious diseases. STIs are predominantly transmitted through
sex, including vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse. Some STIs
can also be transmitted by non-sexual methods, for example, by
blood (Mayaud & McCormick, 2001).
Several STIs – including syphilis, hepatitis B, HIV, chlamydia,
gonorrhea, herpes, and HPV – can also be spread from mother
to infant during pregnancy and breastfeeding (CDC, 1998). Any
person may have STI without apparent disease signs. STIs
commonly involve vaginal release, urethral fluid or male
burning, genital ulcers, and stomach discomfort (WHO, 2019).
While in recent decades in the United States, the number of
confirmed STIs has decreased slightly, the number of such
infections is still very high in children and teenagers. Roughly
25% of teens can get STIs before high school graduation. About
376 million cases of STIs are recorded every year (WHO, 2019).

4. Bacteria or viruses cause STIs. Anyone who has sex with
someone else will have it.
While STI manifestations can range from moderate discomfort,
soreness to the extreme pain, signs sometimes do not occur. For
instance, a sexually transmitted infection known as chlamydia
usually has no symptoms, or when they appear, they are just
moderate. The diagnosis is often not made until there are
problems. Young adults and teenagers are more likely to
experience STIs than any other age group (WHO, 2019). One of
the principal factors being that they often have sexual
intercourse. They are much more likely to get infected
genetically. Furthermore, health care facilities may be less used
to provide them with knowledge about how to defend
themselves from STIs (WHO, 2019).
Problem Statement
STIs are deeply affected globally by sexual and reproductive
health. Per day, there are over 1 million recorded cases of STIs
(WHO, 2019). In 2016, the World Health Organization reported
376 million new cases with 1 out of 4 STIs: chlamydia (127
million), gonorrhea (87 million), Syphilis (6.3 million), and
Trichomoniasis (156 million). Over 300 million women have an
HPV infection, which is believed to be the most significant
cause of cervical cancer. More than 500 million are diagnosed
with HPV (herpes) infection worldwide (WHO, 2019). In
addition to the acute effect of the infection itself, STIs may
have more significant effects.
For instance, the risk of HIV acquisition can be three times or
more increased by STIs such as herpes or syphilis (Mayaud &
McCormick, 2001). The transfer of STI from mother to infant
will lead to mortality, neonatal death, reduced weight,
premature delivery, sepsis, neonatal connectivity, pneumonia,
and congenital abnormalities. Also, it has been estimated that
over 1 million pregnant women had active syphilis in 2016 and
that more than 350 000 adverse birth results, of which 200 000
were fatal or neonatal, were presented (WHO, 2019). HPV
infection causes a total of 570 000 estimated incidence and over

5. 300 000 deaths per year from cervical cancer. Pelvic
inflammatory conditions (PID) and female infertility are mainly
caused by STIs such as gonorrhea or chlamydia.
Research Question
The research was necessitated by the reduced emphasis on STI
reduction programs since the inception of HIV. This has seen
the number of STIs increase. With reduced screening, it is
assumed that many more cases go unrecorded each year. With
over 1 million cases recorded each day worldwide, there is a
need to address this global problem. This research sought to
answer the following questions.
1. Is there any relationship between STIs and HIV transmission?
Does reducing STIs reduce HIV prevalence?
2. Does preventing STIs reduce the infertility rate? And
3. Does preventing STIs reduce the significant health issues
brought by pelvic inflammatory diseases?
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
· Preventing STIs reduces the prevalence of HIV disease
· Preventing STIs reduces the infertility rate
· Preventing STIs reduces the complications from pelvic
inflammatory diseases
Alternative Hypothesis
· There is no connection between STIs and the prevalence of
HIV. Preventing STIs does not reduce the HIV prevalence rate.
· Preventing STIs does not reduce infertility rates.
· Preventing STIs does not reduce the complications of pelvic
inflammatory diseases.
Thesis Statement
In order to curb the rising rates of HIV prevalence, infertility,
and pelvic inflammatory diseases, there is a need to rethink the
importance of preventing STIs, which are the major causes of
these problems.
Literature Review
Over time, prevention of STIs has taken place to HIV
prevention. This is has led to reduced funding for STIs

6. prevention. Notably, research has shown a direct link between
STIs and the high risk of HIV infections (Mayaud &
McCormick, 2001). There is also a link between STIs and
infertility, as well as complications from pelvic inflammatory
diseases. We reviewed several previous research articles to
answer our research questions; whether preventing STIs directly
impacts HIV prevalence; whether preventing STIs reduces
infertility rates; and, whether preventing STIs reduces
complications emanating from pelvic inflammatory diseases.
Kurth et al. (2010) note that no one prevention measure can lead
to curbing HIV prevalence. However, research has shown that
preventing STIs will significantly reduce HIV prevalence
(Grosskurth et al., 2000, Steen et al., 2009). Steen et al. (2009)
asserted that curbing STI prevalence reduces cofactors that
reduce the effectiveness of HIV transmission. HIV epidemics
have become increasingly susceptible to countries with
inadequate STI regulation, although STI control changes have
occurred simultaneous or proceeded a decrease in HIV
incidence and prevalence (CDC, 1998, Grosskurth et al., 2000,
Steen et al., 2009). Countries controlling STIs are more likely
to stop and cure their HIV epidemics than governments
preventing STIs. Significant HIV epidemics have developed and
expanded quickly under inadequate STI regulation (Steen et al.,
2009).
Consequently, further deteriorating STI reduction measures may
well hinder additional attempts to prevent HIV (Grosskurth et
al., 2000). According to CDC (1998), in 1997, ACHSP found
evidence that the early diagnosis and treatment of other STDs is
an important HIV infection prevention technique. The approach
has not been well defined or enforced in the United States as a
vital tool for preventing HIV. With STDs in many areas of the
United States continuing to be high and evidence emerges of a
growing U.S. HIV and AIDS outbreak, demographic populations
with the highest incidence of curable STDs are rapidly affected
(CDC, 1998). According to Brady (2003), there is a close
interrelation between infertility and STIs.

7. Method
In this research, we used the systematic review research
method. We used databases such as Springer, Science Direct,
and PubMed to develop several articles that were used for the
research. Some of the keywords used in the search were STI
prevention, the relationship between STIs and HIV, infertility,
and PIDs. Over 25 articles published for the last three decades
were analyzed. However, we used only 7 of the articles plus the
CDC's information to come up with the results provided here.
These articles are "Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections
and Unintended Pregnancy, and Safeguarding Fertility: Triple
Protection Needs of Young Women” by Brady, M. (2003),
“Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1 prevention:
understanding the implications of the Mwanza and Rakai trials”
by Grosskurth et al. (2000), “Combination HIV Prevention:
Significance, Challenges, and Opportunities” by Kurth et al.
(2010), “Importance of sexually transmitted infections in
funding for HIV within proposals to the Global Fund” by Lusti -
Narasimhan et al. (2011), “Control of sexually transmitted
infections and prevention of HIV transmission: mending a
fractured paradigm” by Steen et al. (2009), “Global burden of
maternal and congenital syphilis and associated adverse birth
outcomes—Estimates for 2016 and progress since 2012” by
Korenromp et al. (2019) and, “Interventions against sexually
transmitted infections (STI) to prevent HIV infection” by
Mayaud, & McCormick. (2001).
Results
Cases of HIV infections significantly reduce when the infection
rates of STIs reduce. This is because most of these STIs, such
as syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes simplex virus
ulcer, increase the probability of HIV transmission. Likewise,
using preventative measures to curb sexually transmitted
infections/diseases leads to reduced infertility rates and
unintended pregnancies. There is a reduced number of
conditions such as pre-natal deaths and other maternal-related
problems due to STIs prevention such as syphilis.

8. Discussion
Methods of STI prevention include the use of condoms,
avoiding the sharing of towels and undergarments, vaccination,
and screening. Cases of HIV infections significantly reduce
when the infection rates of STIs reduce. This is because most of
these STIs, such as syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital herpes
simplex virus ulcer, increase the probability of HIV
transmission (Grosskurth et al., 2000, Kurth et al., 2010, Steen
et al.,2009, Mayaud. & McCormick., 2001). Likewise, using
preventative measures to curb sexually transmitted
infections/diseases leads to a reduced number of infertility
rates, as well as unintended pregnancies (Brady, 2003).
There is a reduced number of conditions such as pre-natal
deaths and other maternal-related problems due to STIs
prevention, such as syphilis (Korenromp et al.,2019). Given that
prior research has shown the interrelationship between STIs and
HIV, infertility, and PIDs, there is a need for more emphasis on
STI prevention. As Kurth et al. (2010) note, there is a need to
focus on multi-preventative measures to curb HIV prevalence.
Limitations and Implications
Some of the limitations of this research include lack of static
data due to overlooking prevention of STIs, time constraints,
ethical issues such as people not talking freely about their
struggle with STIs, among others. This study implies a need for
an emphasis on the prevention of STIs to achieve low HIV
prevalence and few or no cases of infertility and conditions
arising from pelvic inflammatory diseases.
Conclusion
An astounding 376 million sexually transmitted (STI) curable
infections emerge annually across the globe. Sexual
transmission accounts for more than 80% of all new HIV
diagnoses. The immense strain of STI morbidity and death has a
significant effect on the quality of life, sexual and reproductive
health (SRH), and infant health, and as co-components for the
transmission of HIV subsequently. The risk of acquiring or

9. transmitting HIV is significantly increased by sexually
transmissible diseases like syphilis, chancroid ulcer, and genital
herpes simplex virus ulcers. Therefore, there is a need to
emphasize curbing the transmission of STIs as it reduces HIV
prevalence rate, infertility rates, and pelvic inflammatory
diseases.
References
Brady, M. (2003). Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections
and Unintended Pregnancy, and Safeguarding Fertility: Triple
Protection Needs of Young Women. Reproductive Health
Matters, 11(22), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0968-
8080(03)02289-4
CDC. (1998, July 31). HIV Prevention Through Early Detection
and Treatment of Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases -- United
States Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for HIV
and STD Prevention. CDC.Gov.
https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/PrevGuid/m0054174/m0054174.
asp
Grosskurth, H., Gray, R., Hayes, R., Mabey, D., & Wawer, M.
(2000). Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1
prevention: understanding the implications of the Mwanza and
Rakai trials. The Lancet, 355(9219), 1981–1987.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02336-9
Korenromp, E. L., Rowley, J., Alonso, M., Mello, M. B.,
Wijesooriya, N. S., Mahiané, S. G., Ishikawa, N., Le, L. V.,
Newman-Owiredu, M., Nagelkerke, N., Newman, L., Kamb, M.,
Broutet, N., & Taylor, M. M. (2019). Global burden of maternal

10. and congenital syphilis and associated adverse birth outcomes —
Estimates for 2016 and progress since 2012. PLOS ONE, 14(2),
e0211720. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211720
Kurth, A. E., Celum, C., Baeten, J. M., Vermund, S. H., &
Wasserheit, J. N. (2010). Combination HIV Prevention:
Significance, Challenges, and Opportunities. Current HIV/AIDS
Reports, 8(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-010-0063-
3
Lusti-Narasimhan, M., Ndowa, F., & Pires, S. S. (2011).
Importance of sexually transmitted infections in funding for
HIV within proposals to the Global Fund. Sexually Transmitted
Infections, 87(Suppl 2), ii19–ii22.
https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050183
Mayaud, P., & McCormick, D. (2001). Interventions against
sexually transmitted infections (STI) to prevent HIV infection.
British Medical Bulletin, 58(1), 129–153.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/58.1.129
Steen, R., Elvira Wi, T., Kamali, A., & Ndowa, F. (2009).
Control of sexually transmitted infections and prevention of
HIV transmission: mending a fractured paradigm. Bulletin of
the World Health Organization, 87(11), 858–865.
https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.08.059212
WHO. (2019, June 14). Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)
7
Ethics in Abortion and Annotated Bibliography
Georgina Owusu-Appiah
Chamberlain University College of

11. Nursing
ETHC445N
Professor Geth Allison
04/02/2021.
Abortion can be described as the process of removing a fetus
from the womb of a woman. This act automatically leads to the
death of the fetus. At first, Abortion was a personal issue, but
as time goes, it is becoming a public concern since it involves
killing the human fetus. Therefore, this topic will air out the
suggestion of Ethical Egoists about their concern on the topic. I
will point out the Ethical side egoists shall take and what they
would say to justify their moral position. I will analyze the
conflict between loyalty to self and community relevant to this
abortion topic (Clipsham et al., 2021). I will determine whether
the topic involves a collision between personal obligations and
national ones through the discussion.
The Abortion Ethical Egoist, in general, are opposed to any
ethical or moral proscriptions that lack the basic foundation in
regard to self-interest. According to ethics, the debate here does
not end with Abortion but the terms of Abortion basing on
ethical factors. Ethical egoism is forced to consider different
specific Abortion rated cases; in most cases, it is hard to find
people who consider killing due to self-defense to be unethical

12. behavior. Therefore, the ethical egoist would justify an abortion
case whereby the person is advised to procure an abortion to
save their lives. An example of an ectopic pregnancy, the fetus
has to determine to save the mother's life, and that case is
justified. Another case is an economic view. Ethical egoism is
justifying an abortion where the person is performing such an
act because it would not be economically feasible for a home to
have an extra child. The ethical egoism, which delights in
regards with economic view on the ethical matters, is that such
an excuse is justified. They have no problem seeing a woman
who seeks an abortion.
There is an apparent conflict between loyalty to self and
community relevant to Abortion. The act is becoming very
common in most countries worldwide, with many lawmakers
trying to implement laws to make it legal. Abortion is being
regarded in many situations when the child becomes unwanted
by the parents, depending on the circumstance. As time passes,
the community is experiencing a cultural shift in people's
attitudes towards Abortion. Many People are now raising
concern and pushing the government’s agencies to become more
liberal and treat the abortion issue as a personal one since they
consider Abortion as morally and ethically wrong because it
involves the killing of a human fetus (McDonough et al. 2020).
However, when it comes to self-loyalty, one would justify an
abortion case whereby she is advised to procure an abortion
basing on medical grounds aimed at saving their own life.
The best action to be taken from the abortion case is to drown
from Kantian Ethics, where an author named Susan argues that
Abortion should be defended. The author made a proposal that
every woman should be treated as a dignified autonomous
person, having complete control over their own body, as Kant
earlier suggested. The author was a stronger believer in
democracy and gave women a free choice, which was rated
paramount in Kantian ethics. It required that an act of Abortion
is supposed to be the mother's decision ( Rachels &
Rachels,2019).

13. Dean Harris noted that if Kantian ethics is set to be used in the
ongoing discussion about Abortion, then it is necessary to
decide whether a fetus is acknowledged as an autonomous
person. Kantian ethicist Carl Cohen came up with an argument
about the potentiality of rational or active participation in a
general rational species that is a relevant distinction between
humans and inanimate objects or irrational animals. It clear that
Cohen, the author, believes when a human being lacks
rationality because of the age of a baby or fetus or the mental
disability, agents of these are morally obligated to treat them as
an end in themselves, which is equivalent to a rational adult
mother seeking an abortion.
The Social Contract Ethicist views regarding Abortion is it
supports Abortion just in case the mother of the unborn fetus is
undergoing challenges associated with her health. on Legal
grounds, a fetus is regarded as not a fully developed human
being. It tells us that no way can Abortion be treated as a
murder case in law. Nonetheless, even if the fetus is assumed as
a normal human being, it is still not enough reason for a
pregnant mother to justify the same pregnancy's continuity if it
causes inconvenience or rather endangers her life. With the
many avenues in the corridors of justice in support of Abortion,
no law can force a woman to complete the term of her
pregnancy and give birth to a child. Though it evident in most
cases, an argument is thrown in favor of completing the
pregnancy by saying that it is an ethical and moral choice that is
acceptable and emulated.
The abortion topic has succeeded in creating a collision between
personal obligations and the national. Public members are now
raising concern and pushing the necessary government agencies
to become more liberal and treat the abortion issue as a personal
one since they consider Abortion as morally and ethically wrong
because it involves the killing of a human fetus. However, it is
the opposite when it comes to self-loyalty. One has a right in
law to justify an abortion case whereby she is advised to
procure an abortion based on medical grounds to save their own

14. life. If a woman accidentally becomes pregnant due to the
reason, she fails to consume pills or either her partner ignored
the use of a contraceptive, it is not fair for the public to ask her
to complete her pregnancy and give birth to a child. Supporters
of Abortion say that it is unethical to force a woman to give
birth to a child whenever she becomes pregnant.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MCDONAGH, P. (2020). ABORTION, GAY RIGHTS, AND
THE NATIONAL GAY FEDERATION IN IRELAND, 1982–
1983. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF SEXUALITY, 29(1),
1-27.
In this article (Mcdonagh.2020), the author talks about an
analysis of the impacts of liberalization of abortion laws and
development on legal barriers to access to Abortion to public
health outcomes. These authors consider a legal framework
witnessed in various countries in comparison with the public
health outcomes on women. From their analysis, the outcome
shows that the public health outcomes support the legalization
of Abortion and the removal of barriers to access to abortion
services. I love the article because it will help in writing my
essay on abortion
MACKAY, E. (2021). INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND
ECONOMICS FOR CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS. AVAILABLE AT
SSRN 3804995.
In this article (Mackay,2021), the author of this article is based
on the findings showing a direct relationship between the
legalization of Abortion and the decline in crime rates. The
study was sponsored by a learning institution and provided vital
statistics supporting the sociological view that Abortion reduces
social issues which contribute to crime.
MUÑOZ, D. (2021). THE REJECTION OF CONSEQUENTIAL
ZING. THE JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, 118(2), 79-96.
In this article (Munoz,2021). The author accepts the fact that
Abortion is morally wrong except in a few situations. However,
Abortion is justified in rare situations, such as when pregnancy

15. is a result of rape or not taking your pill. And or mother’s
health is at risk. I love this article because it will help me in
writing my abortion essay because situations that makes
abortion right are discussed.
Ralph, L. J., Schwarz, E. B., Grossman, D., & Foster, D. G.
(2019). SELF-self-reported physical Health
women who did not terminate pregnancy after seeking abortion
services: A cohort study. Animal of internal medicine,171(4),
238-247.
The author in this article talks about the implications of the
various opinion others hold regarding their consistency on being
anti-abortion. He went ahead to reflect on the recent personhood
legislation and heartbeat bills.
SETTERSTEN JR, R. A., ELDER JR, G. H., & PEARCE, L. D.
(2021). 8. HAVING CHILDREN IN TROUBLED TIMES.
IN LIVING ON THE EDGE (PP. 127-141). UNIVERSITY OF
CHICAGO PRESS.
The author talks about Protestantism which is publicly divided
around election season around what we call “social issues” such
as abortion. Abortion is always at the forefront of the election,
and in political ads for not only national elections, but also
statewide elections. Both the earthly citizenship and our
heavenly citizenship fall under the sovereignty of God.
Conclusion
In conclusion, people are now raising concerns and
pushing the government’s agencies to become more liberal and
treat the abortion issue as a personal one since they consider
Abortion as morally and ethically wrong because it involves
killing a human fetus. I am afraid I have to disagree with such
statements. In the modern democracy and gives women a free
choice, which was rated paramount in Kantian ethics, it required
that an act of Abortion is supposed to be the mother's decision.
Furthermore, this topic on ethical issues is more critical, such

16. as inter-colleague and teacher-student relationships. Even the
medical establishment also recognizes the importance of ethics.
However, its recommendations in various themes seem to be
detached from the de-facto conditions in clinical practice,
considering the terms in which the medical system functions.
Therefore, an adaptation of honest recommendations to the true
nature of clinical "field" medicine is required.
References
Clipsham, P. (2021). The Limits of Self-Effacement: A Reply to
Wittwer. Philosophical Studies, 1-20.
Higgins, J. A., Schmuhl, N. B., Wautlet, C. K., & Rice, L. W.
(2021). The Importance of Physician Concern and Expertise in
Increasing Abortion Health Care Access in Local Contexts
Mackay, e. (2021). Introduction to law and economics for civil
law systems. Available at 3804995.
McDonough, p. (2020). abortion, gay rights, and the national
gay federation in Ireland, 1982–1983. Journal of the history
of sexuality, 29(1), 1-
Muñoz, d. (2021). The rejection of consequential zing. The
journal of philosophy, 118(2), 79-96
Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (2019). The Elements of Moral
Philosophy (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

17. 2
Georgina Owusu-Appiah
Chamberlain University College of
Nursing
ETHC445 Principles of Ethics
Professor Geth Allison
04/10/2021.
Role of ethics in health care
Some main solutions can be fruitful in solving the problems
faced by healthcare. First, favor the moral principles of
treatment. There should be a plan on ethics and nurses should
be aware to adopt these principles in their daily routine to
perform their duty well. Second, recommendcontinuing
schooling. The study consists of ethical content and education is
the thing that gives thoughts to nurses for decision making.

18. Orientation for new health workers and nurses should include
the decision about ethical principles and their implementation
when doing a job. Third, Develop a progressive domain for
health workers. Create an environment in clinics or in hospitals
where nurses can easily discuss the problem of the patients and
how these problems can be solved. Because everybody wants to
do his work effectively. However, these ethical issues are
complicated what with talking with concerned people can find
solutions. Also, Collect various departments in one place.
Doctors and nurses are the people who can take out the patient
from disappointment. So, both can understand the condition of
the patient and with their strong intention, the importance of
ethical principles can be appreciated. Lastly, Arrange specialists
of ethics. Sometimes the specialists or consultants are very
helpful. The talk about different ideas and perspectives and
discussed to resolve the problems related to patients. With their
attention and interest, a big issue can be sorted out more easily
(Wood, RN, & contributor, 2014).
The support from the head of the organization or the hospital is
very essential. Without their attention, we can do nothing. So,
the implementation of ethical principles and rights of the
patients is impossible if there is no support from the leaders.
These solutions are very effective in the fast recovery of the
patient. They give confidence to the patient which motivates an
ill person to fight against the disease. Adopting these ethical
solutions in daily life a health worker can get very progressive
results.
Digital health technologies like VR/AR, 3d printing, or
nanotechnology are using to diagnose the disease and its
treatment. The use of digital technology has a positive impact in
the field of medicine. A patient who is suffering from poverty
and has not enough money for the treatment. Here are some
guidelines which are beneficial for the treatment of the patient.
For example, a rural poor have to travel far away distances to
go to hospitals and he has no transport often the poor are
disabled and they can't go to a doctor. Health care workers

19. bring mobile dispensaries to their areas to facilitate them.
Despite this, telemedicine and m-health technology help to visit
the doctor to a patient who lives far away from the clinic. Both
sources are useful in connecting the doctors with their patients.
Through email, a patient can send information about the disease
to a doctor and he can respond positively. The poorest people
live in such conditions as asthma or obesity so m-health is very
useful to keep a link with people. The services nearly always on
m-health technology is designed for the people who are facing
mental illness and substance abuse. So being accompanied with
patients at all time it is very useful for reporting symptoms and
forgetting therapeutic guidance (Aventor, APR 09, 2021).
Health care worker has an opportunity to improve
access to health care for the poor's using social technology. It is
useful for all. The three main technologies of social media can
play a vital role to help people. The first one is crowdfunding.
A public appeal can be done for funding of medical care
activities or arrange of money for the expenses related to
medical care like travel, operation, adoption, and many others
(Snyder, 2016). The next one is medical blogging. It is a source
of information about health care workers, you can raise
awareness medical practice is to keep going and the patience
can content you treat the disease (Gelbolingo,2019). The online
encyclopedia is another useful source for providing free health
information for all. It is easy to access and updated day by day.
In the current situation like Covid-19. Everyone can take help to
recover from illness. We are facing a pandemic situation so
these social technologies help people to keep informed and
guide them.
Philosopher approaches which are Utilitarianism, Kantian
deontology, ethical egoism, and social contract are the areas or
the method of considering and determining ethical behaviors
(Rachels & Rachels, 2019). This ethic is sometimes compared
with the idea of “the greatest good for the greatest number" and
it proves helpful for doing something great in the field of health
care. This ethics helps us to understand the point that all

20. humans are respectful and should be treated with nobility
because they have rights. So, in health care departments patients
should be treated with full attention. The health care workers
played the role of public relations officers also when they meet
their patients till they recover from the disease. In the medical
or in health care unit we should avoid ethical egoism. We
should work from humanity and the behavior of a worker should
be kind and understanding to solve the problems of a patient
(Center, 2013). Social contract means people living in society it
means all people help each other in the hours of need.
References
Dabbs, A. D. V., Myers, B. A., Mc Curry, K. R., Dunbar-Jacob,
J., Hawkins, R. P., Begey, A., & Dew, M. A. (2009). User-
centered design and interactive health technologies for
patients. Computers, informatics, nursing: CIN, 27(3), 175.
Gruenbaum, R. (2015). Making Social Technologies Work.
Ronan Gruenbaum.
Kao, Y. Y. S. (2019). What’s in it for Me? On Egoism and
Social Contract Theory. Introduction to Philosophy:
Ethics.
Rachels, J., & Rachels, S. (2019). The Elements of Moral
Philosophy (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.