UNIT-31.pdf

PREMIUM ENGLISH PROGRAM 5
- Listening
• SPEAK UP
- Discussion
- Debate
• ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Clauses, Independent or
Main Clauses, Clause Connectors.
- Matching Expressions
• READING COMPREHENSION: Sharing Economy
• GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT
ADVANCED
UNIT 31

Unit 31
Unit 31
LISTENING
Discussion:
b. Onlinetransactionsareattheheartof bank´s transactions. _____
c. Process canusuallybefound ondigitalplatformsonly. _____
READING COMPREHENSION:
e. Products andservicesleadtoahard,sustainableandunrealisticlife. _____
3. Listenand completethemissing words.
a. Sharingeconomymostproductsandservicesareexchangeddistinctly. _____
1. Listen to an interview made on a TV program. Mark (T) true or (F) false, if false
explainwhy.
d. Everyparticipantinthiscollaborativeeconomyhasadifferentoutlook. _____
2. Discuss with yourclassmates.When it comes to economy modelsWhat are the pros and
cons oftheGlobalsharing economy?
Sharing Economy
Sharing Economy
Sharing Economy
SPEAK UP
SPEAK UP
SPEAK UP

PREMIUM ENGLISH PROGRAM
UNIT 31
b. Whatmakesitdifferentfromtheregulareconomy?
____________________________________________________________________
c) Thesharingeconomy'spotentialforjobcreation:64%ofthe________ haveatleast10 employees.
According to the report, technological development, the economic crisis, unemployment, and
environmental consumervalues have boosted developmentoftheglobalsharing economy.
Investment linked to the _______ sharing economy has approached 26 billion dollars in just fifteen years.
However, in Latin America this new way of doing business is only beginning to take root, with Brazil,
MexicoandArgentinashowing themostgrowth.
Acollaborative economy, or “sharing” economy, connects people through the Internet or apps to facilitate
the _________ or services, fueling entrepreneurship, innovation, and sustainability. Of all the sharing
economy initiatives across the region, 32 were founded in Brazil, more than double that ofArgentina and
Mexico, who ___________ with 13 percent each. Peru recorded 11 percent of the total sharing economy
startups.
b) The main activities in the sector include: the rental of goods that were previously _______ or
providedby amoretraditionalindustry;ideasmarkets(training,companymarketing);andalternative
ways ofexchangingorsellinggoods.
Someoftheirkeyfindingsareasfollows:
The sharing economy _________ positive social values around exchange and collaboration through
innovation and technology. It also has the potential to reduce the underlying negative __________ that are
inherent to the traditional economy, such as in relation to transportation (environmental pollution), or
underutilizedgoods, whichimplyaninefficientformofconsumption.
A study by the Inter-American Development Bank's Multilateral Investment Fund and the IE Business
School called “The sharing Economy in Latin America”, detected 107 such ___________ in the region.
More than80% havebeeninexistenceforfiveyearsorless, and63% haveonetotenemployees.
a. Whatisthesharingeconomy?
____________________________________________________________________
a) Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Peru are the forefront of these initiatives and have young business
ecosystemsthathaveexistedforan_______of fiveyears.
Six journalists who ________in economics and technology at some of the main media companies in the
regionexaminedthesharingeconomybetweenAugust andNovember2015.
4. Respond tothe questions posed and discuss about youranswers.
____________________________________________________________________
c. Whatarethebenefitsof thesharingeconomy?
d. Are you using your networks for a sharing economy? Or do you think the sharing economy is just
forUber?
____________________________________________________________________
8

UNIT 31
The Sharing economyis creatingawhole new class ofwhat itcalls“microentrepreneurs”.
DEBATE
5. Express youropinions and discuss about them.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
b) Cheapergoods andservices. f) Marketdistortions.
d) No orfewguarantees. h) Strongercommunities
Areyou justmakinga“littlemoneyontheside?”orAreyou doingthistherightway?
a) Privacy/safetyconcerns. e) More flexibilityinWorkandLife.
Sharing is great, and people are making money at it, but making money means starting a business. It
includes having a separate business checking account, complying with regulations, registering your
business, and,yes,payingtaxes.
_______________________________________________________________________
MATCHING EXPRESSIONS
6. In youropinion, which ofthese featuresrepresentimportant benefits ofthesharing economy?
7. Matchthe followingexpressions with the appropriatedefinition.
1. Gigeconomy a. Developing and managing a business venture in order to gain
profit by taking several risks in the corporate world. It´s the
willingnesstostartanewbusiness.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Entrepreneurship b. A new idea, creative thoughts, new imaginations in form of
device or method. It´s also viewed as the application of better
solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs, or
existingmarketneeds.
3. Innovation c. When a process or state can be maintained at a certain level for as
long as is wanted. Creating an economic system that provides for
qualityoflifewhilerenewingtheenvironmentanditsresources.
4. Sustainability d. It´s the network of organizations- including suppliers,
distributors, customers, competitors, government agencies,
involved in the delivery of a specific product or service through
bothcompetitionandcooperation.
5. Business ecosystems e. Free market system where organizations and independent
workers engage in short–term work arrangements. This
expressionreferstothetransientnatureofjobitself.
6. Traditionaleconomy f. It´s an economic system in which traditions, customs, and beliefs
help shape the goods and services the economy produces, as well
as the rules and manner of their distribution. Countries that use
thistypeofeconomicsystemareoftenruralandfarm-based.
c) ExtraIncomeforproviders. g) New andbetteropportunities.

UNIT 31
CLAUSES
FINITE
MAIN
SENTENCES
SUBORDINATORS
THAT - CLAUSES
WH - CLAUSES
ADV. CLAUSES
NOUN CLAUSES
NON-FINITE
SUBORDINATORS
TO - INF. CLAUSES
BARE INF. CLAUSES
ING. - CLAUSES
EN - CLAUSES
10
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
2. THE WORD
• Simple.
1. THE MORPHEME
4. THE CLAUSE
• Open Class: Noun, adjective, adverb,
verb.
• Inflectional
CONSTITUENTS OF THE SENTENCES
• Derivational
• Closed Class : Preposition, pronoun,
determiners, conjunctions, auxiliary
verbs.
• Noun Phrase, adjective phrase, adverb
phrase, verb phrase, prepositional
phrase.
• DEPENDENT OR SUBORDINATED.
• Complex.
• Compound.
3. THE PHRASE
• MAIN OR INDEPENDENT.
5. THE SENTENCE
ADJECTIVE PHRASE
NOUN PHRASE
• The book, the tall boy, the boy
in the corner.
Sequence of words or a group of
words arranged in a grammatical
construction, and functions as a unit in
a sentence.
TYPES OF PHRASES
PHRASES
VERB PHRASE
UNDERSTANDING PHRASES
AND CLAUSES
• Ride, would like, will take, must
have known.
• Very beautiful, rather difficult.
ADVERB PHRASE
• Very slowly, quite clearly.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
• In the morning, at night, on the
floor.
CLAUSES

UNIT 31
The CPS came yesterday.
FINITE NON-FINITE
MAIN SUBORDINATORS SUBORDINATORS
It´s important that you
ask for a gap coverage.
(that clause)
Before paying for my
registration fee, I went
to embassy. (ing. Inf)
• Sheila had tiptoed round the house so as not to wake anyone.
• I GO, KATIA GOES, JOHN WENT, MELISSA HAS GONE.
• You need to paint the whole cupboard, starting from the bottom.
They contain a verb which does not show tense, person, number nor agreement. They are infinitive
forms with or without to.
CLAUSES
Example:
They must contain a verb which shows tense, person, number and agreement. They can be either
MAIN OR INDEPENDENT CLAUSES or SUBORDINATE OR DEPENDENT CLAUSES.
FINITE CLAUSES
• Daniela was waiting in the room before John arrived.
Collection of words that has at least a subject that is actively performing the activity of the verb. A
clause is another name for a sentence (a simple sentence is also called an independent clause)
• Does your sister know my mother?
NON- FINITE CLAUSES
• Non-finite verbs are usually used in subordinate clauses.
Examples
• To (to eat), ing-forms (eating), and ED- forms (eaten)
• Non-finite clauses are often used when the subject is the same as that of the main clause.
Are those verbs that show tense, person, number and agreement.
NON-FINITE VERBS
FINITE VERBS
Example:
• I decide
• The manager decides to double each salesperson monthly quota.
• You could have said something.
Those verbs that do not show tense, person, number or agreement. They are infinite forms with or
without (to eat/eat), forms (eating), and forms (eaten).

UNIT 31
12
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION
(Subordinator)
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION
Are used to join
independent clauses to
form compound
sentences.
To tell the time
After (that)
Before
Next
Since
When
while
Until
Finally
Then
TEMPORAL SIMPLY ADVERBS
A and
F for
O or
S so
Y yet
There are seven:
N nor
B but
An independent clause can form sentences on their own. It expresses a complete thought. So it isn't
dependent on other clauses to express an idea. It´s formed with.
INDEPENDENT OR MAIN CLAUSES
Is a word that we use to join or to connect clauses in order to form sentences. There are three
groups of clause connectors such as subordinating conjunction (subordinator), coordinating
conjunction, conjunctive adverbs (sentence connector).
CLAUSE CONNECTORS
I can’t understand your accent
SUBJECT + VERB (+ COMPLEMENT)
Example:
s v c

UNIT 31
● Use a comma behind conjunctive adverb when they appear at the beginning of a sentence´s
second clause. No comma is necessary if the adverb is a single syllable.
● Use a comma if a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so appears between the conjunctive
adverb and the first clause.
● To use them don´t forget to use a period or a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb when
separating two independent clauses.
Conjunctive Adverbs
(sentence connector)
Is used to introduce dependent
clauses, which are joined with
independent clause to form
complex sentence.
after
although
as long as
as soon as
accordingly
as though
because
furthermore
for example
consequently
besides
before
in case
hence
moreover
meanwhile
in contrast
in addition
if / as if
likewise
nevertheless
however
indeed
instead
where
nonetheless
otherwise
when
thus
unless
on the other hand
since
so that
therefore
while
until
To give a reason / causal
Since consequently it follows from this
Because so for this reason
To make a contrast / adversative
Although but
Though on the other hand
While neverthleess
Even though however
whereas

UNIT 31
1. I will declare my major now, but I may change it later.
4. If I declare my major now.
3. Many international students experience culture shock when they come to Spain.
2. Although students normally spend four years in college.
5. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer´s plans.
Underline the independent clauses with a solid line.
Underline the independent clauses of each sentences with a solid line, and circle the
subordinating clause.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Independent Clauses
Reinforcement 1
Reinforcement 2
1. ImmigrantstudentsintheUS oftensufferfromcultureshock.
4. Engineers, who have an aptitude for drafting and mechanics, must also be artistic and
imaginative.
3. Pleasetellmewherethestudentsunionis.
2. Becausethecostofeducationhasrisen,manystudentsarehavingfinancialproblems.
6. Since the blueprint presents the details of the engineer´s plans, it must be interpreted
accuratelybythecontractor.
5. whilethecontractorfollowstheblueprint,theengineercheckstheconstructioninprogress.
14
GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT
GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT
GRAMMAR DEVELOPMENT

UNIT 31
Reinforcement 4
Complete the following Complex sentences with the appropriate conjunctive adverb.
Conjunctive Adverbs
2. It´sagood idea._______________, Idon´tthinkthecompanyhasthemoneytofund it.
3. The Federal Government has received more tax revenues than it has spent, and
_______________ itcanaffordtobegenerous.
4. Sponsor references _______________ may be shown during the program but are not part of
theplot.
1. Youneedtomakemoreeffortinyour work; _______________ you won´tgetapromotion.
5. Traders and wholesalers, _______________, have other sources of information and claim to
listeninfrequentlytotheradio.
6. _______________ thecountrywas veryconcernedaboutthenegativeimpactof piracy.
15
1. Hehas lunch_____________ hefinisheshis work.
2. It’s important to know what exactly you want to get from your career _____________ you
applytocollegeoruniversity.
5. _____________ thereisno sure waytopreventjetlag.Therearesomeways tominimizeit.
6. Bitcoinwon’twinworldwideadoption_____________ Chinacontrolsit.
3. Hehasn’tbeenseen_____________ hemadeafuss.
4. Wecouldn’tregister_____________ thedeadlinehadalreadypassed.
Reinforcement 3
Complete the sentences with the appropriate subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating Conjunction

UNIT 31
16
Reinforcement 5
Reinforcement 6
• They can be harmful to your health.
1. High level positions are stressful at times, (and / moreover) _____________, can be
harmful to your health. (Addition)
3. High level positions are stressful at times; ________, they can be harmful to your health
. (but / similarly ) (Comparison)
• High level position are stressful.
7. High level positions are at times rather stressful; _____________ (therefore / so),
professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient. (Cause - Effect)
2. High level positions are stressful at times; ____________ ( but, furthermore), they can be
harmful to your health. (Addition)
4. High level positions are stressful at times,_________ (but / however) , professionals can
learn to manage their stress levels. (Opposition)
5. High level positions are stressful at times; __________ ( but / nevertheless),
professionals can learn to manage their stress levels. (Opposition)
Choose the correct type of connector to express the particular relationship between this
two ideas.
6. Professionals can sometimes be extremely impatient, _________ (for / however) their
positions are at times rather stressful (Cause - Effect)
Coordinating Conjunction or Conjunctive Adverb
Subordinating Conjunction
Write sentences using the following subordinating conjunctions.
4. _______________________________________________________________________.
1. _______________________________________________________________________.
2. _______________________________________________________________________.
3. _______________________________________________________________________.
5. _______________________________________________________________________.
Subordinating conjunction: because / In order that / although / when / while

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