Project proposal

IMPACT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON DROPLET IMPINGEMENT
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CHAITANYA BADE
Research proposal for the degree of Masters in Engineering (Professional)
at Deakin University
06/06/2016

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Table of Contents
1. TITLE.................................................................................................................................3
2. THE SPECIFIC AIMS........................................................................................................3
3. RESEARCH DELIVERABLES.......................................................................................... 3
4. PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE............................................................................................... 3
5. RATIONALE...................................................................................................................... 4
6. SCOPE................................................................................................................................ 5
7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................... 5
7.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS................................................................................................ 5
7.2 PARTICIPANTS............................................................................................................... 5
7.3 MATERIALS.................................................................................................................... 6
7.4 TEST- TAKING PROCEDURE........................................................................................ 6
7.5 DATA AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS............................................................................ 8
8. WORKBREAK DOWN STRUCTURE............................................................................... 8
9. JUSTIFICATION BASED ON LITERATURE REVIEW................................................... 8
10. SAFETY AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATION................................................................. 10
10.1 SAFETY IN HANDLING MAGNETS........................................................................... 10
10.2 PINCH POINT HAZARDS........................................................................................... 11
11. GANTT CHART................................................................................................................ 11
12. REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 12

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1. TITLE
The impact of magnetic field on droplet impingement.
2. THE SPECIFIC AIMS
Several works have been done in the past regarding droplet impingement properties. Despite this
strategic direction, the literature reveals that comparatively a very little is known about the magnetic
effect on droplet impingement. Consequently, this research particularly aims to narrow this research
gap and conduct experimental research into strong magnetic effect on droplet impingement and
further enhance the applications of the strong magnetic field. This research also aims to reduce the
surface tension of water by applying strong magnetic field.
3. RESEARCH DELIVERABLES
This research anticipates to have the below deliverables by the end of this project.
a. Analysis of the droplet impingement both theoretically and experimentally
b. A design and analysis of the droplet impingement in Ansys
c. To observe the decrease in surface tension of water
d. Figuring out the impact of strong magnetic field on droplet impingement
e. A new technique implementation in spraying process particularly in industries that deal with
steel manufacturing, painting, printing etc.
f. Increase in applications of liquids with polarity
g. Helps in further study of fluid dynamics of water
4. PROJECT SIGNIFICANCE
Somewhere in 1860’s, Scientists started working on exposing water to magntetic water treatment and
came up with devices called non-chemical water treatment devices which are made to control the
scale in pipes. Later in 1875, researcher named A.T.Hay has applied and got the patent for his
magnetic water treatment device. Among them, some are incorporated with one magnet, while some
are incorporated with two or more magnets. Moreover, some are incorporated with a magnet inside
the pipe whereas some of them are incorporated with a magnet outside. And till today, a lot of them
are available commercially.
In 1982, two researchers named Grutsch and McClintock stated that the magnetic field has been
added to a cooling tower at Texas City refinery and the result shows that the water has been safe
without needing of chemical treatment for severalmonths. This experiment raised various scientists’
interest towards this field.
Researchers Joshiand Kamat after working on the concept of magnetic water treatment found that
there is a change in the pH of distilled water of approximately 0.4 pH. However, a researcher named
Quickened in 2002 found no change in the pH of double distilled water when subjected to strong
magnetic field of 24000 Gauss. And other researchers who worked on this concept found a decrease
in pH of water when subjected to a magnetic field. [32]

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Fig: graph comparing pHvalues of magnetically treated water and normal water [32]
While Sueda et al. in 2007 has found the highest mass and highest diameter of a water droplet on the
tip of a glass capillary, has figured out that both were affected by a magnetic field. Otsuka et al. has
said there is no change in the properties when the pure water was used in exposing to the magnetic
field. However,when distilled water is subjected to magnetic field there was a variation in surface
tension of water. A water droplet can be quantitatively assessed by ithe contact angle it has and can be
easily figured out whether it is exposed to magnetic field or not exposed to magnetic field. [32]
Fig: comparing contact angles of magnetically treated water and non-treated water [32]
The Scientist Bogatin’s et al in 1999 proved that the major impact of magnetic treatment on water was
the enhancement of the crystallization centres and the change in the free gas. This results in increment
of soil permeability thus enhancement of irrigation efficiency takes place. It also results in increasing
yield by 15%, a quick formation of the root. Moreover, the magnetic field has the capability to
increase the root layers performance. [32]
There are still many other positive changes that have been observed using this magnetic water
treatment like increase in comprehensive strength of the cement, decrease in corrosion rate of steel,
treatment of urinary stones, increase in efficiency of desalination using reverse osmosis, increase in
efficiency of electrolysis and water movement characteristic in a printing machine. [32] Considering
these effect on the water,this research is carried out by subjecting water to the strong magnetic field
expecting some great results both in physical and chemical properties. Thus bringing a change in
surface tension increases the applications of this magnetic water treatment in many applications such
as less usage of liquids in spray painting, spray cooling, and spray combustion. [12]
5. RATIONALE
There has been a lot of research on droplet impingement from last few decades. Studies have been
differentiated based on the impact of liquid droplets on porous surfaces and impact of liquid droplets
on non-porous surfaces. However,both numerical and experimental researches on droplet
impingement on porous surfaces assist in various applications, starting from basic uses to inkjet
printing process technology. [2] Moreover, few topics have been constrained to impingement on
particular surfaces such as impingement on permeable surfaces. These experiments have shown a
clear information that has been obtained regarding the characteristics of the droplet in the inner side of

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a porous surface. Hence,this helps in the study of the final shape of the impingement and the initial
stage of the impingement, but the experiments do not help in observing the mechanism while it is
happening. In contrast to this experimental view, a numerical research that has been made on fluid
flow dynamics while the droplet impingement happens can assist in these mechanisms, and helps us
in getting a better understanding of this phenomena. [3] A first numerical research was done by
Harlow and Shannon, who worked on MAC finite difference method to analyse the droplet
impingement and deformation, by not focusing on surface tension of the liquid and the viscosity of the
liquid and thus made the solution easier. Later Tsurutani et al. worked on same model however, by
incorporating the viscosity and surface tension thus resulting more accurate results. [3]
Water being the most used fluid has got many applications in both domestic and industrial purposes.
So it is important to study the water structure and geometry in order to comprehend its properties. A
lot of research have been going on to study the properties of water and lot still needs to be explored.
And a lot of efforts have been going on for many years, to comprehend the droplet surface impact
process. This process is related to a lot of applications like spray painting, spray cooling, spray
combustion, and metallurgy. [12] In the year 1953, a scientist Vermeirem has patented a way which
explains the possibility of changing the water properties. This process mainly incorporates the process
of presenting water to a magnetic field. This results in a change in the form of the water,which has
got various applications in many industries in many ways like enhancing the comprehensive strength
of concrete,reducing the corrosion rate of steel and etc. However,all the research that has been made
on the magnetic impact on water are dealing with ordinary magnets. But till this date, no research has
been conducted on strong magnetic field impact on water and droplet impingement. Apparently, water
has got little polarity. So the hypothesis of this project is, there is a chance of observing a change in
the surface tension of water when it is exposed to the strong magnetic field.
6. SCOPE
This project is an initiative to identify and explore the impact of strong magnetic field on droplet
impingement. The project aims to study and analyse the droplet impingement properties with different
weber numbers and contact angles and then aims to figure out the magnetic field impact on the droplet
impingement by using an experimental setup. In the interim, the research also focuses on various
droplet impingement properties and its oscillations.
7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
My research methodology needs collecting all the relevant information from few significant
documents and compiling databases to analyse the properties of a droplet and the impact of magnetic
field on droplet impingement and arrive at a complete understanding of a droplet properties. I hope to
shed light on the following questions through my research:
7.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Does a strong magnetic field have an impact on droplet impingement?
2. Does a strong magnetic field be able to reduce the surface tension of water?
3. What is the reason for different bouncing properties of a droplet when subjected to various
contact angles and weber numbers?
7.2 PARTICIPANTS
There are three people involved in this research. One works on the “Characteristics of the droplet at
different webernumber: numerical approach”,another person works on “Impact of magnetic field on
droplet impingement”. While other works on the theoretical and experimental part of the project.

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7.3 MATERIALS
A small experimental setup has been made to conduct the experiment. The body of the setup is made
with stainless steel and two “Rare Earth Neodymium Magnets” are fixed on to movable joints on
both sides and are fixed tightly. And a small syringe is used to release the droplet in between the two
magnets. The test was developed to find the droplet impingement properties when it passes through a
strong magnetic field. This test will be revised a number of times. And the droplet impingement is
filmed using high-end CCD camera.
This test will be undertaken using different liquids with various polarities to find the impact of strong
magnetic field on it.
In the interim, the design and analysis of a droplet and its impingement properties are made in a
software called ‘Ansys’.
7.4 TEST- TAKING PROCEDURE
This research project uses qualitative data collection tool. A qualitative assessment has to be used for
this research project leveraging subjective method like observations to gather substantive and relevant
data. Here a clear research on the topic should be made first and the analysis part has to be done next
followed by the experiment. Upon gathering the information from the observations, a careful analysis
has to be done to prepare a SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and threats) analysis of the
research topic. And then the literature have to be reviewed to compare the resultant data to the said
data.
Firstly, the analysis part has been done. This analysis is done using different contact angles and
various weber numbers. The analysis consisted of few tasks which include observing the droplet
impingement properties with contact angles 90, 110, 130, 150 and with weber numbers 2, 5, 10, 30,
50.
The velocity of the droplet is calculated using the following method.
The weber number may be written as
Where ρ is the density of the fluid
v is the velocity
l is the characteristic length and
σ is the surface tension
w is the weber number
Where,
And the final velocity which is already in the container can be calculated using the formula
𝒗𝟐 – 𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒙

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Where,
V is final velocity
U is initial velocity
G is gravity
X is distance
Initial
velocity (u)
Gravity (g) Distance (x) Final velocity
(v)
0 9.81 0.0004 0.088589
Table1: Final velocity calculation
Hence,
Surface
Tension (σ)
Density (ρ) Characteristic
length (l)
Weber
Number (W)
Velocity (v) Calculated
velocity (v-V)
0.072 1000 0.0005 2 0.5366 0.4480
0.072 1000 0.0005 5 0.8485 0.7599
0.072 1000 0.0005 10 1.2 1.1114
0.072 1000 0.0005 30 2.0784 1.9898
0.072 1000 0.0005 50 2.6832 2.5946
Table 2: Resultant velocity calculation
And using the contact angles 90, 110, 130 and 150 and the above velocities the droplet impingement
properties have been studies.
And the experimental setup and the droplet falling process have to be filmed. And it will be done
using few different ways such as changing the surface,using different liquids and enhancing or
reducing the magnetic field strength. Once the test has been done, all the videos are clearly observed
and the properties are assessed.

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Fig: Expected figure diagram of the experimental setup
Two procedural issues raise up here which are clearly discussed here. The first one incorporates
distance at which the magnets are separated and the distance at which the magnets should be away
from the droplet. Unfortunately, no consensus was available in the literature as to how much gap has
to be left between the two magnets. As this is a research project, the distance will be figured out using
trial and error method.
The second issue relates to what kind of surface to be used at the bottom where the droplet falls. And
how the surface tension is calculated. Again, no consensus was available in the literature regarding
what surface has to be used. Again as this is a research project, a trial and error method has to be
implemented here as well. And regarding the surface tension calculation, there are various methods to
calculate surface tension practically which incorporate capillary rise method, drop weight method,
dynamic method, maximum bulk pressure method, and ring method. The method will be chosen based
on the convenience. [25]
7.5 DATA AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS
All the recorded information has to be organised well and the information collected has been stored at
a place by separating them as per requirement. Different kind of liquids and obtained results due to
the experiment are compared. And the data from the Ansys software analysis have to be compared.
And the results without and with a magnetic field are taken into consideration and the final opinion
and the research result have to be documented.
8. WORKBREAK DOWN STRUCTURE
9. JUSTIFICATION BASED ON LITERATURE REVIEW
A lot of research has been undertaken in previous years,on the different aspects of the droplet impact
process. Scheller and Bousfield (1995) have used a squeeze flow pattern design, which explains
surface tension, inertial and viscous forces, thus, can anticipate the maximum spreading diameter of a
Newtonian fluid droplet dropped on a solid surface. They did relate the radius of the maximum spread
Impact of magnetic
field on droplet
impingement
Designing Geometry Mesh Fluent Result
Analysis
Calculating velocities
with different weber
numbers
Comparing different
results
Experiment Design of the setup Purchasing magnets
Experimental setup
for preforming
experiment
Theoretical
calculation
Figuring out the
impact of magnetic
field on droplet

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with the Reynolds and ohnesorge numbers and figured out a good result between the experimental and
theoretical information. [12] Fukai et al. in 1993 conducted a numerical investigation on a spherical
liquid droplet impingement deformation over a plain surface using deforming finite element and a
grid generation Lagrangian approach. He also has taken all the liquid properties like surface tension
and viscosity and effects of gravity and inertia into consideration. He has proved that there is a lot of
difference between the impact process flow fields got by a droplet of water and produced by liquid tin
droplet. And in the next paper released by Fukai in 1995 has given a clear theoretical and
experimental study which incorporates more factors like effects of wetting, contact angle hysteresis
phenomenon which is known as dynamic wetting. In that research, it was found that the maximum
splash radius decreases with the dynamic contact angle for the spreading stage. And then his
experimental results resembles his theoretical results. [12]
Yarin and Weiss (1995) have conducted an experiment on the monodisperse successive train of
water droplets onto a solid surface. From this, they made a 1-d solution for the film flow and made a
principle for the drop splash threshold velocity. Later they showed a crown formation in splashing.
Moreover, they also found the formation of jetting at the neck area in between drop and a liquid layer.
Their anticipation on inviscid fluid numeric was later verified by Thoroddsen in 2002 by utilizing
pulsed laser visualization. Yarin and Weiss theory of crown shape formation when drop touches a
wet surface was later explained and proved by Roisman and Tropea in 2002. [12]
Only very few researches have been done on the impact of water droplet which is exposed to
magnetic effect. Sudo et all. In 1999 has conducted an experiment to figure out the effect of water
which has been influenced by a magnetic field on a rubber surface. Here he applied the magnetic field
in perpendicular and tangential directions to the droplet velocity axis. Thus, he found out that the
spreading diameter of the droplet has been relatively increased when compared to droplet which is not
influenced by a magnetic field. And then Rahimi and Welhs in 2009 have conducted an experiment
on the impact of magneto-rheological droplets on a smooth surface. Their experiment proved that the
diameter of the maximum spread has been decreased by 40% and also there is a decrease in spread
velocity. [12] [14]
E.J.L. Toledo et al. has studied the forms of water by sending it in a magnetic field. He focused on
finding the viscosity (g), surface tension (c) and vaporization enthalpy (DHvap) of water before and
after passing it through a magnetic field. All the cases were carried out at a similar temperature and
similar magnetic conditions to reduce the error rate. After examining the results, it was proven that
water before passing through magnetic field and water after exposing to magnetic field has been
totally different most of the time. The results explained that the viscosity and surface tension of the
water has been increased when it was exposed to a magnetic field. As the viscosity and surface
tension were increased,molecular interactions have also been increased. This experiment clearly
determines that magnetic field effects the water properties. [14]
Tai et al. in 2008 have seen that passing water through a magnetic field will result in a change of the
properties of water as it gets more energetic and can flow more which can be taken into account as a
birth of new science called Magneto biology. And he also said that the nutrient elements like
phosphorus and potassium amount will be enhanced. Also, the chemical industry is incorporated with
magnetic wastewater treatment to get rid of heavy metals. [21] Amiri and Dadkhah in 2006 have
said that the change in surface tension variation as a result of magnetic field clearly reflects the
presence of impurities in water. [19]
Physicists in Japan have said that on magnetizing the water results in an increment of the water’s
melting point. Then Hideaki Inaba and colleagues at Chiba university have observed the
enhancement of 5.6mk for normal water in a magnetic field particularly of 6 Tesla and increases by
21.8 millikelvin for heavy water. [3]

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10. SAFETY AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
10.1 SAFETY IN HANDLING MAGNETS
The magnets used in this experimental setup are Rare Earth Neodymium magnets. Neodymium
magnets are the strongest magnets in the world. The force at which they attract to steelcan be
seriously dangerous and can cause dangerous harm if the safety precautions are taken for granted.
And rare earth magnets are extremely dangerous as well. These rare earth magnets are fragile and can
break in no time. Those broken magnets are very sharp such that they can result in cuts. These
magnets get demagnetized when they are exposed to temperature over 80 degrees Celsius. As they are
powerful, they can go at high speeds towards each other and also towards the ferrous material. [26]
Handling: These magnets have the capability to pinch strongly if they are made come together
against the skin. So usage of gloves and eye protection glasses when dealing with these magnets is
compulsory.
Children: Children are not supposed to play with NEODYMIUM magnets. Even small magnets can
result in blood blisters and cuts. Swallowing of these magnets can cause serious injury inside the body
Crushing, cuts, and blisters: Fingers take no time to get stuck between the magnets which result
in blood blisters or cuts. It is always safe to wear gloves while handling magnets. Strong magnets
have the capability of breaking bones if the fingers are stuck in between.
Breaking and chipping: When magnets slam together, it causes breaking which results in shatter.
There is a chance of the shattered chips getting in touch with eyes. So wearing safety glasses is
compulsory while working with these magnets.
Electronics: Neodymium magnets are 10 times stronger than the normal magnets. Devices like
pacemakers,CRT monitors, televisions, credit cards, computer discs and equipment and videotapes
are secured properly away from the magnets.
Separating: the best way of separating two magnets is sliding rather than pulling it off in the vertical
direction. In the case of large magnets, it is more recommended to use a device called magnet splitter
or separator jig to separate two magnets. [26]
Health: The raw materials that are used to manufacture magnets are not detrimental to people health.
However,it is significant to figure out that magnets have a huge effect on medical implants such as
pacemakers.
Allergies: Neodymium magnets are nickel-plated. Nickel causes allergic reactions. These allergic
reactions are triggered when they get in contact with magnets. [26]
Transportation: Magnets are so sensitive that it can easily get attracted to plenty of things.
Packaging: Neodymium magnets are packed in sturdy cardboard boxes and kept as far away from
the sides using soft packing. When transporting by air, we should follow the international air transport
association’s dangerous Goods regulations, which says that a package which includes magnets must
measure less than 0.00525 gausses at a distance of 15 feet from the package. Failure in proper
packaging will affect aeroplane navigation system. [26]
Disposal: Magnets that are bought should always be disposed of in accordance with the special
waste regulations (1996). They are not supposed to be disposed of generalwaste. [26]
Precautions:
 Always put on gloves and safety goggles when dealing with strong magnets

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 Children should be kept away from Neodymium magnets
 Keep magnets at least 20cm away from sensitive electronics and storage devices. [26]
 People with cardiac pacemakers and other implanted devices into the body should be kept
away from the strong magnetic field. [31]
10.2 PINCH POINT HAZARDS
Any equipment that deals with mechanical work or machinery work has pinch point hazards. This
includes sprockets, conveyors and chain drives. These are way dangerous and a lot of care has to be
taken while working on it. Considering this issue California code ofRegulations (CCR) explains
pinch points under Title 8, sections 3440, 3999, 4002 and 4075. [29]
Pinch point information:
 Few pinch point bruises incorporate amputations, Lacerations, Contusions, the crushing of the
bones.
 Gears, Sprockets, moving parts of a belt placed less than 7 feet away the floor are very
dangerous and in such cases a mandatory use of safe guards is requested by California
regulations. [29]
Pinch point safety precautions:
 Should be aware of the dangerous effects of pinch points any where in the work place.
 Should always be careful with pinch points that are around the work environmentLoose
clothing, jewellery can by affected by pinch points
 Always place warning labels around the pinch point hazards
 Do not operate machinery without using guards.
 Turn off the equipment if wishing to perform maintenance. [29]
11. GANTT CHART

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