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٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‬ : ‫ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺯﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺪ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺮ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻈﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻈﺮﻫﻮﺍﻟﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺻﻒ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻈﻮﺭ‬ .1 ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﺃﻭﻧﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻒ‬ 2 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ، ‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺎﺣﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻋﺪﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ . ‫ﺷﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻐﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺠﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺷﻮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻛﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺼﺪﺍﺭﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﺍﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻲ‬ ." ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻛﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻲ‬ . ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺩ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﺰﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺻﻴﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭﻩ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺣﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺀ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒ‬ .‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺇﺻﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ .‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺮﺍﻟﺸﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ .‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ :‫ﻓﺮﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻡ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ . ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮﺍﻟﺤﺘﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺹ‬: 8 - 45 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻭﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻪ‬ .
.3 ‫ﺃﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ 4 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺤﻈﻮﺭ‬ 5 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ .‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍﻟﺤﻈﺮﻫﻮﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ‬  ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮﺍﻟﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﺼ‬ ‫ﺎﺩﺭﺍﻟﺰﺟﺮﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻈﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‬ :‫ﺛﻠﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺮﻩ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ :‫ﺑﺸﻘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺷﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮﻭﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻭﺳﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ .‫ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬  ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ : ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ 1 . ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ .2 ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻔﻔﺔ‬ 3 . ‫ﺃﺣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﺎﺩ‬ " ‫ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ " 4 . ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ .  ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ 1 . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮﻏﻴﺮﻭﺟﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . .2 ‫ﻳﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮ‬ ‫ﻯ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ 10 ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ 3 ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ 八 ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ 3 . ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻜﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ 八 ‫ﻱ‬ 30 ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ 20 ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻜﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ 5 ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ 八 ‫ﻱ‬ .‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻡ‬.‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ .  ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺆﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺆﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺆﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ‬ . ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺘﻴﻦ‬  ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻡ‬.‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬  ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻡ‬.‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺑﺎﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺣﺪﺍﻫ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬  ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺔ‬ .1 ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ . 2 . ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ‬ " ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ 3 . ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ : ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫ﻋﻬ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ :‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺃﻣﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺼﺎﺭ‬  ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ .‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬   ‫ﻭﻭﻗﻘﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺖ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺹ‬: 46 - 60 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ • ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ " ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺮﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻄﺄ‬ • ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺑﻘﺪﺭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ • ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺗﻜﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎﻳﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ‬ .‫ﻭﻣﻠﺒﺴﺎﺕ‬ • ‫ﺗﻜﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺾ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ • ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ • ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺭﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻳﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ‬ :‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ : ‫ﻓﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ .‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﻬﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺇﺧﻞ‬ ً‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ًً ‫ﻣﻘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻒ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﻃﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺄﺩﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ .
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺔ‬ • ‫ﺗﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ 1 . ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺩ‬ " ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﺎﺗﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ . ‫ﻭﺗﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺔ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺵ‬ " ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ 2 . ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﺠﺰﺍﺅﻫﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺭﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺰﻳﺮ‬ 1 . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ .‫ﻛﻔﺎﺭﺓ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺮﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ .1 ‫ﺃﻟﺘﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ 2 . ‫ﺃﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺇ‬. ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ 1 . ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺯﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ * ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺇ‬. ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻤﻴﻦ‬ ، :‫ﺍﻟﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻔﻲ‬ ، :‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ 1 . ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬ 2 . ‫ﻳﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺄﻧﻴﻨﺔ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ 3 . ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺿﻮ‬ ‫ﺣﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ . 4 . ‫ﻳﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻇﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ 5 . ‫ﻳﻀﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎ‬ .‫ﻋﺔ‬ .6 ‫ﻳﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻉ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺒﺪﺃ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ .‫ﺑﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺃﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺑﻴﺮﺍﻟﺤﺘﺮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺆﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ .1 ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﻳﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻠﺢ‬ .2 ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺠ‬ ‫ﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺳﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ .3 ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻨﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺛﺮﺭﺟﻌﻲ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ " ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺛﺮﺭﺟﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻠﺢ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺮﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻳﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺺ‬ .‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬ .4 ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻦ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬ . ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺠﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ . ‫ﻭﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ :‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻧﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺬﻑ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺷﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺮ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﻲ‬ ، .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ‬ ، ‫ﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ . ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎ‬ .‫ﺹ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﺪﻣﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ .‫ﻛﻔﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻈﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﺟ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺹ‬: 61 - 96 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮﺍﻟﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ .‫ﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ،  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻪ‬ . ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺽ‬ 八 ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬  ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬ .‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬  ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬ .  ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺑﻌﻀﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎﺭﺝ‬  ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ .  ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬  ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻊ‬ ً‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻨﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻀﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ . ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺧﻔ‬ ‫ﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ . ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ً ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ " ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻔﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬  ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬  ‫ﻭﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺑﻌﻀﻪ‬  ‫ﻭﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﻫﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻁ‬  ‫ﻓﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ : ‫ﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .  ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﺳﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﻮﺛﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ً‫ﻝ‬‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺔ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‬ " ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ .‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻬ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬ : 1 . ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . 2 . ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . 3 . ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻄﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺩ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻠﻜﺔ‬ 12 ً‫ﻞ‬‫ﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﻭﻳﻠﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺀ‬  ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺹ‬: 135 - 143 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﻬﺮﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬  ‫ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬  ‫ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ - ‫ﺑﻌﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻭ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ - ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . 1 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ . ‫ﻛﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬ .3 ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ . ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ .‫ﺃﻭﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ .4 ‫ﺃﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻔﺬ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ 2 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬ . ‫ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ‬ :‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ 1 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ .2 ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﯫﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ، :‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ .‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ . ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺗﻢ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ . ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﯫﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‬ :‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﯫﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺑﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺹ‬: 143 - 153 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻨﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺗﻜﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻣﺠﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬ . ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺃ‬
.2 ‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺉ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻏ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺯﻻﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻬﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻨﺄ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ .‫ﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ .‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺘﻪ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎ‬ .1 ‫ﺣﺮﺑﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻳﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ . " ‫ﻭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻝ‬ " .2 ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻜﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺮﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻋﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ .‫ﺩﺍﺭﺣﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ :‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ‬ :‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺹ‬ . ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ :‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ‬ :‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ .‫ﻟﻬﻤﺎ‬ 1 . ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴ‬ :‫ﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ 1 . ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﺎﻧﺘﻬﻢ‬ . ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺬ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ .‫ﻓﻘﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺮﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ . ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺤﺎﺭ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬  ‫ﻓﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻕ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬  ‫ﻭﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺒﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺇ‬.‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ : ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺇ‬.‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ : ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ : ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺟﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻲ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ " ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ." ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ .‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ) ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺮﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ). ‫ﻭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮﺍﻟﺘﺎ‬ : 1 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ .‫ﻣﺮﺿﻪ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺟﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻓﻴﻐﺮﻕ‬ 3 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻛﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ .‫ﻋﻠﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺛ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻄﺮﺃ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ( ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ 八 ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻱ‬ ) ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ " ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﯫﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ 1 . ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺳﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ ً ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺙ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ " ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ‬ " ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ .‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ - ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ " ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺂﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‬ " ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻔﻔﻬﺎ‬ " ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻄﻒ‬ ." ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺆﻭﻟ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ :  ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬  ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ " ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺅ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺃ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺉ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺐ‬ " ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺇﻫ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ " ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ : 1 . ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ .2 ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ 3 . ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺧﺎ‬ ‫ﺉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ - ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺺ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ . ‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ً‫ﺾ‬‫ﻣﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﻴﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺹ‬: 154 - 170 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﺇ‬.‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺹ‬: 171 - 182 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﺄ‬ ‫ﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ . ‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ًً ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻃﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬ . ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻨﺒ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ 1 . ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺔ‬ 3 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .4 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎ‬ 5 . ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻄﺮ‬ 6 . ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ 7 . ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ 八 ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ 1 . ‫ﺳﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻘﺖ‬ . 2 . ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬ " ‫ﻣﻨﻒ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ " ‫ﺩﺥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻮﻣﺒﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﻖ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻔﻆ‬ .‫ﺃﻧﻔﺎﺳﻪ‬ 3 . ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺈ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ً‫ﻝ‬‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭ‬ . ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﺄ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺘ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺵ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺔ‬ . ‫ﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻁ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻠﻌ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ . 5 . ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺃﺧ‬ ‫ﻄﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻄﺊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻋﻠﺠﻪ‬ .6 ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ً‫ﺾ‬‫ﻣﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺻ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ً ‫ﺉ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ " ‫ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻟﺮﻳﺾ‬ " .‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺭﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ 7 . ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺒ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﺗﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ . .8 ‫ﺳﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺆ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻞ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ًً .‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ 4 . ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻌﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻮﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺹ‬: 197 - 092 | ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺇﻧ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ : ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ .‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ .‫ﻏﻴﺮﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺽ‬ 八 ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ . ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ :‫ﺻﻮﺭﺗﺎﻥ‬ 1 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ . 2 . ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‬ " ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﺒﺔ‬ ." ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ . ‫ﻭﺇﻧ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﺪﺭﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ :‫ﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻡ‬ . ‫ﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﻖ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺒﺾ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ " ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ " 1 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﻱ‬ : ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﻞ‬ ًً ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ :‫ﺑﻠﺤﻈﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬ : ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺼﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻼ‬ : ‫ﻫﻨﺄ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺓﺑﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﯨﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺓﻟﺤﺮﻻ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬ " ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻝ‬ ً ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﺴ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻓﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬ ، :‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ :‫ﺭﻛﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺆﺍﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ . ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺊ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻞ‬ : ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻣﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﺇﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺸ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻋ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ . ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ . .‫ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻅ‬ ‫ﺭﻑ‬ ًً ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺠﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ًً ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬ : ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ - ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺍﺩﺓ‬ - ‫ﻭﻳﻈﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺰﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ . ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻴﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ .‫ﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﻉ‬
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx
٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx

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٢خرائط ذهنية للنظرية العامة للجريمة (1)(1).docx