Hanya untuk Perkuliahan

1. HOW TO READ A
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE
Iman Permana
MKep, 6 September 2017

3. LEARNING
OBJECTIVE
S
Understand how to do a structured-
reading
Understand the structure of an article
A structure of a paragraph
Conduct a practice

4. A
STRUCTURE
D-READING
Skimming
Start from the
abstract to conclusion
Get a big picture
 Summarize a paragraph
instead of a sentence
 Take notes on the unfamiliar
terms
 No dictionary!!
Try to summarize

5. ABSTRACT
Four kinds of information:
Purpose or rationale or study (why they did it)
Methodology (how the did it)
Results (what they found)
Conclusion (what it means)

6. A
STRUCTUR
E OF A
PARAGRAP
H - IMRAD
I – introduction
M – methods
R – results
D – discussion and conclusions

7. INTRODUCT
ION AND
CONCLUSIO
N
Crucially
influence
how readers
will
understand
and
remember
the rest of it
3 aims of
introducti
on:
Put your research
in the context of
other research
Make readers
understand why
they should read
Give them a
framework for
understanding it
3 aims of
conclusi
on
Leave readers
with a clear idea
of your claim
Make readers
understand the
importance
Suggest further
research

8. INTRODUCTION
Purposes:
 Creating readers interest
 Providing them with enough information
 Why is it important?
How?
 Leading readers from broad information (what is known about
the topic) to more specific information (what is not known)
 To a focal point (what question the authors asked and
answered)
 Authors described previous work that led to current
understanding (the broad) then situate their work (the
specific)
1
2
3

9. EXAMPLE
Impact of family support improvement behaviors on anti diabetic
medication adherence and cognition in type 2 diabetic patients.docx

10. METHODS OR METHODOLOGY
Who are the sample?
Are they representative of the population?
How they were sampled?
Is this a quantitative, qualitative or mixed?
If mixed, how the findings were used?

11. RESULTS
What are the main findings?

12. CONCLUSIONS
What are the overalls findings?
Why are they important?
What are the limitations of the study?
What are the suggestions for further research?

13. HOW TO DISTINGUISH MAIN POINTS
Document level:
 Title
 Abstract
 Keywords
 Visuals
 First sentence or the last 1-2
sentences of the introduction
Paragraph level
 Surprising
 Unexpected
 In contrast with previous
work
 Has seldom been addressed
 We hypothesize that
 We propose
 We introduce
 We develop
 The data suggest

14. GENERATE QUESTIONS
Reading  active task
Before and during reading:
 Who are the authors?
 What journals is this?
 Am I spending too much time reading the less important?
After reading:
 What specific problem does this research address? Why is it
important?
 Is the method used a good one? The best one?
 What are the specific findings? Am I able to summarize them in one
or two sentences?
 How do these results relate to the work I am interested in?
Take notes

15. STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH
(HTTP://WWW.UMUC.EDU/CURRENT-STUDENTS/LEARNING-RESOURCES/WRITING-
CENTER/WRITING-RESOURCES/PARTS-OF-AN-ESSAY/PARAGRAPH-
STRUCTURE.CFM)
Claim (topic
sentence)
Evidence
(supporting
sentences)
Analysis

16. TIPS

17. STRUCTURE OF A PARAGRAPH
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famfdlasmk mfalmffa. Mflamfakmfa. Mflamfak ks mfalkmfasdkfasl.
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CLAI
M
ANALYS
IS
EVIDEN
CE

18. CLAIM OR TOPIC SENTENCE
To announce your main focus of the paragraph
First sentence, occasionally last sentence
The most general sentence in a paragraph
 There are not many details in the sentence, but
 The sentence introduces an overall idea that you want to
discuss later in the paragraph

19. EXAMPLE:
Claim based on a fact or event (weak): soy milk contains healthy
isoflavones and nutrients
Claim based on an active argument (stronger): the isoflavones and
nutrients in soy milk help to protect the body from disease and
promote good health
Triggered a question to the readers’ mind: how could IF and nutrients
protect the body?
The answers are in the evidence

20. MORE EXAMPLE
My hometown is famous because it is located by Wheaton River,
which is very wide, and because it is built near an unusually
steep hill called Wheaton Hill.
There are two reasons why some people like to by cares with
automatic transmission and two reasons why others like
manuals.
Clouds are white.

21. EVIDENCE OR SUPPORTING
SENTENCES
To support or back up your claim
Help to prove each claim to the reader
May include data from research
Avoid single author, instead shows variety of opinions and views

22. EXAMPLE
(weak evidence): according to Collins, soy milk has more protein than cow’s
milk, and doesn’t contain the saturated fat or cholesterol (1). Collins points
out that “as little as 25 mg of soy protein a day may decrease levels of LDL
cholesterol and Triglycerides" (1) and this may reduce the chance of heart
disease. Since soy is a "low-glycemic index" food, it may help people trying to
lose weight "feel more satisfied and less hungry until your next meal, which is
beneficial for weight management and control" (1).
(stronger evidence): Scientists believe that soy milk has the potential to
balance cholesterol levels in humans: "A diet with significant soy protein
reduces Total Cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol) and
triglycerides" (Tsang 1). Since soy milk is one of the easiest ways to
incorporate soy into the diet, this is a good choice for people seeking to
lower their LDL and triglycerides. Soy milk also may reduce the potential for
heart disease. Asian countries, which traditionally consume more soy protein,
have a much lower incidence of heart disease and many types of cancer
(Berkeley 4). The benefits of soy aren’t just limited to the heart, however. Soy
milk and cheese made from soy milk may help with weight loss since they
contain less saturated fat than regular dairy products, although they contain

23. ANALYSIS
It should explain why the evidence supports your claim and why this
supports the main thesis in your paper.
The reader relies on you to analyze the evidence in the paragraph and
explain why it matters to the claim and to the rest of the paper

24. EXAMPLE
Analysis that is really evidence (weak): Experts at Duke
University’s School of Medicine agree that soy milk is a healthy
choice.
Analysis that doesn’t relate evidence to claim and thesis
statement (weak): Soy milk therefore prevents disease.
Analysis that explains why evidence supports the claim and why
this is important to the paper’s thesis (strong): The disease-
fighting and health-promoting components of soy milk have
the potential to change people’s health and to improve their
lives by affecting both cholesterol and weight. This makes soy
milk an important factor in heart health, so people should
consider switching to soy milk.

25. COMPLETE EXAMPLE
The isoflavones and nutrients in soy milk help to protect the body
from disease and promote good health. Scientists believe that soy
milk has the potential to balance cholesterol levels in humans: "A diet
with significant soy protein reduces Total Cholesterol, LDL cholesterol
(the "bad" cholesterol) and triglycerides" (Tsang 1). Since soy milk is
one of the easiest ways to incorporate soy into the diet, this is a good
choice for people seeking to lower their LDL and triglycerides. Soy
milk also may reduce the potential for heart disease. Asian countries,
which traditionally consume more soy protein, have a much lower
incidence of heart disease and many types of cancer (Berkeley 4). The
benefits of soy aren’t just limited to the heart, however. Soy milk and
cheese made from soy milk may help with weight loss since they
contain less saturated fat than regular dairy products, although they
contain about the same amounts of fat as reduced-fat milk and
cheese (Collins 1). Some researchers even believe that soy may help
to stimulate the metabolism (Duke 4). The disease-fighting and
health-promoting components of soy milk have the potential to
change people’s health and to improve their lives by affecting both
cholesterol and weight. This makes soy milk an important factor in
heart health, so people should consider switching to soy milk.