class 12th english project

1. NAME :- NIKHIL BAJPAYEE
:- ADITYA MOURYA
:- ABHIJEET GADHAVE
SUBJECT:- ENGLISH PROJECT
TOPIC:- THE ENEMY
CLASS :-12 TH SCIENCE

2. • HISTORY OF ODISHA
• The name Odisha refers to the current state in India. In different areas the region and
parts of the region were known by different names. The boundaries of the region also
have varied over the early history of Odisha can be traced back to the mentions
found in ancient texts like the Mahabharata, Maha Govinda Sutta and some Puranas.
In 261 BCE, Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty conquered the region in the bloody
Kalinga War which was fought at the banks of River Daya near present-day
Bhubaneswar. The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war deeply affected
Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism. He sent peace emissaries
to various neighbouring nations. Thus as an indirect consequence, the event caused the
spread of Buddhism in Asia.

3. • HISTORICAL NAME OF ODISHA
• Kalinga
• Utkala
• Mahakantara
• Orda
• Oddiyana
• Kongoda
• Uranshin
• Uranshin

5. • CULTURE OF ODISHA
• Visual Arts
Other cultural attractions include the Jagannatha Temple in Puri, known for its annual Rath Yatra or
Chariot, tala Chitra (palm leaf engravings), famous stone utensils of Nilgiri (Balasore) and various tribal
influenced cultures. The Sun Temple at Konark is famous for its architectural splendor while the
Sambalpuri textiles equals it in its artistic grandeur.
Sand sculpture is practiced on the beaches of Puri

6. • Religion
In its long history, earning centres. During Kharavela’s reign Jainism found prominence. However, by the middle of the
9th century CE there was a revival of Hinduism as attested by numerous temples such as Mukteshwara, Lingaraja,
Jagannath and Konark, which were erected starting from the late 7th century CE. Part of the revival in Hinduism was
due to Adi Shankaracharya who proclaimed Puri to be one of the four holiest places or Char Dham for Hinduism.
Odisha has, therefore, a syncretic mixture of the three dharmic religions as attested by the fact that the Jagannath
Temple in Puri is considered to be holy by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.
• Literature
The history of Odia literature has been mapped by historians along the following stages, Old Odia (900–1300
CE), Early Middle Odia (1300–1500 CE), Middle Odia (1500–1700 CE), Late Middle Odia (1700–1850 CE)
and Modern Odia (from 1850 CE till the present). But this crude categorization could not skillfully draw the real
picture on account of development and growth of Odia literature. Here, we split the total periods into different
stages such as Age of Charya Literature, Age of Sarala Das, Age of Panchasakha, Age of Upendra Bhanja, Age
of Radhanath, Age of Satyabadi, Age of Marxism or Pragati yuga, Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga, Post
Independent Age.

8. • PATRIOTISM IN ODISHA
• Gandhijis visit to Odisha, in May 1934,
• rejuvenated the Congress workers to invigorating
• activities. He visited Sambalpur, Angul, Puri,
• Cuttack, Jajpur and Bhadrak, holding meetings
• and discussions to uplift the depressed classes.
• In 1934, a powerful section of the Congress Party
• formed the Socialist group.

9. • Soon after the British occupation of Odisha in
• 1803 freedom struggle began in different parts of
• the Province in the form of armed resistance,
• protest and rebellion against the alien authorities.
• In 1804, the first agitation was witnessed in
• Khurda during the tenure of minor king Mukunda
• Deva II. Jayee Rajaguru, the indomitable minister
• of the Raja was hanged in 1805 for abetting the
• rebellion and became the first martyr of Odisha

11. • After the Quit India Movement the
• political situation of Odisha became quiet. General
• Elections were held to Indian Legislature in 1946
• and in Odisha the Congress Party secured
• majority of seats in the Odisha Legislative
• Assembly and formed ministry under the Prime
• Ministership of Dr. Harekrushna Mahtab on 23
• April 1946. The new ministry took initiatives for
• merger of the Princely States with Odisha. By
• January 1, 1949, all the Princely States merged
• with Odisha.

12. • ECONOMY AND RELATIONSHIP OF ODISHA
WITH OTHER STATE
• Agriculture
Although much of the land is either unproductive or unsuitable for
more than a single annual crop, about three-fifths of the working
population is engaged in agriculture, and the sector accounts for
roughly one-sixth of the state’s gross product. Cultivated lands
occupy about one-third of the total area of the state; about three-
fourths of those lands are sown with rice. Other important crops
include pulses (legumes), oilseeds, vegetables, cereals (such as
wheat, corn [maize], sorghum, and pearl millet), jute, sugarcane,
coconuts, and spices. Low sunlight availability, modest soil quality,
limited use of fertilizer, and variable volume and timing of the
monsoon rains combine to give the state’s farmers generally low
yields

13. • Resources and Power
The mineral resources of Odisha are considerable. The state is a national leader in the production of chromite,
bauxite (aluminum ore), manganese ore, graphite, and nickel ore. It is also one of the top producers of high-quality
iron ore. Coal from the Talcher field near the east-central city of Dhenkanal provides the energy base for a number
of the state’s large-scale industries.Aside from its “captive power plants” (power plants that are dedicated to
specific industries), the bulk of Odisha’s energy comes from hydroelectric stations. Indeed, the great Mahanadi River
system has been harnessed by one of the most ambitious multiple-purpose projects on the subcontinent; the Hirakud
Dam and the Machkund hydroelectric project, together with several smaller units, provide flood control, irrigation,
and power to the entire lower basin. Thermal plants are a significant secondary source of power.
• Services
The service sector became the largest proportion of Odisha’s economy in terms of value in the early
21st century, and it continued to grow rapidly. Major components include banking and finance,
insurance, trade, and hotel and other hospitality activities. Tourism has played a relatively small role
overall, although that sector has grown in significance.

15. • Constitutional Framework
The government of Odisha, like that of most
other states and territories in India, is
determined by the national constitution of
1950. The head of state is the governor,
appointed by the president of India. The actual
administration, however, is conducted by the
Council of Ministers, which is headed by a chief
minister and responsible to the unicameral
Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), whose
members are elected at intervals of not more
than five years through universal adult
suffrage. There is a high court in Cuttack; its
chief justice is appointed by the president of
India. Below the high court are district and
sessions courts, magistrates’ courts, and various
courts that handle particular types of cases.

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