TDDS are topically administered medicaments in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at predetermined and controlled rate. Transdermal patch is an adhesive patch, that has a coating of medicine (drug), that is placed on the skin to deliver specific dose of the medicine, into the blood over a period of time. ADVANTAGES Avoidance of first-pass effect, Long duration of action, Comparable characteristics with IV infusion, Ease of termination of drug action, if necessary, No interference with gastric and intestinal fluids, Suitable for administered of drug having- Very short half-life, e.g. nitroglycerine. Narrow therapeutic window. DISADVANTAGES Poor diffusion of large molecules, Skin irritation, Requires high drug load, Unsuitable –If drug dose is large, Absorption efficiency is vary with different sites of skin, Skin has mainly 3 layers Epidermis Stratum Cornium Stratum Granulosm Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basal Dermis 3)Subcutaneous layer EPIDERMIS Stratum Cornium- consists of 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. Which makes it water repellent. Stratum Granulosm- consists of 3 to 5 layers and under goes Apoptosis. It contains granules known as Keratohyalin. These granules release Lipid rich secretion, which acts as the water repellent. Stratum Spinosum- contains 8 to 10 layers of cells and it is closely arranged. Stratum Basal- consists of single layer of cubical or columnar keratinocytes. DERMIS Composed of strong connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres, hence it can easily stretch and recoil easily. Blood vessel, nerves gland and hair follicles are embedded in this layer. SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER It is also called as Hypodermis. It is made up of loose connective tissue, including Adipose tissue. This helps to insulate the body by monitoring heat gain and heat loss. The dermis is the layer of tissue that is Deeper and Thicker than epidermis. CLASSIFICATION OF TDDS Rate-Programmed Systems Drug in Reservoir Drug in Matrix Drug in Adhesive Drug in Microreservoir B. Physical Stimuli- Activated Systems Structure-Based Systems Electrically-Based Systems Iontophoresis Electroporation Sonophoresis

1. SEMINAR ON
TRANSDERMAL DRUG
DELIVERY SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY
Ashvini Y. Parbat
M. Pharm.1st sem.
(Sub. Pharmaceutics)
P.Wadhawani College Of Pharmacy, Ytl.
1

2. CONTENTS
2
Introduction
Advantages-Disadvantages
Comparison between IV, Oral and TDDS
Structure of Skin
Permeation of Drug Molecule through Skin
Percutaneous Absorption
Classification of TDDS
Basic components of TDDS
Evaluation of TDDS
Application
Marketed Product
Conclusion
References.

3. INTRODUCTION
TDDS are topically administered medicaments in the
form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects
at predetermined and controlled rate.
Transdermal patch is an adhesive patch, that has a
coating of medicine (drug), that is placed on the skin
to deliver specific dose of the medicine, into the
blood over a period of time.
3

4. ADVANTAGES
Avoidance of first-pass effect,
Long duration ofaction,
Comparable characteristics withIV infusion,
Ease of terminationof drug action, if necessary,
No interference with gastric and intestinal fluids,
Suitable for administered of drug having-
Very short half-life, e.g.nitroglycerine.
Narrow therapeutic window.
Poor oral availability.
4

5. DISADVANTAGES
Poor diffusion of largemolecules,
Skin irritation,
Requires high drug load,
Unsuitable –If drug dose islarge,
Absorption efficiency is vary with different sites of
skin,
5

6. COMPARISON BETWEENIV,ORALANDTDD
ADVANTAGES IV ORAL TDD
Avoid hepatic
first-pass effects
YES NO YES
Constant drug
levels
YES NO YES
Self-
administration
NO YES YES
Termination of
therapy
NO YES YES
6

7. SKIN HAS MAINLY 3
LAYERS…
1)Epidermis
 Stratum Cornium
 Stratum Granulosm
 Stratum Spinosum
 Stratum Basal
2)Dermis
3)Subcutaneous layer
7

8. EPIDERMIS
8
Stratum Cornium- consists of 25 to 30 layers of
flattened dead keratinocytes. Which makes it water
repellent.
Stratum Granulosm- consists of 3 to 5 layers and
under goes Apoptosis. It contains granules known as
Keratohyalin. These granules release Lipid rich
secretion, which acts as the water repellent.
Stratum Spinosum- contains 8 to 10 layers of cells
andit is closely arranged.
Stratum Basal- consists of single layer of cubical or
columnar keratinocytes.

9. DERMIS
Composed of strong connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibres, hence it can easily stretch
and recoil easily.
Blood vessel, nerves gland and hair follicles are
embedded in thislayer.
9

10. SUBCUTANEOUSLAYER
10
It is also called as Hypodermis.
It is made up of loose connective tissue, including
Adipose tissue.
This helps to insulate the body by monitoring heat
gain and heat loss.
The dermis is the layer of tissue that is Deeper and
Thicker than epidermis.

11. PERMEATION OFDRUG MOLECULETHROUGHSKIN
11
It express by Fick’s first law of Diffusion-Drug
molecule diffuse from a region of higher conc. to one
of lower conc. until equilibrium is attained.
The process of Diffusion of molecule is driven by
gradient between high concentration to low
concentration.

12. Fick’s First law of Diffusion-
12
DM/DT = J= D A
K/H
Where,
dm / dt =J= study state flux
D = diffusion coefficient
A= surface area
K = partial coefficient between the Stratum
corneum and the vehicle
h = diffusional path length or membrane
thickness

13. PERCUTANEOUSABSORPTION
13

14. CLASSIFICATIONOFTDDS
14
A. Rate-Programmed
Systems
 Drug in Reservoir
 Drug in Matrix
 Drug in Adhesive
 Drug in
Microreservoir
B. Physical Stimuli-
Activated Systems
 Structure-Based Systems
 Electrically-Based Systems
 Iontophoresis
 Electroporation
 Sonophoresis

15. 1.Drug in Reservoir
2.Drug in Matrix
A.RATE-PROGRAMMED SYSTEMS-
15

16. 3.DRUG IN
ADHESIVE
16
4.Drug in Microreservoir

17. B. Physical Stimuli-Activated Systems-
1. Iontophoresis-
2. Electoporation-
17

18. 3.
SONOPHORE
SIS-
18
4.Microneedles-

19. BASICCOMPONENTS OFTDDS
19
Polymer matrix / Drug reservoir
Drug
Permeation enhancers
Pressure sensitiveadhesive (PSA)
Backing laminate
Liner

20. POLYMER MATRIX / DRUG
RESERVOIR-
20
Penetration Enhancers-
Chemical Enhancers-eg.- Azone, Pyrrolidone, Fatty
acids, Essential oils, terpenes, organicsolvents
Physical Enhancers-eg.- Iontophoresis, electroporation,
Microneedles
Natural Polymer Synthetic Elastomer Synthetic Polymer
Gelatin Neoprene Polyethylene
GumArabic Silicone rubber Polystyrene
Starch Butyl rubber PVC
Shellac Chloroprene PVP
zein Polysiloxane Polyster

21. 21
APSAis a material that helps in maintaining an intimate
contact between transdermal system and the skin surface.
 Some widely used pressure sensitive adhesives are-
 Eg- Polyisobutylenes, Polyacrylates, Silicones.
Backing Laminate:
Hold and protect the drug reservoir from exposure to
atmosphere.
Avoid loss of drug
Accept printing
High flexibility
 Eg- vinyl, polyethylene and polyester films, aluminium foil,
foam pad, metallic plasticlaminate.

22. LINER-
22
Protects the patch during storage. The liner is removed
prior to use. Drug – Drug solution in direct contact
with release liner.

23. EVALUATIONOFTDDS
23
1. Evaluation of Adhesive
a. Peel Adhesion Properties- It is the force required to
remove coating from a test substrate.
b. Tack Properties- It is the ability of polymer to adhere to a
substrate with little contact pressure.
 Thumb tack test
 Rolling ball tack test
 Quick-Stick test
 Probe tack test
c. Shear Strength Properties- It is the measurement of the
cohesive strength of an adhesive polymer.

24. IN VITRO DRUGRELEASEEVALUATION
24
A. Invitro Permeation Studies-
In-Vitro skin Diffusioncells,
Skin-stripping,
Autoradiography.
B. In vitro Release Studies-
Paddle Over Disc Apparatus (USPApparatus 5),
Reciprocating Disc (USP Apparatus 7).

25. IN VIVOEVALUATION
25
Animal models,
Skin-Stripping In vivo,
Microdialysis,

26. APPLICATIONS
26
For treatmentof Angina Pectoris,
Smoking cessation(Nicotine Patch),
Contraceptive,
Antiemetic,
Anti-inflammatory,
Cosmetics.

27. MARKETEDPRODUCT
27
DRUG BRAND NAME MANUFACTURER
Nicotine Nicoderm gsk
Nicotine Habitraol Novartis
Nitroglycerine Transderm nitro Novartis
Insulin SonoDerm Imarx
Testosterone Testoderm Alza Corporation
Diclofenac diethyl amine NuPatch 100 Zudus Cadilla

28. CONCLUSION
28
As we know, the basic functions of the skin is
protection and hence it is difficult to target the skin
for drug delivery. Because skin having numerous
layers. But using novel techniques in TDDS we have
penetrate the drug into systemic
successfully
circulation.

29. REFERENCES
 Treatise, 2nd edition, pp-495-501.
 ChienYie W.(2002), Novel Drug
Marcel Dekkar, Inc Publication,
edition, pp-301.
29
Brahmankar D.
Biopharmaceutics
M., Jaiswal Sunil B.(2009)
and Pharmacotherapeutics-A
v 2nd
Walters Kenneth A.(2002), Dermatological and
Transdermal Formulations, Marcel Dekkar, Inc
Publications, volume-119, pp-1,319.

30. 30
THANK
YOU