In these slide I discuss about the various DNA Technology and their biological importance and modern uses of these technologies. Here I also discussed about the oligonucleotide and new pharmaceutical approaches.

1. ASHOK
MPHARM. 1ST YEAR
210121210013
RECOMBINANT DNA
technology and Drug Discovery
GUIDED BY :- PROP. SANDEEP JAIN
DEPT. OF PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES
GJUS&T. HISSAR

2. CONTENTS…
I. Introduction and tools in
rDNA technology
II. Basic principles in Gene
Cloning
III. Isolation and Insertion of
genes
IV. Applications
5. GENE Therapy
3. New Pharmaceuticles Designed from
Biotechnology
I. Hormons
II. Vaccines
III. Antibiotics and Blood Factors
I. Introduction and Mechanism Of
Action
4. Oligonuleotide Therapy
I. Introduction To Vectors
II. Methods of Gene Delivery
III. Recent Advancements
IV. Application of Gene Therapy
V. Principles of DNA/RNA
Estimation
1. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
2. HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
I. Introduction
II. Application

3. RECOMBINANT
DNA
TECHNOLOGY  INTRODUCTION
 A recombinant DNA molecule is
produced by joining together two or more
DNA
segments usually originating from
different organism.
 Also called as chimeric gene.
 Achieved by cutting DNA(restriction
enzymes)into suitable fragments and
joining together the appropriate
fragments(ligation).
 Proteins expressed by rDNA called as
recombinant proteins.

4. TOOLS
OF
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
1) RESTRICTION
ENDONUCLEASES(RE)
2) DNA LIGASE
• Cutted DNA fragments are
covalently joined by this.
• Join the fragments by forming
phosphodiester bond between
phosphate group of 5’carbon of one
deoxy ribose with hydroxyl group of
3’carbon of another deoxy ribose.
Bacterial enzyme that can cut DNA at
specific sites
Recognition sequences; site in DNA
which is cut by RE.
Cleavage pattern; Form sticky ends
which can easily pair with other
DNA having complementary sticky
ends.
Also called as molecular scissors

5. INTRODUCTION

6. Action
Of
DNA
ligase
in
the
formaation
of
phosphodiester
bonds
—SOMEONE FAMOUS

7. BASIC
PRINCIPLES STEPS IN GENE CLONING
1)Identification and isolation of desired
gene.
2)Insertion of isolated DNA into a suitable
vector
3)Introduction of this vector into suitable
organism
4)Selection of transformed host cells
5)Multiplication/Expression/Integration
followed by expression of the gene in
the host

8. The
Principle
of
Recombinant
DNA
technology

9. ISOLATION
AND
INSERTION
OF
GENES
1)ISOLATON OF
DESIRED GENE
a)Genom libraries
b)Polymerase chain reaction.
c)Chemical synthesis of
gene
2)INSERTION OF THE
GENE INTO
SUITABLE VECTORS
Can carry foreign DNA
fragment to be cloned and are
self replicating in host cells

10. • DNA fragment to be cloned is called as
• DNA insert.
• Desired fragments can be obtained from :-
1) Genomic libraries
• Libraries are collection of DNA clones
in a certain vector.
• Genomic - made from RE DNA
fragments of total genomic DNA
• cDNA (complementary DNA) – made
from DNA synthesized from mRNA
ISOLATON
OF
DESIRED
GENE
b)Polymerase chain reaction
• Allows the isolation of a specific
segment of DNA from a small DNA (or
cell sample) using DNA primers
c)Chemical synthesis of gene
Base sequence of protein is identified,
a polynucleotide of same sequence
can be synthesized chemically or
enzymatically.

11. Can carry foreign DNA fragment to
be cloned and are self replicating
in host
cells
INSERTION
OF
THE
GENE
INTO
SUITABLE
VECTORS
vectors
plasmi
d
Bacteri
ophage
cosmid
Expres
sion
YACS
BACS

12. PLASMID
They are extrachromosomal,circular,self
replicating DNA molecules. Eg.

13. 1. They are viruses that attack bacteria.
2. Can accept short fragments of foreign DNA into
their genome.
BACTERIOPHAGE

14. COSMID
It posses the characteristics of both
plasmid and bacteriophage.

15. ARTICIAL
CHROMOSOME
VECTORS •HUMAN ARTIFIAL CHROMOSOME(HAF)
• Synthetically produced vector DNA
possesing characteristics of human
chromosome

16. Contain several copies of plasmid but one copy of
plasmid is retained in the DNA.
PHAGEMID/PHASMID

17. 1. Bacterial artificial chromosomes ( BACS) are
bacterial plasmids derived from the F plasmid.
They are capable of carrying up to 300 kb of
DNA.
BACTERIAL
ARTIFICIAL
CHROMOSOME

18. 1. Behaves like yeast chromosome and can accept
large pieces of foreign DNA
2. It is capable for carrying a large DNA
fragments (upto 200kb ) but its transformation
efficiency is very low.
YEAST
ARTIFICIAL
CHROMOSOME(YAC

19. • Contain several copies of plasmid but one copy
of plasmid is retained in the DNA.
PHAGEMID/PHASMID

20. 1. rDNA is introduced in to suitable host.
2. Host are the living cells in which carrier of
rDNA/vector can be propagated.
3. TYPES:-
INTRODUCTION
OF
rDNA
INTO
SUITABLE
HOST
Prokaryotic
• E.coli
• Bacillus subtilis
Eukaryotic
• Yeast
• Mammalian cells

21. 1. rDNA containing cells can be identified
from non-transformed cells when a marker
gene is present in it.
Only the cells that posses such gene
will survive.
SELECTION
OF
TRANSFORMED
CELLS

22. MULTIPLICATION/EXPRESSION
OF
GENE
The multiplied copies of gene can be used in number of
ways,
1. Introduced to bacterium for production of protein.
2. Introduced into eukaryotic host.
3. Expression of gene

23. Manufacture of proteins/hormones Interferon, plasminogen activating
factor, blood clotting factors, insulin, growth hormone,several
enzymes etc.
APPLICATIONS
•Diagnosis of molecular diseases: sickle cell
anaemia, thalassaemia, familial
hypercholesterolaemia, cystic fibrosis.
• Prenatal diagnosis: DNA from cells collected
from amniotic fluid, chorionic
villi

24. • This is achieved by cloning a gene into
a vector that will readily be taken up &
incorporated into genome of a host cell.
• ADA deficiency has been successfully
treated
Gene
Therapy
Application in Agriculture:
• Genetically engineered plants are
developed to resist draught &
diseases. Good quality of food &
increased yield of crops is also
Possible.

25. HYBRIDOMA
TECHNOLOGY

26. It is a hybridization technique which is
used to produce antibody producing
hybrid cell.
• Antibodies produced are called as
Monoclonal antibodies
INTRODUCTION

27. HYBRIDOMA
TECHNOLOGY

28. APPLICATIONS •DIAGNOSTIC
A monoclonal antibody can be used
to detect pregnancy in only 14 days
after conception.
Their selective binding property
allow detection of low levels of
human corionic gonadotropin (HCG) in urine
and serum.

29. THERAPEUTIC
• Earlier horses were inoculated with
Coryne bacterium diphtheriae,the
resulting crude horse antiserum was
used To treat diphtheria.
• Organ transplantation
For the treatment of solid organ
transplant rejection, several Mabs
against T cell antigens have been
evaluated.
• Bone marrow transplantation
MAbs are being evaluated for graft
versus host disease in bone marrow
transplantation.
APPLICATIONS

30. • CANCER TREATMENT
mAbs act directly when binding to
cancer specific antigens and induce
immunological response to cancer
cells. Such as inducing cancer cell apoptosis
,inhibiting growth etc.
APPLICATIONS

31. IMMUNOPURIFICATION
• Monoclonal antibodies can also be
used to purify a substance with techniques called
affinity chromatography.
APPLICATIONS

33. 1. Insulin
Used for treatment of diabetes
HORMONES

34. • Hepatitis B vaccine.
• Myobloc vaccine.
• Menveo vaccine.
• Ixiaro vaccine.
• MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Used along with immunosuppressant's.
E.g. Infliximab,Basiliximab,rituximab
VACCINES

35. ENZYMES
• Alteplase-Plasminogen activator.
• Recombinant dornase alpha-Cystic fibrosis
• Idursulphase-Hunter syndrome.
GROWTH FACTORS
• Recombinant erythropoietin-Anemia.
• Palifermin-Oral mucositis in cancer patients.
ENZYMES
&
GROWTH
FACTORS

36. ANTIBIOTICS
• Penicillin,Cephalosporin,Streptomycin
BLOOD FACTORS
• Clotting factors 8,9-Hemophilia.
• Anti-thrombin recombinant-Prevention
of thromboembolic events
ANTIBIOTICS
&
BLOOD
FACTORS

38. • They are short DNA or RNA molecules
that has wide range of applications.
• Antisense oligonuleotides(ASO) are
single strand of DNA or RNA that are
complementary to a chosen sequence.
• They are chemically synthesized from
protected phosphoramides or
chemically modified nucleosides.
INTRODUCTION

39. MECHANISM
OF
ACTION

40. 1. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
• Group of diseases that cause
weakening and breakdown of muscles.
• ASO therapy used to remove mutated
exon.
ASO
AS
THERAPEUTIC
AGENT
2. CANCER
• The high specificity of binding of ASO to
their target mRNA make these compounds
useful as therapeutic agents against human
cancer.
• Suppresses malignant cells

41. THALASSEMIA
• Antisense 2'-Omethylribooligonucleotides
Were targeted against specific sequence
elements in mutated human beta-globin and can
repair thalassemia.
ARTHRITIS
Fibroblast-like cells obtained from RA synovium
were stimulated with interleukin-1beta and
treated with antisense or sense oligonucleotides
targeting proliferating cell.
ASO
AS
THERAPEUTIC
AGENT

42. ASTHMA
• ASOs directed against chemokine
receptor,granulocyte-macrophage colony
stimulating factor are designed to inhibit
allergic inflammation.
AMYLOIDOSIS DIABETES
• LIMITATIONS
1. High doses required.
2. Half life in plasma is short
3. Protected against nucleophilic attack.
ASO
AS
THERAPEUTIC
AGENT

44. Gene therapy is a clinical procedure in which a
gene or other DNA sequence used to treat a
disease.
TYPES
INTRODUCTION

45. VIRAL VECTORS
Viral DNA has been removed and is introduced
into hosts.
E.g. Adenoviruses,Adeno associated virus,retro
virus,Lenti virus.
NON-VIRAL VECTORS
• Pure DNA construct.
• DNA molecular conjugates.
• Lipoplexes.
• Human artificial chromosome.
VECTORS

46. 1. PHYSICAL METHODS
METHODS
OF
GENE
DELIVERY
MICROINJECTION
2. CHEMICAL METHODS
•Using detergent mixtures
• Lipofection

47. 1. BLINDNESS
• Cure blindness of inherited condition.
HOW IT WORKS;
• used harmless viruses
• enable access to the cells beneath the
retina of patients.
CANCER
• Used to treat various types of cancer.
HOW IT WORKS;
• Normal WBC taken from cancer patients
infected with retrovirus that deliver genes to
cells.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY

48. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
• Improved the weakness of the symptoms such
as tremors, motor skill problems,and rigidity.
• HIV
Under clinical trials
• CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• Adenovirus vector was used to deliver a
normal ion channel protein(CFTR) to airway
cells in a patient’s nose or lungs.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY

49. SEVERE COMBINED
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
• Due to defect of gene coding
Adenosine deaminase.Gene of ADA is
introduced for its treatment
ORNITHINE TRANSCARBOXYLASE
(OTC)DEFICIENCY
• Leads to accumulation of ammonia
and can be corrected by gene
therapy.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY

50. THALASSEMIA
• It is an inherited autosomal recessive
blood disease.
• Gene transfer of a regulated β-globin gene in
would reduce the imbalance between a-and β-
globin chains in erythroid cells.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY

51. CLINICAL TRIALS
• Alzheimers disease
• Hepatitis-B
• AIDS
• CANCER Brain, Ovarian,Small cell lung,
Prostrate, Breast cancer.
• Chronic granulomatous disease.
RECENT
ADVANCES
&
APPLICATION
OF
GENE
THERAPY

52. Important applications in PCR.
DIPHENYLAMINE METHOD
• Diphenylamine + deoxy ribose
PRINCIPLES
OF
DNA
&
RNA
ESTIMATION
Blue coloured complex(absorbs at
595nm)
Concentration Vs Absorbance plotted.

53. SPECTROPHPTOMETRIC
METHOD
1. Sample is exposed to wavelength at 260nm and
photo detectors measures the light that passes
through the sample.
2. AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
• Used to separate nucleic acid based on their
size under the influence of electric field.
• Nucleic acids are negatively charged,
on applying electric field they move to
anode based on size and seperated

54. ANALYSIS WITH FLUORESCENT
DYE TAGGING
1. Sample is tagged with fluorescent dye.
2. Intensity of the dye that bind to nucleic acids is
measured.
SPECTROPHPTOMETRIC
METHOD

55. REFERENCES
1. https://www.slideshare.net/DivyaV44/r
ecombinant-dna-technology-and-drug-
discovery
2. B.D.Singn.Text book of biotechnology. Kalyani
Publishers.;2006(1);11-104.