Evaluating Adamawa's MDGs CCT Program

Process Evaluation of the MDGs CGS-CCT
Program in Adamawa State
Final Report
Best Practices Policy Ltd/GTE
© 2014

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Acronyms
ADSUBEB – Adamawa State Universal Basic Education Board
BIG – Basic Income Guarantee
CC – Community Committee
CCT – Conditional Cash Transfer
CGS– Conditional Grants Scheme
CPPLI – Child Protection and Peer learning Initiative
FGD– Focus Group Discussion
HDI – Human capital Development Index
HH - Household
KII – key informants interviews
LGA – Local Government Area
LGC - Local government committee
MDG – Millennium Development Goals
MoE – Ministry of Education
MoH – Ministry of Health
NEPAD/APRM – New Partnership for African Development African Peer Review Mechanism
OSSAP – Office of the Senior Special Adviser to the President
PIM – Program Implementation Manual
PMT – Proxy Means Test
PRAI– Poverty Reduction Accelerator Investment
WHO – World Health Organization

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Executive Summary
The global economic downturn of 2008/2009, coupled with the food and fuel crises, has
exacerbated poverty and deprivation through shrinking employment opportunities, reduced
wages, and remittances, declining levels of demand and reduction in government expenditure
– especially with regard to basic services in Adamawa State. A particularly vulnerable group,
and one on which the crises are likely to have a long-lasting impact, is children. Evidence
shows that, when children are withdrawn from school, are required to work, they suffer early
life malnutrition, or are victims of neglect or violence, there are likely to be long-term, often
lifelong, and even intergenerational consequences.
This report is an account of the process evaluation of the MDGs CGS-CCT program in Adamawa
State. Conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) are a special form of social assistance
schemes, which provides cash to families subject to the condition that they fulfill specific
behavioral requirements.
Program evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to
answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly about their effectiveness
and efficiency.
The implementation of Adamawa State MDGs-CGS-CCT program began in May 2013 with a
baseline survey and focuses on both education and health. The program is intended to last for
a year and it, is aimed at encouraging the population at risk (women and children from
extremely poor households) on the more regular use of educational, and health services within
their localities for their improved wellbeing.
The five participating LGAs Demsa, Hong, Jada, Mayo-Belwa, and Yola South were selected
through geographic targeting and each of the communities through community based
targeting mechanism.
The transfer amount have two components; a monthly N5000.00 payment which serves as
basic income guarantee (BIG) and a monthly exit amount of N8,333.00 is saved into the
account of each participating household and a total annual amount of N100,000.00 is paid as a
grant to each participating household to start an income generation venture of their own.
To undertake the evaluation, the study employed four major tools for the data gathering
exercise; key informants interviews and conversational interviews with program officials,

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beneficiary and non-beneficiary household survey, home visits and beneficiary experiences
survey, and focus group discussions comprising both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries.
The survey findings, reveal that very poor households are increasingly feeling the impact of the
CCT program in Adamawa State.
Enrolment has risen by 45% amongst children who were not in school before their households
were included in the CCT program. On the average, children attend school 80% of the period.
Attendance at antenatal sessions has risen from 36% to 57% amongst beneficiary households.
There has been a decline in local medications i.e. the use of herbs etc. from 47% to 21%
amongst beneficiary households, and a rise from 35% to 44% in healthcare visits since joining
the program even though there are evidences of self-medication amidst local medication and
visits to healthcare centers.
Approximately 50% of the respondents’ benefits are spent on food, 30% on school related
matters, while 20% on health issues. This shows that expenditure on other items declined
except for food consumption.
Targeting accuracy of beneficiary households in Adamawa State is estimated to be 67% using
the poverty scorecard and 39% of the total share of transfer benefits actually goes to the
poorest quintile.
From the key lessons learned on vital processes of the scheme such as selection of target
population, information dissemination, clarity of responsibilities, program participation,
program duration, monitoring compliance, technical expertise, institutional arrangements etc.
we make the following recommendations:
 To improve targeting efficiency, a geo-referenced poverty profile study should be
carried out across all the 21 LGAs in the State in order to generate a more recent and
reliable poverty map for accurate geographic targeting.
 Targeting accuracy of 67% in Adamawa State should be improved to meet a standard of
at least 80%.
 The duration of the program should be extended to at least 3 years to strengthen
human capital development and to permanently move the core poor out of destitution.
 To enforce compliance monitoring, a modest bonus per beneficiary should be given to
head teachers and health workers who help in monitoring compliance of beneficiary

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households at schools and health centres as practiced in other established CCT
programs of the world.
 The bond with a particular network service provider: All network service providers
should be given equal opportunity to collaborate in the scheme and beneficiaries
allowed making their choice of network.
 In the absence of major commercial banks in benefiting communities, the community
banks in those areas should be assigned the payment role.
 Technical competence of implementers: program implementers should be regularly
trained in their areas of specialties to ensure flawless implementation and display of
on-the job expertise.
 Dissemination of program information: Program resources should also be channelled
towards a sustained program information outreach across the LGAs.
“Poverty eradication is not an act of charity, but an act of justice…”
Nelson Mandela

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Acknowledgements
First and foremost, we offer our sincerest gratitude to the OSSAP-MDG for the opportunity
afforded Best Practices Policy Research Ltd/GTE to carry out this all important process
evaluation of the CCT program in Adamawa State.
I particularly want to say a special thanks to the Management of Best Practices Policy Research
Ltd/GTE, who has been a great support throughout this study, with the patience and
knowledge whilst allowing me the room to work in my own way. I attribute the level of success
to the encouragement and effort and without the Management this evaluation process and
report, too, would not have been completed or written. One simply could not wish for a better
or friendlier Management.
Secondly, I am grateful for the brainstorming sessions and the professional insights of my
fellow expert colleagues who constitute the evaluation team from Anambra (Joy Oballum),
Bauchi (Andrew Achille), Delta (Adeyemi Onafuye), Edo (Olashubomi Bello), Ekiti (Tayo
Babalola), Kano (Daniel Oghojafor), and Plateau States (Amina Aro-Lambo and Ene Nancy).
Your enormous contributions have largely determined the quality of this project and you are
all highly appreciated.
I equally express my profound gratitude to the entire staff of the MDGs desk in Adamawa
State, with the unwavering support, cooperation, and commitment they displayed. Worthy of
praise is the State MDG coordinator Mr Abubakar Adamu Garbajo and especially those
anchoring the MDGs CGS-CCT program; Dr Abubakar Musa (focal person), Engr. Gidado Aminu
(MIS Officer), Mr. Chabia George (Monitoring & Evaluation Officer), Auwal Mohammed
(Planning Officer), Babangida Taleem (Operations Officer) and Mr. Shadi (Consultant). I want to
specially recognize the extra efforts of Engr. Gidado Aminu and Mr. Chabia George, who
sometimes accompany me on visits to evaluation areas to meet with program stakeholders
while providing information pertaining to the CCT program in the State. Occasionally, they paid
me visits at the hotel room to know the challenges encountered during the evaluation and
offered their assistance to help in that regard.

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The agents of the five LGAs have been so wonderful during this evaluation and provided key
information on the program implementation process. Mr. Erickson P. Pwa’amo (Demsa LGA),
Mohammed Usman (Hong LGA), Abdulhamid Yahya (Jada LGA), Saidu Haruna (Mayo Belwa),
and Gadafi Tukur (Yola South LGA)your support is highly cherished.
Finally, all the beneficiaries, non-beneficiaries, Mai Anguwas (community heads), and all those
who contributed to the success of this evaluation, I say a big thank you.
Bernard .H. Basason

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Table of Contents
Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................................... i
Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................................v
Section One................................................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Study Area................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs) ............................................................................... 2
1.3. Process Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Methodology............................................................................................................................... 4
1.5. Organisation of the Study........................................................................................................... 6
Section Two................................................................................................................................................. 8
Basic Design Parameters of the CGS-CCT in Adamawa State ..................................................................... 8
2.1. Objectives: .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2. Institutional Roles for implementing CCT in Adamawa State..................................................... 9
2.3. Targeting:.................................................................................................................................. 11
2.4. Setting the Transfer Value ........................................................................................................ 16
2.5. Program Conditionalities and Compliance ............................................................................... 16
2.6. Coverage ................................................................................................................................... 19
2.7. The Payment System:................................................................................................................ 21
2.8. Record keeping ......................................................................................................................... 24
2.9. Grievance Redressal.................................................................................................................. 24
2.10. Use of Technology................................................................................................................. 26
Section Three ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Operational Effectiveness......................................................................................................................... 27
3.1. Measuring Targeting Effectiveness........................................................................................... 27
3.1.1. Targeting Accuracy............................................................................................................ 28
3.1.2. Targeting Incidence........................................................................................................... 29
3.2. Payment System........................................................................................................................ 30
3.3. Monitoring co-responsibilities.................................................................................................. 32
3.4. Case Management .................................................................................................................... 33
3.5. MIS/Record Keeping ................................................................................................................. 34
3.6. Beneficiaries’ Perception of the Program................................................................................. 35
3.6.1. Awareness of Program Key Elements ............................................................................... 35

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3.6.2. Satisfaction with Program and Service Delivery ............................................................... 35
3.7. Cost of participation.................................................................................................................. 36
3.8. Improving Operational Effectiveness........................................................................................ 37
Section Four .............................................................................................................................................. 39
Program Effects......................................................................................................................................... 39
4.1. Socio-economic characteristics of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries................................... 39
4.2. Induced Behavioural Changes................................................................................................... 41
4.3. Case Studies of the CCT Program in Adamawa State................................................................ 42
Section Five............................................................................................................................................... 45
Program Balance Sheet............................................................................................................................. 45
5.1. Social Accountability and Clarity of Institutional Responsibilities............................................ 45
5.2. Transparency and Program Information Disclosure................................................................. 46
5.3. Efficiency, Effectiveness and Aligning incentives to Responsibilities ....................................... 47
5.4. Control of Corruption................................................................................................................ 48
5.4.1. Targeting ........................................................................................................................... 48
5.4.2. Registration....................................................................................................................... 48
5.4.3. Compliance monitoring..................................................................................................... 49
5.4.4. Payment systems .............................................................................................................. 49
5.4.5. Procurement of service contracts..................................................................................... 49
5.5. Voice and Participation............................................................................................................. 49
Section Six................................................................................................................................................. 50
6.1. Summary................................................................................................................................... 50
6.2. Key Lessons Learned and Recommendations........................................................................... 51
References ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Appendix 1 (Samples of program documents and correspondences)...................................................... 56
Appendix 2 (Lists of Tables, Figures and Boxes) ....................................................................................... 61
Appendix 3 (Survey Instruments) ............................................................................................................. 63

Section One
Introduction
The global economic downturn of 2008/2009, coupled with the food and fuel crises, has
exacerbated poverty and deprivation through shrinking employment opportunities, reduced
wages, and remittances, declining levels of demand and reduction in government expenditure
– especially with regard to basic services in Adamawa State. A particularly vulnerable group,
and one on which the crises are likely to have a long-lasting impact, is children. Evidence
shows that, when children are withdrawn from school, are required to work, they suffer early
life malnutrition, or are victims of neglect or violence, there are likely to be long-term, often
lifelong, and even intergenerational consequences.
1.1. Study Area
Adamawa (the land of beauty) is one of six states, which make up the North East geopolitical
zone of Nigeria. It shares an international boundary with the Republic of Cameroon to the east
and interstate borders with Borno State to the north, Gombe State to the northwest and
Taraba State to the west and south. Its capital is Yola.
Adamawa State has four administrative divisions namely: Adamawa, Ganye, Mubi and Numan.
Adamawa State occupies an area of 38,823.3 square kilometers. It lies on latitude 9°20’ north
and longitude 12°30’ east. The valleys of the Cameroon, Mandara and Adamawa mountains
form part of its landscape. It has an estimated population of 3,569,948 (Annual Abstract of
Statistics, 2011). The main ethnic groups in the state are the Fulani, Bwatiye, Chamba, Higgi,
Mbula, Margi, Kilba Ga'anda, Longuda, Kanakuru, Bille, Bura, Yandang, Yungur, Fali, Gude,
Verre and Libo.
The major occupation of the people is farming as reflected in their two notable vegetation
zones, tile Sub-Sudan and Northern Guinea Savannah Zone. Their cash crops are cotton and
groundnuts while food crops include maize, yam, cassava, guinea corn, millet, and rice. The
village communities living on the banks of the rivers engage in fishing while the Fulanis are
cattle rearers.

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The dominant religions in Adamawa State are Islam and Christianity, although some of its
inhabitants still practice traditional religions. There are 21 local government areas (LGAs) in
the State.
In 1991, Adamawa State was ranked as one of the most poverty-stricken States in Nigeria. The
state lacked the basic infrastructure, skills and facilities for empowering its citizens at the
grassroots level. According to NBS HNLSS 20101, 56.7% are core poor, 39.2% are moderately
poor. The NBS Annual Abstract of Statistics (2011); estimates the population for the 5 selected
LGAs as presented in the table overleaf.
Table 1: Distribution of the estimated poor and CCT coverage in benefitting LGAs of Adamawa State
Benefitting
LGAs
Population in
2011(p)
Estimated core
poor (p x 0.56)
Estimated moderately
poor (p x 0.39)
Estimated
poor
Demsa 200,350 112,196 78,136 190,332
Hong 189,992 106,395 74,096 180,491
Jada 189,163 105,931 73,773 179,704
Mayo-Belwa 171,597 96,094 66,922 163,016
Yola South 220,328 123,383 85,927 209,310
Source: Derived by the author
1.2. Conditional Cash Transfer Programs (CCTs)
Conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) are a special form of social assistance schemes,
which provides cash to families subject to the condition that they fulfil specific behavioural
requirements. These conditions oblige individuals to satisfy some conditions associated with
human development goals. This may include that parents must ensure their children attend
school regularly (typically 85–90 percent attendance) or that they utilize basic preventative
nutrition and health-care services, such as vaccination programmes or maternal and post-natal
check-ups. CCTs are usually targeted towards the poor through a means test, proxy means
test, or geographical targeting.
1
National Bureau of Statistics (2012); Nigeria Poverty Profile 2010

By incorporating access to a range of basic services and enhancing the capabilities of poor
people, CCTs aim to address directly the diverse factors underlying poverty and to provide an
escape from poverty over the long term. For instance, ensuring children’s access to education
is especially beneficial, as it helps to reduce child labour, which not only represents a violation
of children’s rights, but also tends to entrap them in lower skilled/poorly paid jobs at
adulthood.
1.3. Process Evaluation
CCTs are affected by challenges such as poor targeting and errors (inclusion and exclusion),
fraud and corruption (EFC). To reduce these unwanted outcomes, logical interventions such as
process evaluation; must be made to strengthen governance in the programmes, which in turn
would contribute to the improvement of the quality of service delivery and of human
development outcomes.
 Process evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analysing, and using
information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, particularly
about their effectiveness and efficiency.
 Process evaluations explain the needs addressed by a program and the expected
outcomes of program activities.
 Process evaluations are undertaken for a variety of reasons.
 Process evaluation of CCTs can help improve access by increasing program outcomes
through enhancing effective program coordination, stronger accountability
arrangements; provide incentives and greater transparency as well as participation.

 Process evaluation can identify risks and constraints, which, if removed, could improve
the outcomes of CCT programs.
Very critical questions that warrants such evaluation includes:
I. Is the program well organised?
II. Does program implementation follow a clear organizational structure?
III. How well is the collaboration between different groups in delivery work
together?
IV. Is there sufficient awareness?
V. Are beneficiaries receiving the stipulated amount?
VI. Are beneficiaries receiving the quality of benefits and services?
VII. What eligibility criteria are used?
VIII. How much change has occurred since program implementation?
IX. What are beneficiaries’ experiences?
X. Are beneficiaries satisfied with the program?
XI. How much does the program cost per beneficiary?
XII. Is the program worthwhile?
XIII. Are there better alternatives if there are unwanted outcomes?
XIV. Are the program objectives appropriate and useful?
XV. Should the program be redesigned or scaled-up?
1.4. Methodology
Prior to the evaluation, series of meetings and brainstorming sessions were held which
included:
 Desk reviews of the PIM and other extant analysis particularly on (Kathy
Linderth et al. (2007)”2and Grosh et al (2008)3) where some of the ideas
adopted in this study emanated.
2
Kathy Linderth et al. (2007), The Nuts and Bolts of Brazil’s Bolsa Familia Program: Implementing Conditional Cash
Transfers in a Decentralized Context. World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper No.0709
3
Grosh Magret et al. (2008). For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety
Nets. World Bank Report Number 6582.

 The reviewing exercise was very strenuous and usually lasted into the nights.
We convened at least three times weekly for about a period of one month,
under such a rigorous fact finding exercise.
 The result of the pre-evaluation exercise was a concise evaluation workbook, an
evaluation guideline for all the State’s evaluators, and a structured
questionnaire to garner all the necessary information of the CCT program being
implemented in the States.
 We made several attempts in contacting program officials to notify them on the
evaluation exercise listing all the program documents we would need for
perusal.
 We made acquaintances with program officials and confirmed their readiness
for the commencement of the evaluation exercise.
 Finally, we armed ourselves with all the necessary documents (evaluation
workbook, guideline etc.) before setting out for the evaluation in Adamawa
State.
To undertake the evaluation, the study employed three major tools in the data gathering
exercise:
1. Key Informants and conversational interviews with program officials
 Interview with Program Officials involved creating a very friendly atmosphere
through acquaintance with program officials, a request to peruse the necessary
program documents and records.
2. Beneficiary and non-beneficiary household survey including home visits
 20 beneficiary households and 9 non-beneficiary households were surveyed in
each of the five LGAs where the CCT program is being implemented in
Adamawa State. This gives a total of 100 beneficiary and 45 non-beneficiary
households
 14 beneficiary households were surveyed in each of the 5LGAs where the CCT
program is being implemented in Adamawa State. This puts the total homes
visited at 70.
3. Focus group discussions comprising both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries

 A focus group discussion consisting of a beneficiary and non-beneficiary were
selected from each of the five LGAs with a community head form Jada LGA to
form the quorum for this study. Thus, the number of participants at the FGD
was 11.
To garner the information from the households, home visits, and beneficiary experience
surveys, the services of 10 enumerators (2 from each LGA) and 5 agents (1 from each LGA)
were employed.
Post-fieldwork evaluation exercise (Quality Assurance)
 Several lessons learning sessions were organised, where all the evaluators from
the 8 different States presented preliminary reports of their field experiences
and shared their personal (hands-on) experiences and presented peculiarities of
their respective States with a view to having a big picture of the CCT in Nigeria.
 Deliberations on the structure and content of the report took place, and all
hands were on deck to produce the first draft report within a couple of days,
which were characterised by sleepless nights and exhaustion.
 The preliminary Draft reports were presented during very lengthy seminars of
at least 6 hours. The preliminary reports were subjected to very constructive
criticisms on the quality and professionalism displayed by each report writing
styles.
1.5. Organisation of the Study
This report is organised in six sections. Section one highlights the background of the study
area, what CCT and process evaluation means, the methodology employed and the survey
procedure. Section two describes the basic design features of the CGS-CCT in Adamawa State;
such as targeting mechanism, payment, record keeping, coverage etc. Section three, assesses
the effectiveness of the CCT program operations in some critical areas of awareness, targeting,
monitoring co-responsibilities, payment record keeping and case management. Section four
describes the socio-economic characteristics of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries, and
analyses the program effects on beneficiaries, induced behavioural changes and case studies
based on key informant interviews and household survey. Section five presents a program

balance sheet based on the perception of the evaluator. Finally, section six highlights the key
lessons learned and suggested some recommendations.

Section Two
Basic Design Parameters of the CGS-CCT in Adamawa State
Adamawa State CCT is a counter-part funded scheme between the State and the MDG, which
is aimed at improving the status of the core poor and vulnerable in the State. The CCT program
implementation began in May 2013 with a baseline survey of the 21 LGAs of the state, and the
Federal MDG playing the coordinating role. The CCT program in Adamawa State focuses on
both education and health.
The Adamawa State CCT implementation processes are evaluated based on its compliance to
the basic design feature of the PIM.
Table 2: Compliance rating with the PIM
- Scoring high means that the component of the basic design feature being evaluated
conforms to the expected requirement/structure in the PIM for about 80-100%.
- Scoring medium means that the component of the basic design feature being evaluated
conforms to the expected requirement/structure in the PIM for a standard between
50-70%.
- Scoring low means a poor performance in terms of implementation; that implies that
the component of the basic design feature being evaluated does not conform to the
expected requirement/structure in the PIM.
2.1. Objectives:
A. Health CCT (Pregnant Women)
o Encourage regular antenatal examination
o Encourage regular post natal examination
o increase regular health education and nutrition seminars
Children below 6 years
Compliance rating with the PIM Rating Score
High (80-100)%
Medium (50-70)%
Low Below 50%

o Increase vaccinations/ immunizations
o Promote health check-ups and monitoring of child growth
B. Education CCT (School children not in school)
o Increase school registration/enrolment
o Encourage parents to ensure at least 80% school attendance
o Parents must notify teachers of reasons for being absent or any change of
address or eventuality
2.2. Institutional Roles for implementing CCT in Adamawa State
The basic design features are expected to follow a functional sequence in implementing
program guidelines as presented in the PIM. Observation during the evaluation in Adamawa
State showed that the organizational structure follows a chain of command that conforms to
the PIM’s prescription. I.e. from the OSSAP to the state program division, down to the Local
Government desk officer, then to the community committee and terminates with the
beneficiaries. This hierarchy obviously corresponds to the PIM as presented in the figure
below;
Figure 1: Program Implementation Structure (Organogram)
OSSAP-MDG.
Consultant
MoE, MoH, ADSUBEB, NEPAD, CPPLI etc. (development
partners). Project manager/Coordinator
MIS, payment, planning, M&E officials
(state implementation Unit)
LG chairman, health officer, desk officer
community committee (village head/mai-Anguwa, head
teacher, church leader/Liman , Agents.
beneficiaries e.g. poor female-headed household,
physically challenged, vulnerable groups.
policy makers
Program
implementation
process
Target

The MDGs-CGS-CCT office in Adamawa State plays a coordinating role with the help of a
consultant, in ameliorating the adverse living standards of the most vulnerable and poor in the
state, by establishing State-wide goals focused on health and education through collaborating
with MDAs, NGOs and individuals. The CCT coordinator of the state hired the services of a
consultant who oversees the entire implementation process, giving expert advice and allows
the contribution of such institutions, which are related to implementing and further
developing the program in the State. Overleaf is a typical framework of institutional
arrangements and the roles they play or should play as the case may be.
Table 3: MDGs CGS-CCT Institutional Arrangements in Adamawa State
CCTcoordinator
Levels of participation Roles Examples
Required  Managing, developing and monitoring of CCT
implementation in education across the State,
LGAs and communities
 Providing expert educational services geared
towards less privileged children
 MoE
 Providing professional health services such as
diagnosis, treatment and maintaining
especially the health of the vulnerable
pregnant women, to reduce infant mortality
 MoH
 Selection of benefitting communities  LGC
 Awareness/information dissemination,
Selection and validation of beneficiary
 CC

households
 Paying beneficiaries  Banks/Agents
 Providers of e-wallet payment platform for
payments
 GLO
Delegated  Poverty eradication centred around women
empowerment through skills acquisition and
trainings
 NEPAD/APRM
Voluntary  Child protection and Human capital
development through educational skills
acquisition and trainings
 CPPLI
 Agricultural skills acquisitions and trainings  Sebore Ltd,
The institutional involvement in Adamawa State is however, not as strong as expected because
the ministries of education and health are not actively controlling in spite of being the
custodians of the expertise and supply side of the services.
2.3. Targeting:
In an effort to selecting potential beneficiaries for the scheme, targeting mechanisms are
employed to identify and enrol them. The PIM recommends;
o Targeting mechanism prescribed by PIM:
A description of how the selection in Adamawa State was conducted is presented below;
1. Geographic targeting; The CCT Department in Adamawa State carried out a rigorous
evaluation of the poverty status and other human development indicators throughout
the 21 Local Government Areas in the State. After thorough deliberations and
evaluations, the NEPAD Socio-economic Baseline Survey of Adamawa State Conducted
in 2012 was used as a comparative tool to eventually select the underlisted Local
Government Areas of the State. However, additional issues such as the recent flood
disasters in 2012 and the presence of efficient Agriculture Based Training Stations were
Geographic
Targeting (poverty
maps)
Community-Based
Targeting (poverty
index)
Proxy-Means Test
(PMT)
Community
Validation
(community
members)

added to the selection criteria. On this note, the following Local Government Areas
were eventually selected: Demsa, Hong, Mayo-Belwa, Jada and Yola South.
2. Community-based targeting; the following communities Demsa, Garamba, Kpasham,
Mbula and Nasarawo Demsa all in Demsa Local Government were selected mainly due
to the toll the recent flooding disaster had on the people from these areas. The shock
occurrence has rendered thousands of people from this part of the State homeless and
in a state of abject poverty. This has also culminated into poor health outcomes for
mainly women and children as well as causing businesses and agricultural activities to
decline.
Hong Local Government is one of the 21 Local Government Areas that has an efficient
Farming Skills Acquisition Centre that would make the teeming farming populace of the
area self-empowered if given a boost of capital for Agricultural activity. The area is also
reported to have a huge number of underutilised medical centres including those
brought on board by the MDGs.
Jada, Mayo-Belwa, and Yola South Local Government Areas were mainly selected
because of their comparative disadvantage on Health and Education indicators as
presented in the Peer Review of the 21 Local Government Areas of the State by the
NEPAD/APRM Baseline Survey in 2012. Apart from the aforementioned, the three areas
have in their situated localities Farming Skills Acquisition Centres that could be used to
train representatives of beneficiary households (MDGs CCT).
3. Community Validation; a public session was held involving members of the community
in collaboration with the Community Committee to select a preliminary list of
beneficiary households. Community validation was done in the presence of Community
Heads, Limans/Imams, Church elders, and the entire members of the community.
Reason being that the community validation increases transparency, identification of
inclusion and exclusion errors as well as community participation in the entire targeting
process.
The targeting methods utilized during selection of LGAs, Communities and beneficiaries are
75% in consonance with the prescription of the PIM, except for the absence of the prescribed
PMT selection criteria to score households, based on very simple scoring of observable non-

income poverty indicators. Hence, the list of selected potential beneficiaries was generated by
the MIS based on the objectively derived cut-off point (PMT formula) and the generated PMT
list was to be validated by the Community Committee.

o Target Population/Eligibility Criteria:
The intervention is directed at the poorest and most vulnerable households with several
school age children (0-15 years) who do not attend school simply because of very low or no
income; whose household heads have no means of income because they are physically
incapacitated, poor female headed households, poor aged households, child headed
households or other vulnerable groups.
The target populations include:
a. Poor female headed HH
b. Poor aged headed HH
c. Child headed HH
d. HH headed by physically challenged person
e. HH headed by VVF patient and other vulnerable groups who have no means of
any livelihood with children aged 0-15 years and pregnant women.
Table 4: Compliance rating of targeting methods used in Adamawa with prescription of PIM
o Transfer Benefit

A uniform sum of N5,000 which serves as the Basic Income Guarantee (BIG), is transferred
monthly to every beneficiary household, while an exit strategy plan saves N8,333 per month
for each beneficiary over a period of twelve months. The savings is expected to accumulate to
the sum of N100,000 and upon completion of the program, and the accumulated savings are
handed over to the head of the beneficiary household as a means to moving them out of
destitution. The setting of transfer value was not arbitrarily done. The poverty line ($1 per day)
was used as a benchmark to determine the amount of benefits needed to meet their daily
consumption needs and raise the indigent households from poverty. The equivalent of $1 is
approximately N160 and multiplied by 30 days equals N4,800 which is almost N5,000.
Therefore, to move them out of poverty they must live above $1 per day. The exit sum is to
sustain them after completion of the program.
The idea of having an exit strategy plan which enables the beneficiaries to access the sum of
N100,000 upon successful program completion is a laudable objective. Alternatively, the
Adamawa State government has planned an exit strategy through training of current
Method Prescribed
by PIM
Targeting Method Used
or Observed
Rate of Compliance Remark
Targeting LGAs should be selected
through geographic
targeting, using poverty
maps. Poverty index is
used at community level,
and the community with
the worst poverty
indicator is included in
the scheme. HH
identified by the
community as extremely
poor selected based on
the eligibility criteria,
eligible beneficiaries are
selected using proxy
Mean Test.
LGAs with the lowest poverty
status and MDG Human
Development Indices were
targeted; the 2012 flood crisis
was added to the selection
criteria. Household eligibility is
determined by the eligibility
criteria such as poor female
headed household, poor aged
headed household, house
headed by physically
challenged persons.
High Medium Low
 Targeting and selection of
beneficiaries deviated a little
from the dictates of the PIM
due to peculiarities of the
state. For example, MDG HDI
indicators, recent flood
disaster, the presence of
agricultural training stations
within or close-by
communities were added in
the selection criteria of LGAs
rather than only poverty maps.
Immediately after selection,
the community validation
ensued without a list of
eligible or non-eligible being
generated from the MIS;
though data from the baseline
survey is captured in the MIS.

beneficiaries in poultry management. By the end of the program each beneficiary will receive,
20 layer chickens at laying point, valued at N3,500 each; which are expected to generate an
income of N30,000 monthly from the sale of eggs laid. This is a job creation strategy to
strengthen income generation while ensuring adequate coordination with CCT and other
poverty reduction programs.
2.4. Setting the Transfer Value
2.5. Program Conditionalities and Compliance
As a conditional cash transfer program, each beneficiary household is expected to comply with
certain conditions in order to get paid regardless of the type of CCT enrolled for. The co-
responsibilities of beneficiary households in education is that school age children must register
in school and fulfil at least 80% school attendance, while households benefitting from health
must ensure pregnant women and nursing mothers meet up with prescribed periodic
antenatal examinations, clinic sessions, or vaccinations and immunization of infants, to be able
to access the funds for health compliance.
BOX 1. Depicts an example of the CCT target group (a physically challenged individual)
“David Bitrus is a very amiable, popular, and endearing person” Erickson. According to members of his
community, his inclusion into the CCT program was on consensus, owing to the fact that he is a very active
and committed member of the handicapped association in Demsa LGA. His precarious condition of being
unable to cater for his three children who live with him in a small thatched roof hutand have never enrolled
in school, despite all his efforts to make ends meet; was the major reason for his inclusionby the
community committee.

Table 5: Displays the conditionalities of the CCT program in Adamawa State
CCT
Program
Conditionalities Beneficiaries
Health
 Regular antenatal examination
 Regular post natal examination
 Attend regular health education and nutrition seminars
 Pregnant women or
nursing mothers
 Vaccinations/ immunizations
 Health checkups and monitoring of child growth
 Children aged 0-6
years
Education
 School registration/enrolment
 Parents must ensure at least 80% school attendance
 Parents must notify teachers of reasons for being absent or
any change of address
 School age children
not in school (7-15)
years
The M&E officer monitors compliance of beneficiaries registered at various assigned
schools and healthcare centers through head teachers and health officers who periodically
submit compliance registers to the MDGs CGS-CCT desk officer of the same LGA.
BOX 2. This is a picture of one of the health centers beneficiary households visit in Yola
Town.
This is a picture of the health center that beneficiary households registered under the health CCT in Yola South
LGA are expected to visit for checkups, vaccination/immunization of infants, pre/postnatal examination etc.

Table 6: Compliance rating of targeting methods used in Adamawa with PIM Prescription
Conditionality
Method Prescribed
Conditionality
Method Used or
Observed
Rate of Compliance Remark
Conditionality The community In Adamawa State, the High Medium Low

Committees shall deliver
Attendance Forms to head
teachers who shares it out
to class teachers. The class
teachers shall record the
pupil’s non-attendance on
the form and submit it
back to the head teacher.
The CCs shall collect the
forms from the head
teachers and present to
the LGCs. The LGCs shall
forward the forms to the
State PIU for capturing in
the MIS. The MIS generate
a list of student who did
not meet their co-
responsibilities and
appropriate penalties
would be applied.
beneficiaries are
expected to have at least
80% school attendance,
while households
benefitting from health
must ensure pregnant
women and nursing
mothers meet up with
prescribed periodic
antenatal examinations,
clinic sessions, or
vaccinations and
immunization of infants,
before they can receive
their benefits. The M&E
officer monitors
compliance of
beneficiaries registered
at various assigned
schools and healthcare
centers through head
teachers and health
officers who periodically
submit compliance
registers to the MDG
CGS-CCT desk officer of
the same LGA.
 The attendance forms
collected from the
schools and health
centers as prescribed by
the PIM, are captured in
the MIS every two
months but never
stopped any payments
because of any
defaulting in co-
responsibilities.
2.6. Coverage
In Adamawa State, the CCT program covers 2,250 households from 5LGAs. Across these 5LGAs,
450 households are selected from each LGA. However, this represents a very small proportion
of the core poor 13,500 individuals in the entire State, given an average household size of 6.
The LGAs selected with the benefiting communities are displayed in the table below:
Table 7: List of benefiting LGAs and selected communities
S/No LGAs Communities Number of
beneficiaries
1. Demsa  Nasarawo Demsa, Garamba, Kpasham, Mbula, Demsa  450
2. Hong  Uba, Thilbang, Shangui, Kwarhi, Hong  450

3. Jada  Danaba, Wuro-Kalaye, Leko, Koma II, Jada I  450
4. Mayo-Belwa  Tola, Ribadu, Mbila, Mayo Faran, Jereng  450
5. Yola South  Adarawo, Makama B, Makama A, Namtari, Ngurore  450

2.7. The Payment System:
Disbursement of funds to beneficiaries is facilitated through Ecobank international Plc, having
obtained a clearance and list of compliant beneficiaries from the CCT focal person. The mode
of payment is electronic through a mobile money transfer platform known as e-wallet.
Nevertheless, not all LGAs of Adamawa State have branches of Ecobank, so agents are
engaged to ease transaction difficulties. Hence, a payment report is generated by Eco bank
that is forwarded to the State CCT unit for reconciliation and documentation at the MIS
database. According to program officials, Ecobank and the Adamawa CCT desk share the
responsibility of paying the agents a sum of N50 commission per beneficiary paid.
However, one-on-one interface with some beneficiaries and responses from the specialized
households’ survey highlighted the difficulties associated with payments. Varying complaints
with respect to their localities include; transportation expenses to payment points, very long
queues at paying venues, poor network, and absence of GLO network in some areas, delay in
payments among others.
Table 8: Compliance rating of payment method used in Adamawa with PIM Prescription
Payment Method
Prescribed by PIM
Targeting Method
Used or Observed
Rate of
Compliance
Remark
Payment
System
The PIM stipulates that,
the State PIU forward the
list of beneficiaries who
complied with program
conditions to the pay
agency (the bank) on a
monthly basis. Payment
is via e-wallet platform,
which is facilitated by
Ecobank and a network
service provider (GLO).
Ecobank assigns agents to
perform transactions on
their behalf. While payment
reconciliations are made by
bank officials and submitted
to the State PIU
High Medium Low
 Payment of beneficiaries is in line with the
dictate of the PIM; i.e. electronically (e-
wallet) and through the bank. The reason
for engaging agents in the payment
process is due to very difficult terrain in
some remote areas of the selected LGAs
where there is no Ecobank reach. As such,
the bank shoulders the logistics for such
payment exercise and bonus per
beneficiary paid.

Page | 23
This is a sample list of beneficiaries’ status that got the 1st and 2nd disbursement in November and December 2013.
STATUS OF 1ST AND 2ND DISBURSEMENT TO ADAMAWA STATE CCT BENEFICIARIES
Serial Head Code Name Mobile
1st
Disbursement
2nd
Disbursement
Gender
1 AD002/DE001/ADA/00001 ADULRAZAK ABUBAKAR 07059385159 2347059385159 paid paid Male
2 AD002/DE001/ADA/00002 AHMADU ZUBAIRU 07059385160 2347059385160 paid paid Male
3 AD002/DE001/ADA/00003 AISHA SALIHU 07059385161 2347059385161 paid paid Female
4 AD002/DE001/ADA/00004 AISHATU ABUBAKAR 07059385163 2347059385163 paid paid Female
5 AD002/DE001/ADA/00005 AMINA IBRAHIM 07059385165 2347059385165 paid paid Female
6 AD002/DE001/ADA/00006 BABALE DAHIRU 07059385168 2347059385168 paid paid Male
7 AD002/DE001/ADA/00007 BIYAMINU ABUBAKAR 07059385170 2347059385170 paid paid Male
8 AD002/DE001/ADA/00008 FADIMATU UMAR 07059385175 2347059385175 paid paid Female
9 AD002/DE001/ADA/00009 HADIZA USMAN 07059385176 2347059385176 paid paid Female
10 AD002/DE001/ADA/00010 HUSSAINA ABUBAKAR 07059385179 2347059385179 paid paid Female
11 AD002/DE001/ADA/00011 DAHIRU YAHYA 07059385172 2347059385172 paid paid Male
12 AD002/DE001/ADA/00012 AMINA BELLO 07059387762 2347059387762 paid paid Female
13 AD002/DE001/ADA/00013 MOHAMMED ABDULKARIM 07059385183 2347059385183 paid paid Male
14 AD002/DE001/ADA/00014 SALAMATU ABANA 07059385191 2347059385191 paid paid Male
15 AD002/DE001/ADA/00015 YELWA MOHAMMED 07059385190 2347059385190 paid paid Female
16 AD002/DE001/ADA/00016 ZAINAB YAYA 07059385194 2347059385194 paid paid Female
17 AD002/DE001/ADA/00017 HAMID IDRIS 07059385197 2347059385197 paid paid Male
18 AD002/DE001/ADA/00018 AISHATU ABUBAKAR 07059385223 2347059385223 paid paid Female
19 AD002/DE001/ADA/00019 MARYAM SAHABO 07059385225 2347059385225 paid paid Female
20 AD002/DE001/ADA/00020 AISHATU ALIYU 07059385226 2347059385226 paid paid Female
21 AD002/DE001/ADA/00021 SAFIYA UMAR 07059387754 2347059387754 paid paid Female
22 AD002/DE001/ADA/00022 SALIHU YAU 07059387757 2347059387757 paid paid Male
23 AD002/DE001/ADA/00023 BASHIRU YUSUF 07059387752 2347059387752 paid paid Male
24 AD002/DE001/ADA/00026 YUSUF ALI 07059385184 2347059385184 paid paid Male
25 AD002/DE001/ADA/00027 REJOICE MAN 07059385185 2347059385185 paid paid Female
26 AD002/DE001/ADA/00028 IBRAHIM MAHMUDA 07059385189 2347059385189 paid paid Male

2.8. Record keeping
An ICT based management information system exists at the State office that contains all program
information. A list of program records sighted includes; beneficiary register, payment reconciliation
reports, compliance verification forms, enrolment forms, complaint forms etc. The presence of these
documents does not take away the fact that they are not being fully utilized and in some cases, they
are actually empty e.g. (complaint forms). When asked why some of the reports were unaccounted for,
program officials retorted that the State’s CCT Consultant is the custodian of all the reports and was
not in Yola as at the time of this evaluation. However, a telephone interview with the consultant
confirmed the existence of the missing reports though not sighted by the program evaluator.
Table 9: List of program documents prescribed by PIM
Administrative Data Requested Available Sighted
Beneficiary Register Yes Yes
Beneficiary Enrolment forms Yes Yes
Payment Reconciliation Reports Yes No
Compliance Monitoring Reports Yes No
Complaints records yes Yes but empty
documentary evidence
School attendance monitoring forms Yes Yes
Hospital Visit monitoring forms Yes Yes
2.9. Grievance Redressal
Generally, the complaints laid by beneficiaries are verbal and therefore not documented because the
agents and desk officers felt it was not necessary to document every single complaint they could
resolve, except for genuine cases beyond them. Such complaints were immediately forwarded to the
State MDG office at the government house Yola. Grievance forms are available to all the beneficiaries
to channel any complaints by filling them and submit to the head teachers or health officer who in turn
forward to the desk officer at the LGA. Since inception, the grievances recorded were reported to the
OSSAP-MDG as presented in appendix 1 of this report.

ADAMAWA STATE MDG/CCT 2012/2013
BENEFICIARY COMPLAIN FORM
Name of Local Government____________________________________
Name of Ward_______________________________________________
Beneficiary Name:______________________________________
Beneficiary ID No.:_________________
Gender: Male Female
Nature of Complain: Financial Health Educational Infrastructural
__________________________________________________________________
Complain in Detail:
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
For official use only, do not write below this line
Level of Issue: Local Headquarters
Comments/Remarks:
___________________________________________________________________________

2.10. Use of Technology
To effectively manage the beneficiaries, the MIS officer keeps a database of all beneficiaries’
information, appeals, and grievances and updates information changes of any sort pertaining to the
beneficiaries, collected periodically from monitoring exercises.
To have an efficient and effective information system of the CCT in Adamawa State, and to meet
international standards, ICT in monitoring should not be limited to Federal and State MDG offices. It
should be encouraged at local Government levels; by launching ICT compliant tools or softwares to
address data flow constraints from localities to the State’s CCT desk. Perhaps, this can be kept in the
custody of the LGAs’ desk Officers, for proper electronic documentation, monitoring compliance,
grievances, and any other changes in beneficiaries’ status.

Section Three
Operational Effectiveness
Operational effectiveness in CCT refers to any kind of activity, which allows a process to maximize the
use of inputs and reduce errors. The operational effectiveness of the processes, which translate inputs
into outputs in Adamawa State CCT program include:
o Awareness of the program key elements
o Targeting
o Monitoring co-responsibilities
o Payment system
o MIS/Record keeping
o Case management
3.1. Measuring Targeting Effectiveness
The CCT program was primarily designed to target a certain population and they should be subjected
to criteria devoid of favoritism, errors, corruption and fraud. Poor targeting will result in absolute
failure of the program objectives. The PIM’s target is for the poorest and most vulnerable households
to benefit from the scheme. Targeting accuracy and incidence analysis is used to measure the targeting
effectiveness of the program. The poverty scorecard is a practical way to monitor pro-poor programs.
It can be used to evaluate poverty rates, track changes in poverty rates over time, and target services.
The home visits conducted during the household survey, scored beneficiaries households based on a
very simple scoring of observable living standards of households as compared to their total
expenditures, to obtain a cut-off point and disaggregate households who fall above the poverty line of
N160 per day, from households who fall below the poverty line. Households who scored lowest reveal
the worst poverty status. When a program uses poverty scoring for targeting, households with scores
at or below a cut-off are labelled targeted and treated—for program purposes—as if they are below a
given poverty line. Households with scores above a cut-off are labelled non-targeted and treated for
program purposes as if they are above a given poverty line, (Shiyuan Chen et al, 2008)4.
4
Shiyuan Chen, Mark Schreiner, and Gary Woller (2008), A Simple Poverty Scorecard for Nigeria.

3.1.1. Targeting Accuracy
Targeting is successful when households truly below a poverty line are targeted (inclusion) and when
households truly above a poverty line are not targeted (exclusion). The simple poverty scorecard took
into cognizance household size, dependency ratio, household characteristics, etc.
Table 10: Poverty Scorecard for Beneficiary Households in Adamawa State
Score All household
at Score
Households below
poverty line
(N160/Day)
Household above
poverty line
(N160/Day)
Poverty likelihood
0 - 4 0 8 0 100.0
5 -9 2 2 0 100.0
10-14 5 4 1 80.0
15- 19 14 11 3 78.5
20 - 24 17 13 4 76.4
25 - 29 8 4 4 50.0
30- 34 8 3 5 37.5
35- 39 9 3 6 33.3
40- 44 4 2 2 50.0
45- 49 1 0 1 0.0
50- 54 4 3 1 75.0
55- 59 0 0 0 0.0
60- 64 0 0 0 0.0
65- 69 1 0 0 0.0
70 - 74 1 0 0 0.0
75 -79 0 0 0 0.0
80 -84 0 0 0 0.0
85 -89 0 0 0 0.0
90-94 0 0 0 0.0
95-100 0 0 0 0.0
Total 82 55 27
Shows a simple poverty scorecard applied to a sample of 82 beneficiary households in
Adamawa State
 Inclusion = households below poverty line = 55 households
(55÷82) x 100% = 67.1%

 Leakage (inclusion error) = households above poverty line = 27 households
(27÷82) x 100% = 32.9%
Results of targeting accuracy show that 67.1% of beneficiary households fall below the poverty line and
are considered poor. This means that 1,509 beneficiary households are accurately targeted and treated
as poor and vulnerable in Adamawa State. While the remaining 32.9% beneficiary households who fall
above the poverty line, are wrongly targeted and should be considered as leakages by the CCT program
in Adamawa State. Targeting is operationally 67% effective, which means there is a considerable
leakage of about 32%. As a matter of urgency, targeting accuracy should be improved to about 90% for
the CCT program to be more operationally effective in Adamawa State.
3.1.2. Targeting Incidence
The rationale for using the incidence analysis in this study, is to enable us determine whether the
largest share of transfer benefits actually goes to the core poor so as to improve the targeting
mechanism. The concentration curve plots the cumulative percentage of the share of transfer benefits
(y-axis) against the cumulative percentage of the households, ranked by living standards, beginning
with the poorest, and ending with the richest (x-axis). If every household, irrespective of their living
standards, have exactly the same value of transfer benefit, the concentration curve will be a 45˚ line,
running from the bottom left-hand corner to the top right-hand corner. This is known as the line of
equality. If, by contrast, the transfer benefit takes higher values amongst poorer households, the
concentration curve will lie above the line of equality. The further the curve is above the line of
equality, the more concentrated the share of transfer benefit is amongst the poor households. If the
household number takes on smaller values amongst the poor, the concentration curve will lie below
the line of equality, and the further below the line of equality the concentration curve lies, the more
concentrated the benefits amongst the non-poor households in question are.
Table 11: cumulative distribution of the total share of transfer by household wealth (poverty quintiles)
Poverty
group
Poverty
Score
Freq Rel %
freq
Cum % freq Share of
transfer
(N)
Rel %
share of
transfer
Cum %
share of
transfer
Cum Share
of transfer
(N)
1st
quintile
0 – 20 32 39.0 39.0 160000 39.0 39.0 160000
2nd
quintile
21 – 40 40 48.8 87.8 200000 48.8 87.8 360000

3rd
quintile
41 – 60 9 11.0 98.8 45000 11.0 98.8 405000
4th
quintile
61 – 80 1 1.2 100.0 5000 1.2 100.0 410000
5th
quintile
81 – 100 0 0.0 100.0 0 0.0 100.0 410000
The table above displays the cumulative distribution of the total share of transfer by each quintile. This
cumulative distribution table of share of benefits is to help construct a concentration curve for the
total share of transfer benefits going to the core poor in Adamawa State CCT program.
48% of the total share of transfer benefits goes to the 2nd quintile, while 39% of the total share of
transfer benefits actually go to the 1st quintile (poorest). 1.2% of the total share of transfer benefits go
to the 5th quintile (wealthiest). Generally, a larger proportion of the total share of transfer benefits
actually go to the 1st and 2nd quintiles (core poor and transient poor), while just about 20% of the total
share of transfer benefits actually go to the non-poor groups in Adamawa State.
Since the vertical axis measures the cumulative share of the poor number of beneficiaries, the
concentration curve will rise throughout its length from left to right. A steeply rising curve, which
rapidly approaches the top of the vertical axis, indicates highly concentrated program, in which the
poor receive a large proportion of the total benefits.
3.2. Payment System
The payment system is the routine followed to transfer benefits to the beneficiaries, which includes
transfer of funds from the State PIU account to the bank, disbursement of funds by the bank and the
39.0
87.8
98.8 100.0 100.0
39.0
87.8
98.8 100.0 100.0
1ST QUINTILE 20% 2ND QUINTILE 40% 3RD QUINTILE 60% 4TH QUINTILE 80% 5TH QUINTILE
100%
Cum%shareoftransfer
benefits
Cum % of HHs Wealth
Fig. 3; Concentration curve for share of transfer benefits
Cum % of HHs Cum % of share of transfer benefits

reconciliation of payments. Are these activities in harmony? Are they coherent to achieve their
purpose timely and more accurately?
The State PIU on a monthly basis sends a list of beneficiaries to Ecobank with the amount to be
transferred. Payments are effected through mobile money platform known as e-wallet. Ecobank makes
reconciliations on payments and non-payments of beneficiaries. Hence, the State PIU checks for
discrepancies in the reconciliation reports. Any payments not made to eligible beneficiaries will
immediately be reverted to their accounts in subsequent disbursement.
 Do you have difficulty in receiving benefits?
65% of the respondents claimed they had difficulties in accessing their benefits. The major challenges
militating against operational effectiveness are:
 poor network in some remote areas which delays payments
 Inability on the part of beneficiaries to use the mobile money platform
 Absence of Ecobank in some benefiting areas
With the exception of those who reported cases of having empty e-wallets in January, 2014, no
beneficiary has been refused any payment so far.
BOX 3.Payment Challenges due to poor GLO network problems in some parts of Adamawa State
Beneath each handset displayed in the picture above, is a white piece of paper carrying beneficiaries pin codes that cannot use the
e-wallet mobile money platform. To maintain orderliness, the agent asks beneficiaries to queue up their handsets while they stand
aside and wait for him to transfer the funds using the pin codes, into each individual’s account. As revealed by the results of the
household survey, this particular problem highlighted, is encountered during fluctuating network issues. According to interviews
with agents, in an ideal network situation the payment should not last more than two hours. However, most times the payments
delay for up to two days in this dehumanising condition. Delay in payments because of poor or no network service, is the most
frustrating challenge faced by the beneficiaries, which is similar to findings in the householdsurvey and KIIs

3.3. Monitoring co-responsibilities
Monitoring entails a closer watch on beneficiaries to ensure timely compliance in meeting their co-
responsibilities. According to program officials in Adamawa State, monitoring is done on a monthly
basis and copies of monitoring compliance forms were provided to the evaluator for perusal. The MIS
captures compliance every two months instead of the prescribed monthly data capture by the PIM,
thus reducing optimal operational effectiveness. There is a need to improve monitoring and
information capture.
BOX 4. Awareness challenges: most beneficiaries do not know how to use the e-wallet system
Mahmud A. Tukur, the agent representing of Yola South LGA is seen here attending to a beneficiary (Aisha Umar) who had to
travelled all the way from Mayo-Belwa LGA, which is over 100KM to and fro the paying venue in Aliyu Musdafa Secondary
School, Yola Town (Yola South LGA)to be paid despite having the funds in her e-wallet account.
Aisha Umar here has indirectly paid for her ignorance on how to use mobile money transfer as a transfer mechanism
instituted by design. This problem of ignorance on the key program design features greatly undermines the efficiency of the
program in achieving its goals within the envisaged period. There is a very dire need to educate beneficiaries on the use of
mobile money, as majority of the beneficiaries (over 90%) still resort to waiting on agents to transfer funds already in their e-
wallet accounts.

 What responsibilities are you expected to comply with to receive payments?
62% of the respondents said, they must register and enrol school age children into schools (education
compliance), while the remaining 38% said they must fulfil health conditions such as pre/post natal,
health talks, immunization and vaccination.
 What challenges do you experience in performing your co-responsibilities?
From the qualitative data gathered during the survey, majority of the respondents claimed lack of
funds greatly hampers their compliance with co-responsibilities.
 Did you make any payments to be enrolled into the program?
Results show that not a single person paid a dime to either program official or community committee
members to get enrolled on the scheme. There were no instances of bribery and corruption or
indictment of officials of any kind during the enrolment of beneficiaries.
Generally, the CCT program is a competitive program, transparency through making all program
information available to all members of the communities is paramount to target the right people.
3.4. Case Management
Case management seeks to address issues related to appeals for non-selection by the scheme,
grievances and data update of beneficiary information.
 Appeals: After the enrolment and registration exercise, no list of beneficiary households was
published to pave way for households that feel they were unfairly excluded from the scheme to
appeal for inclusion into the scheme.
 Grievances: Grievances of beneficiaries in the CCT Scheme may include the following:
o Complaints related to partial payments or non-payment;
10%
62%
10%
4% 10% 4%
Fig. 4; Awareness of co-responsibilities
pre/postnatal
enrolment/attendance
immunization/vaccination
checkups
health talks
others

o Complaints regarding quality of services provided by state PIU and its stakeholders such as:
delayed payments by Ecobank,
o misbehaviour or mishandling of potential beneficiary, charge of any unauthorized fees etc.;
o Complaints on compliance process, for instance, where a beneficiary HH complied with the
conditionality but was penalized;
o Complaints on any procedural error in data collection or data entry process; Complaints on any
fraud and corruption by State PIU or its partners;
o Complaints on frequent or continued teacher absence or health worker;
Generally, the grievances reported were cases of empty e-wallet of 16 beneficiaries whose names were
on the payment list but mistakenly omitted by Ecobank in January 2014 disbursement. A report was
sent to the OSSAP-MDG for redress immediately before the payment for that month was over.
 Data Update: Data update is meant to be a regular exercise to capture the latest information of
beneficiaries regarding enrolment, compliance, and payments. It also includes changes in HH
status of beneficiaries such as: new births and death, adoption, change of address, change of
school or health facility, change in marital status-divorce, marriage, change of bank branch,
change of HH representative or alternative receiver, correction errors and misspellings. All
these updates will be done at the community and LG levels on the basis of provision of material
evidence and sent to the State PIU for approval and entry into the MIS.
All cases forwarded to the OSSAP-MDG were competently, timely and effectively managed. Some
correspondences between the Adamawa State CCT desk and the Social Safety Net desk MDG in Abuja
is presented in appendix 2 of this report.
3.5. MIS/Record Keeping
The CCT desk in Adamawa State has a functional ICT-based system of record keeping of all program
processes and activities following a Master Calendar. The Master Calendar provides a line of action for
all activities to achieve a deliberate purpose within a stipulated period, e.g. timely and regular payment
of benefits. Transactional information regarding operational processes such as payment lists,
reconciliation of payments, compliance etc. are captured by the MIS. The lists, forms, and receipts
generated by the MIS include; list of beneficiaries, enrolment forms, compliance forms, list of payment,
and summary of payments. Nonetheless, claims forms, update forms, receipt of payment, and list of
preliminary eligible households were available according to program officials but not sighted by the

evaluator. The MIS officer (Engineer Aminu Gidado) is responsible for the safety and security of all
information in the CCT database.
3.6. Beneficiaries’ Perception of the Program
The beneficiaries’ perception of the program is an assessment of beneficiaries understanding and
satisfaction with program and service delivery. Every beneficiary have their views about the CCT
program in Adamawa State based on their personal experiences with program officials or the quality of
services rendered.
3.6.1. Awareness of Program Key Elements
Before the enrolment of the program beneficiaries, several mediums were used to communicate
information to people in communities about the program such as newspaper, television, radio, town
criers, community forums, billboards, door-to-door home visits, and others.
 How did you hear about the program?
71%of respondents heard about the program via the radio while the remaining 29% are a combination
of the other mediums in varying percentages. Due to low literacy level of beneficiaries there is a need
for a door-to-door awareness campaigns.
 Do you think many people in your community know about the program?
48% of the respondents claimed only a few people in their respective communities are aware of the
program while 39% are of the opinion that everybody in their communities are very well aware of the
program. Beneficiaries’ perception reveals that there is inadequate dissemination of program
information.
 Are there households that you think should be part of the program but are excluded?
75% of the respondents strongly feel, that there are people who were either unintentionally included
or excluded from the program while the remaining 25% strongly believe the right people have been
enrolled into the program.
3.6.2. Satisfaction with Program and Service Delivery
Survey requested the beneficiaries to rate the program based on their satisfaction and service delivery.
77.7% rated their satisfaction with the program as very good, while the remaining 22% had mixed
feelings of being just good and averagely good.

Nonetheless, 65.4% expressed their frustration over the mode of payments and the delay associated
with the payment of benefits. All the beneficiaries asserted collecting N5000 monthly and there was
never a time any beneficiary was refused benefits because of non-compliance or administrative errors.
But some beneficiaries had empty e-wallet accounts during the first disbursement which was
immediately reported to the OSSAP-MDG and speedily resolved. A copy of the list is found in Appendix
1 of this report.
3.7. Cost of participation
The program has attracted some indirect costs, which give beneficiaries goose pimples. These costs
include; transportation to health centres or schools, costs of purchasing school materials, and drugs,
costs of accessing payments, or costs of complying with program co-responsibilities etc. Describing the
cost of participation, at least 96% of the respondents claim to incur some considerable amounts to
actively participate in the program as displayed in the figure below.
0
20
40
60
very good good average bad
Fig. 5; levels of beneficiaries' satisfaction
27%
69%
4%
Fig. 6; Costs of program participation
veryhigh
moderate
negligible

3.8. Improving Operational Effectiveness
The CCT program in Adamawa State is designed to encourage poor households to increase investment
in their children’s human capital. There are evidences to show an increase in school enrolment,
income, consumption, health visits etc.. However, to break such cycles of intergenerational poverty for
greater efficiency requires specifying a standard targeting and selection rules devoid of locational
considerations to improve impact of the conditionalities on human capital development. Given the PIM
design, targeting and selection criteria should be made more simple to comprehend and easy to
implement with possible specification of the proportion of target groups.
Interviews with some program officials revealed that there were no clear-cut definitions of each
component of the eligibility criteria and as such, they selected beneficiaries based on consensus of the
community members in the presence of the community committee. Rules of targeting and selection
should be more specific for easy comprehension and implementation to achieve the objectives of the
scheme.
There exist differences within and across households as well as communities in Adamawa State. These
differences lead to unequal socioeconomic status, power, or privilege for some groups over the others.
CCT program targets the poorest of the households. Access to health care and education services is
heavily influenced by socioeconomic status all over the State. The wealthier people have a higher
probability of obtaining healthcare services and education when they need it, since they are not rights
but services purchased based on income power. Therefore, the poor (disabled, female-headed
households, aged, vulnerable etc.) covered under the scheme may likely not have access. Health and
education inequities also occur since the spatial distribution of public health and education services are
unequal.
A study by Makinen et al. (2000)5 found that in the majority of developing countries they looked at,
there was an upward trend by quintile in health care use for those reporting illness. Wealthier groups
are also more likely to be seen by doctors and to receive medicine. There should be horizontal and
vertical equity built into the program’s transfer benefits.
5
Makinen M, Waters H, Rauch M et al. 2000. Inequalities in healthcare use and expenditures: empirical data from eight
developing countries and countries in transition, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78: 55–74.

Generally, coverage is not satisfactory because of inadequate finance to meet up with the demand as
well as the supply side of the program. Out of 21 LGAs of the state, only some communities of the 5
LGAs are covered while the remaining 16 LGAs are side-lined.

Section Four
Program Effects
In this section, we describe the socio-economic characteristics of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries,
the effects of the CCT program on education, health, and consumption. We highlight some induced
behavioural changes, and present some case studies of the Adamawa State CCT program.
Although, it is too early to start measuring program effects because the CCT program in Adamawa
State is barely 4 months old, but be as it may, we highlight some immediate effects of the program,
which have increased beneficiaries’ access to educational and healthcare services and capable of
breaking intergenerational transmission of poverty in the long-run. There are promising evidences of
increased enrolment, improving preventive healthcare, and increased household consumption
amongst beneficiary households. We buttress that these claims are based on qualitative data.
4.1. Socio-economic characteristics of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries
This study presents varying socio-economic characteristics of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of the
CCT program in Adamawa State, which include; their age distribution, employment status, educational
level, family size, and occupation of family heads.
Table 12: Age Distribution of Respondents
Respondents Minimum Age Maximum Age Average Age
Beneficiaries 89 25 79 49
Non-beneficiaries 43 20 73 44
The table above shows the spread of ages of beneficiaries of CCT in Adamawa State.
The average age of the beneficiaries is 49 years, while for non-beneficiaries is 44 years.
The minimum age of beneficiaries is 25 years while for non-beneficiaries is 20 years.
In contrast, the maximum age of beneficiaries is 79 years while for non-beneficiaries is 73 years.
Education Levels of Respondents
Overall, 80% of beneficiaries and 42% of non-beneficiaries had no formal education. While, 58% of
non-beneficiaries and 20% beneficiaries had some form of education.
Household size

Generally, the average size of beneficiary households in Adamawa State is 6 while for non-beneficiary
households is 5.
Occupation of family heads
Farming and trading are the most predominant sources of livelihood of both beneficiaries and non-
beneficiaries. 78% of beneficiary and 56% of non-beneficiary household heads are farmers and traders,
while the remaining household heads engage in other sources of livelihood.
Education
Education effects point to the proportion of school age children of beneficiary households who were
not in school before the CCT program and their reasons for non-enrolment; as compared to the
proportion of those school age children now attending school as a result of the CCT program. How
often they attend school, reasons for being absent etc.
 Enrolment has risen by 45% amongst the 211 children the survey found were not in school
before the CCT program.
 87% of respondents attributed the reason for non-enrolment to inability to pay fees, while the
remaining 13% in varying percentages, gave a combination of child labour to support family
income, illness, lack of interest and could not afford school materials.
 On average, children attend school 80% of the period
 65% of parents/guardians can now afford stationeries,
 Another 20% of parents/guardians can now afford text books,
 About 14% of parents/guardians can currently afford school uniforms,
 Only a 2% group of parents/guardians can presently afford snacks for lunch breaks at schools,
Prior to being a beneficiary of the CCT program, one or more of the above mentioned reasons were a
very big huddle for parents/guardians.
Healthcare Services
The healthcare services include regular visits to healthcare centers for checkups, vaccinations,
immunizations, ante/post natal sessions and other health measures taken during illnesses.
 Before the CCT program 37.7% of the respondents never take their children to the healthcare center
for any treatment while 61% always did whenever their children fall sick.
 Since joining the program about 86% of respondents now visit the healthcare centers more regularly
while only about 9% still don’t.
 The major ill-health complaints are malaria, cholera, cough, and diarrhea.

 Attendance at antenatal sessions has risen from 36% to 57% amongst beneficiary households.
 There has been a decline in the use of local medications i.e. the use of herbs, traditional birth
attendants etc. from 47% to 21% amongst beneficiary households, and a rise from 35% to 44% in visits
to healthcare centers since joining the program even though there are traces of self-medication amidst
local medication and visits to healthcare centers.
 Generally, 79% of respondents do not know about other social protection programs sponsored by
government, NGOs, CSOs, donor agencies etc. in their communities, while only 29% are aware of such
interventions
Consumption
A question was asked in the survey whether or not household food consumption has increased since
enrolled into the program? As expected, 82% of the beneficiaries claimed their households’
consumption have increased since enrolling into the program. At least 85% of beneficiary households
can now afford two meals a day, while 76% of the respondents claimed that food quality has increased
in their households.
4.2. Induced Behavioural Changes
According to the World Bank (2000)6, “poverty is pronounced deprivation in wellbeing”. Poverty is
primarily characterized by lack of basic commodities due to insufficient or no income which includes;
lack of education, good health, proper nutrition, and healthy living environment. A direct cash transfer
such as CCT will induce a change in the expenditure patterns of poor and needy households. The
survey results revealed that 52.6% of the respondents spend their benefits on food, 27.8% spend their
benefits on school related matters, while 19.6% spend their benefits on health issues. On the contrary,
majority of the beneficiaries were severely constrained before enrolling into the program in terms of
purchasing school materials for their children, feeding, providing healthcare and general upkeep of
their households be. On average, beneficiaries’ monthly transfers last for 12 days. Generally, majority
of beneficiaries have confirmed an improvement in personal hygiene, ability to acquire more assets
such as livestock and other income generating ventures to the extent that some beneficiaries can now
afford to save though little.
6
Jonathan Haughton, Shahidur R. Khandker (2000), Handbook on Poverty and Inequality. The World Bank Washington
DCReport Number 48338

4.3. Case Studies of the CCT Program in Adamawa State
The case studies of the CCT program in Adamawa State are derived from in-depth conversational
interviews with program officials, focus group discussion comprising beneficiaries and non-
beneficiaries as well as home visits. The evaluation findings reveal that the impact of the CCT program
is increasingly being felt by the very poor households and is gradually moving them out of destitution
through increased income, consumption, and increased school enrolment/attendance as well as having
increased access to health care.
BOX 6.Question asked on equity of the CCT program during the FGD (A non- beneficiary
Salamatu Abdullahi from Demsa LGA had the following response).
Question: Are there households benefiting in this program who you feel are undeserving in your community?
Response: Sincerely speaking, we are all of the same socio-economic status and they indeed deserve to benefit.
In my community (Anguwan Turmi/Demsa) the selection was very free and fair. In fact, some of the
beneficiaries in my community sometimes share their benefits with me. I only desire that this program be
expanded to cover more people including me.
BOX 5. Response on Consumption and Enrolment by Useini Adamu a beneficiary during FGD
Question: Does this program have a negative or positive impact on you? Please kindly describe such impact.
Response: “This program is a real relief to me. It has impacted positively on me because I can now afford food, and out of
the eleven children I have, five of these children have been in and out of school as a result of lack of money. Nevertheless,
this CCT program has enabled me to enrol three of them and even meet other demands”. Useini Adamu is a retired driver
from Aguwan Sarki in Hong LGA of Adamawa State.

BOX 7.Behavioural Change (Conversational Interview with M&E officer)
Question: How will you describe the effects of the CCT program in Adamawa State in the light of your visits
to the benefiting LGAs during your monitoring exercises?
Response: According to Mr. Chabia George, he knows of a woman aged 85yearsin Hong LGA, who has never
visited the health center prior to the CCT program. All her 4 children were delivered by local (traditional) mid-
wives. However, she now acknowledges the high risks involved in engaging the services of quacks when there
are professionals and more hygienic services now available, because it has resulted to deaths of either
mother or child as the case may be, in her locality. The CCT program has induced a behavioural change in her
since she now goes for check-ups. This is one out of so many other cases of the program effects in Adamawa
State.
BOX 9.Experiences (Conversational interview with paying agent)
Question: Can you share your views on the poverty status of beneficiaries in your LGA?
Response: Abdulhamid Yahya said, in his entire life he has never known desperation and such gravity of poverty
until he became a paying agent. Nigerians are typically known for keeping African time (always not punctual) he
said, but in Jada LGA virtually all beneficiaries are always waiting at his doorstep whenever they anticipate
payments will be made. Some beneficiaries come with empty sacks and immediately head to the market when
their benefits are paid. In fact, some beneficiaries beg for loans from them (agents) ahead of payments and vow to
refund unfailingly.
Box 8:Challenges (Conversational interview with paying agent)
Question: Have you in any way encountered any form of danger while carrying out your assignment?
Response of agent (Saidu Haruna): there was a time a non-beneficiary launched an attack on him during a
payment exercise to be given his own share of the transfer benefit, but beneficiaries present at the scene
rescued the agent. Therefore, since then he has been wary of carrying huge amounts of cash to payment points
and strongly advocates for the use of security personnel during disbursements.

However, other agents equally reported their own fair share of hostilities and myriad assaults launched
on them by non-beneficiaries and on very rare occasions the beneficiaries themselves. The consensus
was that in order to curtail these types of risks and hazards, community committee members should be
given incentives to be present at payment venues.
Box 10.In-Kind Donations
The pictures above display in-kind donations made to complement the CCT program in Adamawa State. The Adamawa State
government has donated hybrid maize that grows in any season of the year, whose yield is four times more than the normal
maize. While the tricycles were donated by a philanthropist for the physically challenged who are to be enrolled into the
scheme to ease mobility. This demonstrates public and private acceptance of the need for a social safety net program as CCT.
Box 11.Income Generation Venture resulting from CCT benefits (Hajiya Aisha Mohammed a
beneficiary and winnower by occupation, during the FGD)
Question: Can you make a living from the benefits received and how sustainable can it be?
Response paraphrased by author: Before becoming a beneficiary of this wonderful program, I usually work for 2 or
3 days in the small market opposite Jezco filling station in Numan town. When I save a little that can last us for 2
days with my children, I take a day off to spend with them. As a result of the CCT benefits I now buy and sell maize
to compliment my income from winnowing at the market whilst providing food and support to my family.

Section Five
Program Balance Sheet
A program balance sheet is a social audit methodology that evaluates a program output and service
deliveries based on core governance principles in the program, these principles are:
 Social Accountability and Clarity of Institutional Responsibilities
 Transparency and Disclosure of Program Information
 Efficiency, Effectiveness and Aligning of Responsibilities
 Control of Corruption
 Voice and Participation
The assessment described here on the Adamawa State MDGs CGS-CCT program is particularly on
personal views of the evaluator and not otherwise.
Note: These scores are perception of the program evaluator of Adamawa State compliance rating to
the aforementioned core governance principles.
Table 13: Compliance rating based on Core Governance Principles
Compliance rating with the CGP Rating Score Remark
High 3
Medium 2
Low 1
- Scoring “High” means that the program implementation process accounts for at least 70%
compliance with the basic core principle of governance.
- Scoring “medium” means that the program implementation process complies with the basic
core principle of governance, which it is been evaluated on; for a standard of between 50% and
69%.
- Scoring “low” means a dismal performance in terms of the program implementation; i.e. below
50%.
5.1. Social Accountability and Clarity of Institutional Responsibilities
Social accountability seeks to know who is answerable to another within and outside the CCT
administration, to who and what for. Clarity of institutional responsibilities is necessary to ensure that
service providers completely understand their levels of participation and specific roles to play in the

implementation of the program. Multiple organizations and processes are involved in the Adamawa
State CCT program implementation. The services of the community members, Community
Committees, Local Government Committees, banks, network service provider, ministries of education
and health are required by design, which means they should be actively involved and understand their
roles as well as their distinct responsibilities. Some other institutions like the agents and
NEPAD/APRM, were delegated to undertake certain responsibilities in the CCT program
implementation in Adamawa State. The CPPLI, Sebore ltd and other philanthropists volunteered to
support the program in their own capacities. Each party should know when, where and how to fit into
the program implementation structure, i.e. know exactly which personnel is in charge of certain
processes given very clear job descriptions to avoid duplication of tasks. Evidence shows that clear job
description, standard operating procedures, and functional separation avoids duplication of tasks,
ensures that tasks are carried-out. Five out the six key officers required by the PIM were found on
their separate desks anchoring different responsibilities.
Generally, the CCT desk has shown accountability to:
I. The OSSAP-MDG from the reports of program implementation forwarded. E.g. the status
report on the MDGs 2012 CCT scheme in Adamawa State as at August 2013, reports on
grievance redressal etc.
II. The Adamawa State government through workshops e.g. the training workshop organised by
the Adamawa State MDGs office on CCT held on the 10th of April, 2013; where the Chairman
Adamawa State Planning Commission delivered a speech at the opening ceremony of the CCT
program at Kinasar suites Yola.
III. Monthly radio announcement for disbursement to beneficiaries etc.
Table 14: Compliance rating of clarity of institutional responsibilities and social accountability
High 3
Medium 2 
Low 1
5.2. Transparency and Program Information Disclosure
Transparency and information disclosure is essentially concerned about the availability of information
and access to information. These are critical aspects of CCT programs that must be enhanced to
ensure accountability of the program, by;

(a) Capturing information on the program, improves continuous monitoring and evaluation helps
provide information for accountability and lessons learned to all stakeholders; and
(b) Transparency among stakeholders leads to better program outcomes and reduces error, fraud, and
corruption. Disclosure and transparency relate to two main aspects:
(i) Program results and;
(ii) Program rules and basic design features, including eligibility criteria, benefits, existing
conditionalities, etc.
Even though there are on-going radio awareness campaigns in Adamawa State, more information
disclosure on the basic design features of the CCT program cannot be over emphasised. The low
literacy level of beneficiaries will require door-to-door awareness campaigns possibly in local dialects
to break the communication barrier and improve program transparency.
Some LGAs were given special treatment because of the 2012 flood crisis etc., which a special CCT
should have been designed to take charge of such risks. Therefore, the selection criteria of LGAs were
not standardized across Adamawa State; hence, not satisfactory.
Table 15: Compliance rating of program transparency and information disclosure
High 3
Medium 2
Low 1 
5.3. Efficiency, Effectiveness and Aligning incentives to Responsibilities
Efficiency measures the capability of the program in achieving the desired result with the minimum
resources available, time allotted, and effort of the program implementers. Do all beneficiaries have
functional phones? Are payments made on schedule? Is program compliance being monitored? How
quickly are complaints or grievances addressed? Is targeting accurate enough? Programme efficiency is
also measured in other ways, such as: ratio of administrative staff to the benchmark, ratio of
administrative expenses to total expense, proportion of the fund/resources that is directed to the
rightful recipients, operational/overhead costs per head (beneficiary), percentage of recipients that are
satisfied with the programme, percentage of the budget spent on: equipment and personnel.
The effectiveness of the program will reflect on the objectives of the scheme, which are; to reduce
poverty, increase consumption, increase school enrolment, and attendance, improve health status of
the household. From survey findings and in-depth conversational interviews with beneficiaries, and

program officials etc., there are potentially clear evidences of effectiveness in achieving program
objectives.
Aligning incentives to responsibilities ensures that program implementers have the right incentive to
administer the program. This incentive can be a performance-based financial incentive or subsidy to
promote good implementation or reward for achievement in specific target areas such as registration
quality, verification of compliance with conditionality, and minimal error in data management.
In Adamawa State, the stipulated benefits are paid monthly though not always timely due to poor
network; no illegal fees are charged beneficiaries in the program. Some beneficiaries claim to incur
extra costs of participation such as transportation, but generally, the costs are moderate based on
survey findings. Notwithstanding, beneficiaries are very satisfied with the program. There are
potential evidences for increased school enrolment, increased attendance in both school and health
centres and human capital development.
Table 16: Compliance of Efficiency, Effectiveness and Aligning Incentives to Responsibilities
High 3
Medium 2 
Low 1
5.4. Control of Corruption
Corruption poses the greatest threat to any social protection program by reducing the impact of the
program and weakens its trustworthiness in the society. These intentional or unintentional violations
occur in all processes of the program implementation. To guard against corruption in the
implementation processes of the CCT in Adamawa
5.4.1. Targeting
Inclusion and exclusion errors; households may provide false information to be eligible for the CCT
benefits (fraud); government officials or politicians may implement CCT in areas they favour even if
they do not satisfy the eligibility criteria to gain political support or financial gain (corruption).
5.4.2. Registration
Politicians may register supporters or exclude opponents; households may not report updated status
to keep eligibility for receiving the CCT benefits.

Evaluating Adamawa's MDGs CCT Program

Evaluating Adamawa's MDGs CCT Program

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