Presented by Peter Cronkleton of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) at the World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, on 21 March 2018 in Washington, DC
case-study-marcopper-disaster in the philippines.pdf
Migration, property rights and livelihoods on Peruvian forest frontiers
1. MIGRATION, PROPERTY
RIGHTS AND LIVELIHOODS
ON PERUVIAN FOREST
FRONTIERS
PETER CRONKLETON, Ph.D.
WORLD BANK CONFERENCE ON LAND AND POVERTY
Washington DC - March 21, 2018
2. Migration seen as key driver of
deforestation in the Peruvian
Amazon
Lack of systematic information
about migration, the
characteristics of migrants or
the actual effects of migration
on forests
Migration and Peru’s
Forest Frontiers
3. Funded by the German Federal Ministry for
Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)
GLOBAL COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF MIGRATION AND FORESTS
4. NE: Neshuya landscape, formerly
production forest occupied in the
1980s
AS: Abujao-Shesha landscape,
tradition floodplain settlements
TO: Tournavista landscape, older
frontier with overlapping property
claims
TO
AS
NE
Research Sites
5. Focus Group Interviews
▪ 22 Focus groups (20 groups disaggregated by gender and 2
mixed groups)
▪ 131 participants
Systematic Survey
▪ 233 household interviews (30% of resident households)
▪ Landholders, landless and care takers
Key Informant Interviews
Methodology
6. Occupation through spontaneous settlement
Residents claim and demarcated properties on their
own in collaboration with neighbors
Forest lands targeted for occupation because seen as
unused
Only later did state enter to formalize property claims
Migration drivers
Search for arable land
Forced migration (terrorism and violence, natural
disasters)
Search for economic opportunity (wage labor,
investment in land)
PHOTO
Observations from
Focus Groups
7. Survey Results 1
Origin of Informants
• Only 5 informants born in selected villages
• More than a third born in the Amazon
• Distribution of ‘Amazonians’ varied
o AS: 67%, NE 40%, TO 23%
PHOTO
39%
35%
24%
2%
Informant Region of Birth
Amazon
Highlands
North coast
Other
8. These were not recently
settled communities
• Average time lived on site was
14yrs
• Some AS and TO informants settled
more than 4 decades
• Most villages initially settled in
1970s or 1980s, villages in AS site
have much longer history
PHOTO
Survey Results 2
9. Access to land was a main
driver of migration
• Search for arable land cited as
motivation for migration by most
informants
o NE: 67%, AS: 64%, TO: 58%
• Many informants had not been
landless prior to migration
o 47% had owned land at previous home
o Of those, 50% owned less than 4 ha
o 13 informants owned more than 50 ha
PHOTO
Survey Results 3
10. Most properties were small
• The average property size overall-- 42 ha
• Variation at landscape sites
o NE: 26 ha, AS: 44 ha, TO: 60 ha
• Some larger properties -- up to 200 ha
Farming was major source of
income
• Mixed agriculture/wage labor common
• Cacao prevalent source of income in NE
• Market access better in NE and TO
Estimated average monthly
income
• NE:US$ 452, AS: US$ 176, TO:US$ 323
PHOTO
Survey Results 4
11. Property rights varied in sample
Formal rights varied across landscapes
• In NE and AS approx. 45% titled
• In TO approx. 12% titled
PHOTO
35%
21%
21%
20%
3%
Property right type
Titled
Constancia de posesion
No document
Mixed rights
Fujimori title
Survey Results 5
12. Perceptions of property rights security
Property rights perceived as secure. When informants were asked. . .
• Whether they felt secure
• Whether neighbors respected property
limits
• Whether the State would defend their
property rights
• When asked how property rights security
had changed over the past five years
• 74% agreed or strongly agreed
• 89% agreed or strongly agreed
• 68% agreed or strongly agreed
• 89% believe security has stayed the
same or improved
Survey Results 6
13. 1. Spontaneous settlement has
produced grassroots agrarian
reform
o State-lands occupied by
migrants
o Later state agencies formalize
claims
2. Pattern results in forest conversion
o Much forestland owned by state
o Forest perceived as unused
o Titling focused on cleared land
Conclusions
14. Conclusions
3. Migration offered economic
opportunity to those that
successfully acquire land
4. Formal property rights were goal
but elusive for many, however,
the lack of formal rights did not
lower perceptions of security.
BOGOR, Indonesia (13 June, 2012) _ Indonesia’s president today said that the sustainable management of the world’s forests is critical for equitable economic growth and he called for a “fundamental reinvention and reorganization of societies throughout the world.”
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that Indonesia’s economy has changed from one in which forests were sacrificed in return for economic growth, to an environmentally sustainable one where forests are prized for the wide range of ecological services that they provide to society. He declared that by 2025 “no exploitation of resources should exceed its biological regenerative capacity.”
BOGOR, Indonesia (13 June, 2012) _ Indonesia’s president today said that the sustainable management of the world’s forests is critical for equitable economic growth and he called for a “fundamental reinvention and reorganization of societies throughout the world.”
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that Indonesia’s economy has changed from one in which forests were sacrificed in return for economic growth, to an environmentally sustainable one where forests are prized for the wide range of ecological services that they provide to society. He declared that by 2025 “no exploitation of resources should exceed its biological regenerative capacity.”
BOGOR, Indonesia (13 June, 2012) _ Indonesia’s president today said that the sustainable management of the world’s forests is critical for equitable economic growth and he called for a “fundamental reinvention and reorganization of societies throughout the world.”
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that Indonesia’s economy has changed from one in which forests were sacrificed in return for economic growth, to an environmentally sustainable one where forests are prized for the wide range of ecological services that they provide to society. He declared that by 2025 “no exploitation of resources should exceed its biological regenerative capacity.”
BOGOR, Indonesia (13 June, 2012) _ Indonesia’s president today said that the sustainable management of the world’s forests is critical for equitable economic growth and he called for a “fundamental reinvention and reorganization of societies throughout the world.”
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that Indonesia’s economy has changed from one in which forests were sacrificed in return for economic growth, to an environmentally sustainable one where forests are prized for the wide range of ecological services that they provide to society. He declared that by 2025 “no exploitation of resources should exceed its biological regenerative capacity.”
BOGOR, Indonesia (13 June, 2012) _ Indonesia’s president today said that the sustainable management of the world’s forests is critical for equitable economic growth and he called for a “fundamental reinvention and reorganization of societies throughout the world.”
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that Indonesia’s economy has changed from one in which forests were sacrificed in return for economic growth, to an environmentally sustainable one where forests are prized for the wide range of ecological services that they provide to society. He declared that by 2025 “no exploitation of resources should exceed its biological regenerative capacity.”
BOGOR, Indonesia (13 June, 2012) _ Indonesia’s president today said that the sustainable management of the world’s forests is critical for equitable economic growth and he called for a “fundamental reinvention and reorganization of societies throughout the world.”
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said that Indonesia’s economy has changed from one in which forests were sacrificed in return for economic growth, to an environmentally sustainable one where forests are prized for the wide range of ecological services that they provide to society. He declared that by 2025 “no exploitation of resources should exceed its biological regenerative capacity.”