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‫المغلقة‬ ‫األماكن‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫حول‬ ‫تدريبي‬ ‫ملحق‬
WORKING SAFELY IN CONFINED SPACES
‫المقدمة‬
◦
‫المحصور‬ ‫المكان‬
(
Confined Space
)
‫وسائل‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫أي‬ ‫هو‬
/
‫و‬ ‫للدخول‬ ‫محدودة‬ ‫سبل‬
/
‫بتراكم‬ ‫يسمح‬ ‫بحيث‬ ‫محاطا‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫وبذلك‬ ‫الخروج‬ ‫أو‬
‫لالحتراق‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السامة‬ ‫المواد‬
/
‫ل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫للعمال‬ ‫مخاطر‬ ‫يسبب‬ ‫قد‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫األكسيجين‬ ‫نقص‬ ‫أو‬ ‫االشتعال‬
‫يزود‬ ‫م‬
‫المناسبة‬ ‫بالتهوية‬
(
‫صناعية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫طبيعية‬
.)
◦
‫وال‬ ‫للصهاريج‬ ‫مشابهة‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫مقسمات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫حجيرات‬ ‫أية‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫المعالجة‬ ‫أوعية‬ ،‫المركبات‬ ‫صهاريج‬ ،‫التخزين‬ ‫صهاريج‬
‫تي‬
‫للدخول‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫على‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫تحتوي‬
.
◦
‫واألوعية‬ ‫السراديب‬ ،‫األحواض‬ ،‫الحفر‬ ،‫الصوامع‬ ،‫الصناديق‬
.
◦
‫التهوية‬ ‫قنوات‬
(
Air Ducts
)
،
‫خطوط‬ ،‫الحرارية‬ ‫المبدالت‬ ،‫المحارق‬ ،‫األفران‬ ،‫الغاليات‬ ،‫المجاري‬ ‫دخول‬ ‫فتحات‬
‫المشابهة‬ ‫والتركيبات‬ ‫األنابيب‬ ‫خطوط‬ ،‫األنفاق‬ ،‫المجاري‬
.
‫عامة‬ ‫متطلبات‬
.1
‫يجب‬
‫على‬
‫صاحب‬
‫العمل‬
‫تحديد‬
‫جميع‬
‫األماكن‬
‫المحصورة‬
‫في‬
‫مواقع‬
‫العمل‬
‫وإعداد‬
‫قائمة‬
‫بهذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫ومواقعها‬
‫المختلفة‬
.
.2
‫يجب‬
‫أن‬
‫يتم‬
‫تحديث‬
‫القائمة‬
‫الخاصة‬
‫باألماكن‬
‫المحصورة‬
‫كلما‬
‫ظهر‬
‫مكان‬
‫محصور‬
‫جديد‬
‫بالموقع‬
.
.3
‫يجب‬
‫تثبيت‬
‫لوحات‬
‫تحذيرية‬
‫مناسبة‬
‫على‬
‫جميع‬
‫األماكن‬
‫المحصورة‬
‫بمواقع‬
‫العمل‬
‫وذلك‬
‫لتنبيه‬
‫ج‬
‫ميع‬
‫العاملين‬
‫بخطورة‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫وبأن‬
‫الدخول‬
‫أو‬
‫العمل‬
‫داخل‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫يحتاج‬
‫إلى‬
‫تصريح‬
‫سالمة‬
‫خاص‬
‫وبأنه‬
‫غير‬
‫المسموح‬
‫ألي‬
‫شخص‬
‫بالدخول‬
‫لهذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫إال‬
‫إذا‬
‫صرح‬
‫له‬
‫بذلك‬
‫من‬
‫قبل‬
‫المسؤولين‬
‫مع‬
‫ض‬
‫رورة‬
‫إغالق‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫لمنع‬
‫أي‬
‫شخص‬
‫غير‬
‫مصرح‬
‫له‬
‫بالدخول‬
‫إليها‬
.4
‫يجب‬
‫إخطار‬
‫كافة‬
‫العاملين‬
‫الذين‬
‫تتطلب‬
‫مهامهم‬
‫الوظيفية‬
‫الدخول‬
‫أو‬
‫العمل‬
‫داخل‬
‫األماكن‬
‫المحصورة‬
‫بالمخاطر‬
‫التي‬
‫يمكن‬
‫التعرض‬
‫لها‬
‫أثناء‬
‫العمل‬
‫داخل‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
،
‫كذلك‬
‫يجب‬
‫توفير‬
‫التدريب‬
‫الالزم‬
‫ل‬
‫هم‬
‫بصفة‬
‫مستمرة‬
‫على‬
‫طرق‬
‫العمل‬
‫اآلمنة‬
‫داخل‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
.
‫عامة‬ ‫متطلبات‬
5
.
‫يجب‬
‫على‬
‫صاحب‬
‫العمل‬
‫إعداد‬
‫خطة‬
‫سالمة‬
‫مكتوبة‬
‫تختص‬
‫باألماكن‬
‫المغلقة‬
(
‫المحصورة‬
)
‫وإجراءات‬
‫السالمة‬
‫المتبعة‬
‫للعمل‬
‫بأمان‬
‫داخل‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫وإعداد‬
‫نموذج‬
‫لتصريح‬
‫سالمة‬
‫مناسب‬
‫بحيث‬
‫ال‬
‫يسمح‬
‫ألي‬
‫شخص‬
‫بال‬
‫عمل‬
‫داخل‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫إال‬
‫بعد‬
‫اتخاذ‬
‫كافة‬
‫االحتياطات‬
‫الالزمة‬
‫وصرف‬
‫تصريح‬
‫السالمة‬
‫الخاص‬
‫بذلك‬
‫من‬
‫قبل‬
‫شخص‬
‫م‬
‫ؤهل‬
‫ومخول‬
‫من‬
‫قبل‬
‫صاحب‬
‫العمل‬
.
6
.
‫ال‬
‫يسمح‬
‫ألي‬
‫شخص‬
‫بالدخول‬
‫ألي‬
‫مكان‬
‫محصور‬
‫في‬
‫أي‬
‫موقع‬
‫بناء‬
‫قد‬
‫يعرضه‬
‫للخطر‬
‫إال‬
‫بعد‬
‫توفر‬
‫الشروط‬
‫ا‬
‫ألتية‬
:
❖
‫صرح‬
‫له‬
‫شخص‬
‫مؤهل‬
‫اعتمادا‬
‫على‬
‫اختبار‬
‫نفذه‬
‫بنفسه‬
‫على‬
‫أن‬
‫المساحة‬
‫خالية‬
‫من‬
‫الغاز‬
‫الخطر‬
‫أو‬
‫البخار‬
‫أو‬
‫الضباب‬
‫الخفيف‬
‫أو‬
‫الغبار‬
‫أو‬
‫الجو‬
‫الدي‬
‫ينقصه‬
‫األكسجين‬
.
❖
‫ارتدى‬
‫الشخص‬
‫الذي‬
‫سوف‬
‫يدخل‬
‫لهذا‬
‫المكان‬
‫جهاز‬
‫تنفس‬
‫مالئم‬
‫وحزام‬
‫مثبت‬
‫جيدا‬
‫بحبل‬
‫يقبض‬
‫على‬
‫نهايته‬
‫الحرة‬
‫شخص‬
‫آخر‬
‫ويث‬
‫بت‬
‫خارج‬
‫المنطقة‬
‫المحصورة‬
.
❖
‫وجود‬
‫نظام‬
‫رقابة‬
‫فعال‬
‫يشمل‬
‫احتياطات‬
‫السالمة‬
‫واختبار‬
‫الجو‬
‫ومعدات‬
‫السالمة‬
‫ومستوى‬
‫االشراف‬
‫المطلوب‬
‫للعمل‬
.
❖
‫تم‬
‫إعداد‬
‫تصريح‬
‫سالمة‬
‫للدخول‬
‫للمكان‬
‫المغلق‬
.
‫المغلقة‬ ‫األماكن‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫المحتملة‬ ‫المخاطر‬
1
.
‫المخاطر‬
‫في‬
‫جو‬
‫العمل‬
Atmospheric Hazards
2
.
‫المخاطر‬
‫الفيزيائية‬
Physical Hazards
‫العمل‬ ‫جو‬ ‫في‬ ‫المخاطر‬
Atmospheric Hazards
‫أ‬
-
‫نقص‬
‫أو‬
‫زيادة‬
‫نسبة‬
‫األوكسيجين‬
Oxygen Deficiency or Oxygen Enriched
‫ب‬
-
‫مخاطر‬
‫االشتعال‬
Flammability and Fire Hazards
‫ج‬
-
‫المواد‬
‫الضارة‬
‫والغازات‬
‫السامة‬
Toxic Hazards
‫األكسيجين‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫نقص‬
1
.
‫في‬
‫حالة‬
‫انخفاض‬
‫نسبة‬
‫األكسيجين‬
‫في‬
‫جو‬
‫العمل‬
‫داخل‬
‫المكان‬
‫المحصور‬
‫عن‬
19.5
%
‫فإن‬
‫ذلك‬
‫يؤثر‬
‫على‬
‫صحة‬
‫العاملين‬
‫داخل‬
‫هذه‬
‫األماكن‬
‫حيث‬
‫تعتبر‬
‫هذه‬
‫النسبة‬
‫الحد‬
‫األدنى‬
‫المقبول‬
‫للسماح‬
‫بالعمل‬
‫داخل‬
‫المكان‬
‫المحصور‬
.
2
.
‫في‬
‫حال‬
‫انخفاض‬
‫نسبة‬
‫األوكسيجين‬
‫إلى‬
16
%
‫تكون‬
‫هناك‬
‫صعوبة‬
‫في‬
‫التنفس‬
‫ويقل‬
‫التركيز‬
‫والحكم‬
‫على‬
،‫األمور‬
‫وعن‬
‫د‬
‫وصول‬
‫هذه‬
‫النسبة‬
‫إلى‬
14
%
‫يشعر‬
‫الشخص‬
‫بالتعب‬
‫ويكون‬
‫حكمه‬
‫على‬
‫األمور‬
‫خاطئا‬
.
3
.
‫في‬
‫حال‬
‫انخفاض‬
‫نسبة‬
‫األكسيجين‬
‫إلى‬
8
–
10
%
‫يمكن‬
‫أن‬
‫يحدث‬
‫فشل‬
‫في‬
‫المخ‬
Mental Failure.
4
.
‫إذا‬
‫وصلت‬
‫نسبة‬
‫األكسيجين‬
‫في‬
‫جو‬
‫المكان‬
‫المحصور‬
‫إلى‬
4
–
6
%
‫فإن‬
‫الوفاة‬
‫تحدث‬
‫خالل‬
‫دقائق‬
.
5
.
‫في‬
‫حال‬
‫زيادة‬
‫نسبة‬
‫األكسيجين‬
‫عن‬
23.5
%
‫فإن‬
‫مخاطر‬
‫حدوث‬
‫الحريق‬
‫تزيد‬
‫بشدة‬
.
‫لذا‬
‫ال‬
‫يسمح‬
‫بالدخول‬
‫للمكان‬
‫المحصور‬
‫إذا‬
‫قلت‬
‫نسبة‬
‫األكسيجين‬
‫عن‬
19.5
%
‫أو‬
‫زادت‬
‫عن‬
23.5
%
.
‫االشتعال‬ ‫مخاطر‬
1
.
‫المواد‬
‫القابلة‬
‫لالشتعال‬
‫المحتمل‬
‫وجودها‬
‫في‬
‫األماكن‬
‫المحصورة‬
‫هي‬
:
‫المواد‬
‫البترولية‬
–
‫الميثان‬
–
‫كبريتيد‬
‫الهي‬
‫دروجين‬
–
‫غاز‬
‫أول‬
‫أوكسيد‬
‫الكربون‬
.......
2
.
‫يجب‬
‫أال‬
‫تزيد‬
‫نسبة‬
‫أدنى‬
‫مدى‬
‫لالشتعال‬
‫ألى‬
‫مادة‬
‫من‬
‫المواد‬
‫القابلة‬
‫لالشتعال‬
‫في‬
‫األماكن‬
‫المحصورة‬
‫عن‬
10
%
‫وفي‬
‫حالة‬
‫ضرورة‬
‫إجراء‬
‫عمليات‬
‫لحام‬
‫أو‬
‫أية‬
‫أعمال‬
‫ساخنة‬
‫أخرى‬
‫داخل‬
‫المكان‬
‫المحصور‬
‫يجب‬
‫أن‬
‫تكون‬
‫هذه‬
‫النسبة‬
0
%
‫مع‬
‫ضرورة‬
‫اتخاذ‬
‫كافة‬
‫االحتياطات‬
‫األخرى‬
‫الخاصة‬
‫بعمليات‬
‫اللحام‬
‫وصرف‬
‫تصريح‬
‫العمل‬
‫الساخن‬
‫المالئم‬
.
3
.
‫أدنى‬
‫مدى‬
‫لالشتعال‬
‫وهو‬
‫أقل‬
‫نسبة‬
‫خلط‬
‫بين‬
‫بخار‬
‫المادة‬
‫المشتعلة‬
‫والهواء‬
،
‫أعلى‬
‫مدى‬
‫لالشتعال‬
‫هو‬
‫اعلى‬
‫نسب‬
‫ة‬
‫خلط‬
‫بين‬
‫بخار‬
‫المادة‬
‫والهواء‬
.
4
.
‫لن‬
‫تشتعل‬
‫أية‬
‫مادة‬
‫ما‬
‫لم‬
‫يكن‬
‫تركيز‬
‫هذه‬
‫المادة‬
‫بين‬
‫أدنى‬
‫مدى‬
‫لالشتعال‬
‫وبين‬
‫أعلى‬
‫مدى‬
،‫لالشتعال‬
‫وعلى‬
‫س‬
‫بيل‬
‫المثال‬
‫فإن‬
‫أدنى‬
‫مدى‬
‫الشتعال‬
‫غاز‬
‫الميثان‬
‫هو‬
5.3
%
‫وأعلى‬
‫مدى‬
‫هو‬
15
%
‫لذا‬
‫لن‬
‫يشتعل‬
‫غاز‬
‫الميثان‬
‫إال‬
‫إذا‬
‫كان‬
‫تركيزه‬
‫بالمكان‬
‫المحصور‬
‫وواقعا‬
‫بين‬
‫هاتين‬
‫النسبتين‬
.
‫تذكر‬
‫دائما‬

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