Its so much impressive

1. ‫سے‬ ‫دنوں‬ ‫کچھ‬ ‫الپرواہی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫آپ‬ ‫شامی‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫رہے‬ ‫کر‬ ‫محسوس‬
‫نہیں‬ ‫بات‬ ‫کی‬ ‫بس‬ ‫کے‬ ‫آپ‬ ‫منانا‬ ‫تو‬ ‫گئے‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫رکھنا‬ ‫یاد‬

2.  Dpt department
 Roll no.8
 Presenter:Awais Rafique
 and Afshan

3. Distribution of cardiac output
1. Blood pump out by right ventricle goes to lungs
2. Blood pump out by left ventricle distrribute to different parts of body
 Distribution of blod pumped out of left ventricle
1. Haart pumps blood to All other organs recives least amount of blood
2. Liver recives maximum amount of blood.
Factors maintaing cardiac output
4 Factors
1. Venous return.

4. 2 Force of contraction
3 Heart rate
4 peripheral Resistance
 Venous return
1. The amount of blood returns to Herat from different parts of body is Venus return
2. When incrases cardic output increases
3. Cardic output directly proportional to Venice return

5. Depend upon 5 factors
1. Respiratory Pump
2. Muscle Pump
3. Gravity
4. Venous pressure
5. Sympathetic tone.
Respiratory pump
 Respiratory activity

6.  Also called abdomeno thoraic pump
 That increase venous return.
Muscle pump
 Muscular activity
 It is directly proportional to venous return.
Gravity
 Gravitational forces reduces venous return
 When we stand for a long time gravity pulled our blood in legs called venous
pulling

7. Venous pressure
 Affects venous return
 The pressure gradient at every part of venous tree helps as driving force for
venous return.
Sympathetic tone
 Causes constrition of venoulse
 Venoconstriction pusses blood todays heart

8. Force of contraction
 Cardiac output is directly proportional to force of contraction
 Depends upon pre load and after load
pre load:
 Stretching of cardiac muscle fibres just before contraction
 Force of contraction is directly proportional to pre load
After load:
 Force against which ventricles must contact and eject blood

9.  Force of contraction is inversely proportional to afterload
Heart rate:
 Cardiac output is directly proportional to heart rate
 If there is decreased in heart rate than cardic rate is also decreased.
peripheral Resistance
 resistance offered to blood flow at peripheral blood vessels
 Cardic output is inversely proportional to peripheral Resistance

10. Measurement of cardiac output
 Cardic output is measured by direct and indirect method
 Direct method is olny use in animals
 Indirect method are used in both human and animals.
Measurement of cardic output by direct method
By using cardiometer
 This is only done in animals
 Caridiometer is a cup shape device with outlet is closed by reber diagram
 It is coonect to recording device like marey tambure

11. By using flowmeter
Mechanic flowmeter
 it is used to measure cardiac output
 It is only use in animals
 When blood pass through flow meter this determine amount of blood flow.
Electromagnetic flow meter
Principle
 flowmeter is to develop an electromagnetic field
 By means of two coils of wires

12.  By these coils , there is alterations in electro magnetic field when blood passes in vessels
 An instrument that is electromagnetic probe is also used in it .
Ultrasonic dopller flowmeter
 Ultrasound is sound with high frequency
 When the ultrasound is transmitted through a blood vessel thes are called transmitted
waves
 Frequency of reflected waves is different from the transmitted waves this is call
droplers effect

13. Instrument
 Ultrasonic device has piezoelectric crystal which produces ultrasonic waves and
act as sener to detect the reflected wave
Disadvantages of direct method
 Only use in animals
 There is risk of life in cutting the blood vessels
 While using in cardiometer size of device must be suitable for size of heart

14. Cardiac catheterization
 Cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure in which catheter is used
Intravascularly into any chamber of heart
 Helpful to study different variables of hemodynamic.
Condition when cardic catheterization is profemed
 When clinical assessment indicate rapide deterioration of patients health and
imagiate tratement
 There is need to determine anotomical and physiological status of heart and
blood vessels

15. Procedure
 Cardiac cathterization is performed by insertion of catheter into peripheral blood
vessels through skin by needle puncture this is called percutaneous insertion of
catheter
left heart catheterization
 It is done by passing catheter through femoral artery
. Right heart catheterization
 It is done by venous puncture via from femoral vein

16. Uses of catheterization
 It us helpful For both Diagnostics and therapeutic preposition.
Diagnostic uses of cardiac catheterization
 Blood sample collected during cardic catheterization to measure oxygen
saturation
 Angiography is done with the help of catheterization
 Venous pressure are determine By attaching a pressure transducer to cardiac
catheter
Therapeutics uses of cardiac catheterization
. Interventional cardiology

17.  Cardiac catheterization is profemed for Various therapeutic purposes
 Inventional cardiology is branch of cardiology that deal’s with performance of
traditional surgical procedures by cardiac catheterization
 It helps in:
Thrombolysis
Precutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Laser coronary angioplasty
Catheter ablation

18. Thrombolysis
 Procedure used to break up and dissolve a thrombus in coronal artery of patients
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
 It is correction of narrowed lumen of blood vessels by mechanical methods
 In PTCA.ballon is attach to tip of catheter passed to blood vessels That dialate the
artery

19. Laser corony angioplasty
 Catheter is also used to emit laser energy
 This energy emitted into occuluded coronary artery vapourizes the arteriosclerotic
plaque in diseased vessel.
catheter ablation
 It is produre to destroy an area of cardiac tissue that blocks electrical pathway
resulting in cardiac arrhythmia such as supraventricular tachycardia etc ..