APA referencing style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in research paper. In this system, the writer includes the author and date within the body of the paper and includes a corresponding reference in the reference list. It provides a standard system for giving credit to others for their contribution to your work. This is known as “Parenthetical” documentation style meaning that citation to original sources appear in your text. This citation system allows the reader to identify sources used in the paper by reviewing the author and date within the text of the paper, and then easily locate the corresponding reference in the alphabetical reference list.

1. WELCOME AND NAMASTE
PRESENTATION ON
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)
REFERENCING STYLE GUIDE 7TH EDITION
Bikash Gurung
3rd semester
M.Sc. Ag
AEC-03M-2020
Department of
Agriculture Economics
Presenter:

2. What is APA referencing style?
 APA referencing style refers to the rules and conventions established by the
American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in research
paper.
 In this system, the writer includes the author and date within the body of the
paper and includes a corresponding reference in the reference list.
 It provides a standard system for giving credit to others for their contribution to
your work. This is known as “Parenthetical” documentation style meaning that
citation to original sources appear in your text
 This citation system allows the reader to identify sources used in the paper by
reviewing the author and date within the text of the paper, and then easily locate
the corresponding reference in the alphabetical reference list.

3. Paper format
In-Text Citations
Mechanics of style
Tables and Figures
References
Differences between APA 6th Ed. & APA 7th Ed.
Outline of the presentation

4. 1. Paper Format
Paper
formatting
Order of
page
Font
Title page
setup
Page
header
line
spacing
Paragraph alignment
and indentation Heading
Main goal::Consistency in the
order, structure, and format
of a paper allows readers to
focus on a paper’s content

5. a. Order of pages
• Title page
• Abstract
• Text
• References
• Footnotes
• Tables
• Figures
• Appendices
In general, Each
section starts on
new page
b. Font
Sans serif fonts Serif fonts
• 11-point
Calibri,
• 11-point
Arial, or
• 10-point
Lucida
Sans
Unicode
• 12-point
Times
New
Roman,
• 11-point
Georgia
More
flexibility in
relative to
APA 6th
edition

6. c. Title
page setup
TECHNICAL, ALLOCATIVE AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF SWEET ORANGE PRODUCTION 1
Technical, Allocative and Economic efficiency of Sweet orange production using
Stochastic frontier and Data Envelopment Anlaysis (DEA) approach in Sindhuli, Nepal
Bikash Gurung1
*, Apil chhetri1
, Ram Hari Timilsina2
1
Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Bagmati
Province, NEPAL
2
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Agricultural and Forestry
University, Rampur, Chitwan, Bagmati Province, NEPAL
Author Note
*
Corresponding author’s E-mail: gbikash518@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5419-6155
Running head Page number
Authors
Paper title
Affiliation
Author Note

7.  Page header appears within the top margin of every page of the paper
 Student papers:: only page number
 Professional paper:: Page number and running head
 Page number:: Top right corner, in all pages and title page carries page number 1
 Running head:: Abbreviated version of the title of your paper, not required for student
papers unless the instructor or institution requests it
 In all-capital letters
 No more than 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation
 Do not use the label “Running head:”
 Avoid using abbreviations; however, the ampersand symbol (&) may be used rather than “and” if desired
 Alignment:: left margin of the page header, across from the right-aligned page number
d. Page header

8.  In general, double-space all parts of an APA Style paper
Exceptions to double line spacing::
Tables: The table body (cells) may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-
spaced, depending on which is the most effective layout for the information
Figures:: Words within the image part of a figure may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-
spaced, or double-spaced, depending on which is the most effective layout for the
information
Footnotes: When inserting footnotes with the footnotes function of your word-
processing program, use the default font settings (usually single-spaced and a slightly
smaller font than the text).
e. Line Spacing
f. Paragraph alignment and indentation
Indent the first line of each paragraph of text 0.5 in. from the left margin
Use the tab key
Do not use the space bar to create indentation
Main goal::to ensure that papers
are formatted in a consistent
and readable
manner

9. Exception::
*The first line of the abstract should be flush left (not indented)
*Reference list entries should have a hanging indent of 0.5 in.
*Section label:: Abstract, references, appendices should be centred and bold
 Headings identify the content within sections of a paper
 Five levels of heading in APA Style
 Level 1 = the highest or main level of heading
 Level 2 = subheading of Level 1
 Level 3 = subheading of Level 2 and so on through Levels 4 and 5.
g. Heading

10. Level Format of Heading
1
Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
2
Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
3
Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
4
Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period or full stop. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
5
Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period. Text begins
on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
The following table demonstrates how to format headings in APA Style.

11. 2. In-Text Citations
APA Style uses the
author–date
citation system, in
which a brief in-text
citation directs
readers to a full
reference list entry
In-text citations have two formats: Parenthetical and Narrative
• In Parenthetical citations::
• The author name and publication date, separated by a comma,
appear in parentheses
• For eg:: (Bhandari, 2020)
• In Narrative citations,
• The author surname appears in running text, and the date
appears in parentheses immediately after the author’s surname
• For instance, Bhandari (2020) reported decreasing return to scale
of potato cultivation in Panauti rural municipality of Kavre district,
Nepal.
• In rare cases, the author and date might both appear in the
narrative. In this case, do not use parentheses. Eg:: In 2020,
Bhandari reported decreasing return to scale of potato cultivation
in Panauti rural municipality of Kavre district, Nepal.

12. Basic In-Text Citation Style Format by Author Type
Author Type Parenthetical Citation Example Narrative Citation Example
One Author
First citation (Johnson, 2020) Johnson (2020)
Subsequent citations (Johnson, 2020) Johnson (2020)
Two Authors
First citation (Smith & Jones, 2020) Smith and Jones (2020)
Subsequent citations (Smith & Jones, 2020) Smith and Jones (2020)
Three or more authors
First citation (Carlson et al., 2020) Carlson et al. (2020)
Subsequent citations (Carlson et al., 2020) Carlson et al. (2020)
Group Author with Abbreviation
First citation* (The College of St. Scholastica
[CSS], 2019)
The College of St. Scholastica
(CSS, 2019)
Subsequent citations (CSS, 2019) CSS (2019)
Group Author without Abbreviation
First citation (University of Wisconsin, 2018) University of Wisconsin (2018)
Subsequent citations (University of Wisconsin, 2018) University of Wisconsin (2018)

13.  Plagiarism is the act of presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own; it
denies authors or creators of content, the credit they are due.
 Disrespect the efforts of original authors by failing to acknowledge their contributions
 Stifle further research by preventing readers from tracing ideas back to their original
sources
* Whether deliberate or unintentional, plagiarism violates ethical standards under Principles of
Psychologists and Code of Conduct which was introduced in June 1, 2003 with effective
amendment June 1, 2010 and January 1, 2017
a. Plagiarism

14. 3. Mechanics of Style
 Style refers to guidelines for ensuring clear, consistent communication and presentation
in written works like academic papers, journal articles, and book chapters
 Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling readers where to pause
(comma, semicolon, and colon) and stop (period and question mark)
 Punctuation of a sentence usually denotes a pause in thought; different kinds of
punctuation indicate different kinds and lengths of pauses
 Ensure, neither overuse nor underuse
 Serial comma:: Between elements in a series of three or more items. For instance:
Factors affecting technology adoption in tomato cultivation are years of schooling,
membership in co-operatives, subsidy from AKC and annual household income.
a. Punctuation
If the punctuation within a sentence becomes
challenging to read, try rewording the sentence or
splitting the sentence into multiple shorter sentences
Spacing after a period:: use one space after a
period or full stop

15.  Guidelines for spelling and hyphenation ensure that writers use consistent spellings for terms
within and across works
 In general, spelling and hyphenation should match the spellings given in either the Merriam-
Webster.com Dictionary or the APA Dictionary of Psychology.
 APA Style is a “down” style, meaning that words are lowercase unless there is specific
guidance to capitalize them
 Proper noun::
 Specific names of people, places, and things
 Names of racial and ethnic groups (e.g., African American, Asian American, Black, European American, First Nations, Hispanic,
Native American, Latinx, White).
 Trade names
 Job title or position
b. Spelling and hyphenation
c. Capitalization

16. Capitalize Do not capitalize
University of Florida a university
Science of Nursing Practice a nursing course
Department of Psychology, Department of
English
A psychology department, an English
department
d. Numbers
In general, use words to express
numbers zero through nine, and use
numerals to express numbers 10
and above
For eg::
 There were five nurses on duty
 Students were in the third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and
12th grades
The following examples illustrate these capitalization principles in action::

17. Exceptions::
I. Cases in which to always use words for numbers
II. Cases in which to always use numerals for numbers
 Always use numerals to express numbers in the following cases, even numbers zero through
nine
Case Example
Numbers that begin a sentence, title, or
heading
Fifty percent of the students received the
scholarship, and the other 50% were part of
a control condition.
Twenty people enrolled in the class, but 15
dropped out.
Common fractions
one fifth of the class
two-thirds majority

18. Case Example
Numbers that immediately precede a unit of
measurement 5-mg dose, 3 cm
Statistical or mathematical functions multiplied by 2
Fractions or decimals (except common fractions) 1.5, 2.27
Percentages 50%, 75%–80%
Ratios 4:1 ratio
Percentiles and quartiles
The 5th percentile, the 95th
percentile, the 3rd quartile
Times and dates (including approximations of time)
30 s, 30 min, 3hrs, approximately 4
months
Ages
5-year-old children, 18-year-old
adults
Scores and points on a scale scored 6 on a 7-point scale
Exact sums of money $10, $50 in U.S. dollars

19. 4. Tables and Figures
 Defination::Tables are visual displays composed of columns and rows in which
numbers, text, or a combination of numbers and text are presented
 Objectives:: Enable writers to present a large amount of information efficiently and
comprehensibly.
Table components::
 Number:: Table number (e.g., Table 1) appears above the table title and body in
bold font
 Title::
 Appears one double-spaced line below the table number
 Table title should be brief but descriptive
 Capitalize the table title in italic title case
a. Table setup

20.  Body::
 Includes all the rows and columns of a table
 A cell is the point of intersection between a row and a column
 Table body may be single-spaced, one-and-a-half-spaced, or double-spaced
 Table border
 In general, use a border at the top and bottom of the table
 No use of vertical borders to separate data
 Long or wide tables
 If longer than one page: make the headings row repeat on the second and any subsequent pages
 If table too wide: use landscape orientation on the page
 Placement of tables in a paper
 Two options for placement
 First one:: Embedding the tables in the text
 Second one:: Placing each table on a separate page after the reference list
Figure components::
 Number:: Appears above the figure title and in bold font
b. Figure setup

21.  Title::
 Appears one double-spaced line below the figure number
 Give each figure a brief but descriptive title
 Capitalize the figure title in italic title case
 Image::
 Image portion of the figure is the graph, chart, photograph, drawing, or other illustration
itself
 Legend::
 Should be positioned within the borders of the figure
 Placement of figures in a paper
 Two options for placement
 First one:: Embedding the figures in the text
 Second one:: Placing each figures on a separate page after the reference list

22. 5. References
 Provide the information necessary for readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text
 A reference list entry generally has four elements: the author, date, title, and source. Each element answers a question:
 Author: Who is responsible for this work?
 Date: When was this work published?
 Title: What is this work called?
 Source: Where can I retrieve this work?
* Punctuation in reference list entries
 Ensure that a period or fullstop appears after each reference element—that is, after the author, date, title, and
source.
 Do not put period after a DOI or URL because it may interfere the link functionality
 If title end with question mark, the question mark replaces the period or fullstop
 No use of comma between journal volume and issue number i.e issue number in parenthesis immediately after
volume number. For instance: 23(4)
a. Basic principles of reference list entires

23.  Arrangement of reference list in alphabetical order of author’s surname
 Arrange by first author's name, then by second author if you have the
same first author, etc
 If two references by the same author, list them in order of publication
date with the older one first; for instances::
Bhandari, R. B. (2016)
Bhandari, R. B. (2017)
Bhandari, R. B. (2018)
Bhandari, R. B. (2020)
 If reference by same author have been published in same year::
list them alphabetically by title. Letters 'a’, 'b', etc. are placed after the year, e.g.
Shrestha (2019a) and Shrestha (2019b)
b. Setting out the reference list

24.  Acharya, N., Acharya, B., Dhungana, S. M., & Bist, V. (2019). Production economics of Ginger
(Zingiber officinale Rose.) in Salyan district of Nepal. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental
Science, 4(4), 424–448. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.040408
 AITC. (2020). Krishi Diary. Hariharbhawan, Lalitpur: Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock
Development.
 Anamayi, & Anamayi, R. M. (2018). Resource Use Efficiency in Ginger Production in Jaba Local
Government Area of Kaduna State. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science(IOSR-JHSS), 23(7),
14–21.
 CBS. (2011). National Population and Housing Census (National report). Kathmandu, Nepal:
National planning commission secretariat, Government of Nepal. Retrieved from https://cbs.gov.np
 FAOSTAT. (2018). Food and agriculture organization of the united nation. Retrieved from
www.fao.org: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
 HVAP. (2011). Value chain analysis of ginger subsector in Nepal. Kathmandu: Ministry of agriculture
and co-operatives, GON.
 ITC. (2010). Export potential assessment in Nepal: Ginger, Market section analysis. Kathmandu:
International trade centre.
c. Examples of APA reference list

25. 6. Differences between APA 6th Ed. & APA 7th Ed.
APA 6th Edition APA 7th Edition
APA manual
New manuals and choices
Print Manual available as well as APA Style
Guide to Electronic References. Ebook only
available as a Kindle
Hard cover, soft cover, and ebooks available for individual
license at APA website.
Expanded manual 8 chapters
12 Chapters, including expanded and new coverage and
guidance.
APA Format Paper
Paper Format
Student and Professional papers formatted the
same way.
Separate guidance for professional papers and student papers.
Increased flexibility Times New Roman 12
Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New
Roman 12, Georgia 11
Running head
Running head: THE EFFECT OF
MONETARY POLICY ON AGRICULTURE
THE EFFECT OF MONETARY POLICY ON
AGRICULTURE
Section label Section labels are not bold
All sections labels are bold:: Abstract, Title of Paper,
References, Appendix
Mechanics of style
Preferred spelling
APA Dictionary of Psychology (2007)
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
(2005)
Online versions of Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary and APA
Dictionary of Psychology

26. Double quotation mark to refer
linguistic examples
APA endorses the use of the singular pronoun they. APA endorses the use of the singular pronoun “they”.
Inclusive & Bias- Free Language
Gender-neutral pronoun
A researcher’s career depends on how often he or she
is cited.
A researcher’s career depends on how often they are cited.
Descriptive phrases over adjective The poor People living in poverty
Broad category vs exact age ranges People over 65 years old. People in the range of 65 to 75 years old.
References and In-Text Citations
In-text citation (three or more
authors)
First citation: (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker,
2018) Subsequent citations: (Taylor et al., 2018)
All citations: (Taylor et al., 2018)
Publisher location is no longer
included in the reference
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective
people: Powerful lessons in personal change. New
York, NY: Simon & Schuster
Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful
lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster
Surname and initial count in reference
list (upto 20 authors instead of 7)
Gilbert, J. R., Smith, J. D., Johnson, R. S., Anderson,
A., Plath, S., Martin, G., … Lee, L. H. (2014).
Gilbert, J. R., Smith, J. D., Johnson, R. S., Anderson, A., Plath, S., Martin,
G., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W.,
Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G.,
Nelson, T. P., Maurer, O., … Lee, L. H (2018).
DOI (No longer necessary) doi:10.18666/tpe-2019-v76-i2-8766 https://doi.org/10.1866/tpe-2019-v76-i2-8766
URLs are no longer preceded by
“Retrieved from” - unless a retrieval
date is needed.
Hamman, J. (2019, November 21). What teachers
should know about dysgraphia. Retrieved from
https://www.edutopia.org/article/whatteachers-should-
know-about-dysgraphia
Hamman, J. (2019, November 21).What teachers should know about
dysgraphia. Edutopia. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-50419127

27. Thank you