2. ▪ Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
– Multiple trans-specific crossover events over the past 200 years
(recent)
▪ Largely associated with bushmeat practices
▪ Established foothold with increase in population and travel
– Crossover events occurred enough to establish HIV-1 and HIV-2,
and multiple subgroups therein.
▪ Demonstrates occurrence is not rare.
– Partly due to the high mutation rate of HIV/SIV, CRF ability
▪ Imparts ability to develop ART resistance/hybridize ART resistance.

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8. ▪
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– SIV shows in vitro growth within humans
– 31% of simians infected with SIV reacted to HIV antigens
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11. ▪
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15. ▪ Afran, L., Garcia Knight, M., Nduati, E., Urban, B. C., Heyderman, R. S., & Rowland‐Jones, S. L. (2014). HIV‐exposed uninfected children: a growing population with a vulnerable immune
system? Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 176(1), 11-22.
▪ Apetrei, C., Robertson, D. L., & Marx, P. A. (2004). The history of SIVS and AIDS: epidemiology, phylogeny and biology of isolates from naturally SIV infected non-human primates (NHP)
in Africa. Front Biosci, 9, 225-254.
▪ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). HIV Cost-effectiveness. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/ongoing/costeffectiveness.
▪
▪ Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2014). The gap report. Geneva: UNAIDS.
▪ Ma, D., Jasinska, A., Kristoff, J., Grobler, J. P., Turner, T., Jung, Y., ... & Apetrei, C. (2013). SIVagm infection in wild African green monkeys from South Africa: epidemiology, natural
history, and evolutionary considerations. PLoS Pathog, 9(1), e1003011.
▪ Ortblad, K. F., Lozano, R., & Murray, C. J. (2013). The burden of HIV: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. AIDS (London, England),27 (13), 2003.
▪ Peeters, Martine, et al. "Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat." Emerg Infect Dis (2002).
▪ South African National AIDS Council (SANAC) and National Department of Health (DoH) (2012). Global AIDS Response Progress Report: Republic of South Africa (2012).
▪ Simbayi, L. C., Shisana, O., Rehle, T., Onoya, D., Jooste, S., Zungu, N., & Zuma, K. (2014). South African national HIV prevalence, incidence and behaviour survey, 2012. Pretoria: Human
Sciences Research Council.
▪ Shackleton, Charlie M., et al. "The importance of dry woodlands and forests in rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation in South Africa." Forest Policy and Economics 9.5 (2007): 558-577.
▪ Wouters, E., Heunis, C., Ponnet, K., Van Loon, F., Booysen, F. R., van Rensburg, D., & Meulemans, H. (2010). Who is accessing public-sector anti-retroviral treatment in the Free State,
South Africa? An exploratory study of the first three years of programme implementation. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 387.