This document presents a pharmacognostical scheme of the lemon plant (Citrus limon). It describes the biological source, geographical source, cultivation, morphological characteristics, microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents, uses, substituents, adulterants, and chemical tests of lemon. The lemon is native to Asia and cultivated in many countries. It is used pharmaceutically as a flavoring agent and for its vitamin C. Lemon also has various pharmacological activities and industrial uses.

1. SUBMITTED BY: ZAMANN WAHEED
ROLL#: 70125359
SEMESTER: 3RD
A ( PHARM-D )
ASSIGNMENT: PHARMACOGNOSTICAL
SCHEME OF PLANT ( Citrus limon )
SUBMITTED TO: SIR SOHAIB PEERZADA
DATED: 20-10-2022

2. PHARMACOGNOSTICAL SCHEME OF Citrus
limon ( LEMON )
1. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
 Botanical Name: Citrus limon
 Common Name: Lemon
 Genus: Citrus
 Species: C. Limon
 Family: Rutaceae
 Part used: Leaves, Fruit (Pulp (juice), Peel, Pith) (1)
2.GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:
 The lemon (Citrus limon) is a species of
small evergreen trees in the flowering plant family, native
to Asia, primarily Northeast India (Assam), Northern
Myanmar or China. It is cultivated in Turkey, Mexico,
United States, Argentina, Iran, Brazil, Italy, Spain. (1)
3. CULTIVATION, COLLECTION, and
PREPARATION:
 The sub-tropical climate is best suitable for citrus growth.

3.  Lemons can be grown in all types of soils. Light soils having
good drainage, light loam and well-drained soil are most
suitable for lemon cultivation, PH range of soil should be
5.5-7.5. They can also grow in slightly alkaline and acidic
soils.
 Lemons are dispatched mostly through Autumn and Winter.
 Lemon shows citrus tree with dark green ovate leaves, white
and pink flowers and yellow lemon fruit. Vitamin C content
make them useful. (2)
4. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER:
FRUIT
 SHAPE: The whole fruit is ovoid or obovoid in shape.
 LENGTH: 6 to 10 cm long
 BREADTH: 4 to 7 cm wide with a nipple-shaped apex.
 TASTE: The pulp has an strongly acidic taste (Sour).
 ODOUR: It possesses a strong, sharp, clean, citric smell.
 SURFACE: Smooth and spongy surface (3)

4. LEAF
 LENGTH: The fresh leaf of lemon is 5.5 -6.8 cm long.
 BREADTH: 7 to 12 cm wide and petiole 2-4 cm in
length.
 SHAPE: Broadly obvate in shape.
 COLOUR: Dentate margin and green in color. Flower
yellowish white.
 ODOUR: Ill smelling.
 SURFACE: Shiny (3)
5.MICROSCOPIC CHARACTER:
 Powder microscopy of Citrus limon Linn. (Leaves)
The powder microscopy of Citrus Limon leaf shows abundant fragments
of upper and lower epidermis in surface view, upper epidermis devoid of
stomata and lower epidermis containing stomata. Cluster crystals were
scattered throughout and embedded in between the cells, fragments of
medullary rays were present and unicellular trichome was present.

5. a)Sclerenchyma cells, (b) Stomata, (c)Fiber, (d)Fiber, (e)Calcium
crystals (f) Vessels, (g) Scleroses, (h) Epidermal cells, (i) Unicellular
Trichomes are present in leaves.
6. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
 The constituents of the lemon peel include volatile oil, hesperidin and
vitamin B.

6.  The chief constituent of the Juice is 6 to 9 percent citric acid and also
Vitamin C. (3)
 Fruit includes flavonoids and also other compounds, such as phenolic
acids, carboxylic acids, aminoacids and vitamins. (4)
 The lemon leaf mainly contained limonene,pinene,terpinene.

7. 7. USES:
 PHARMACEUTICAL USES:
 Lemon oil, extracted from the fruit-peel, is used as a flavoring agent
in syrups and suspensions.
 The fruit, juice, and peel are used to make medicine.
 The Juice of the fresh fruit is used as a source of citric acid and
Vitamin C concentrates.(3)
 PHARMACOLOGICAL USES:
 Lemon is primarily used for its vitamin C nutritional value and
potassium content. Intake of citrus fruit reduces the risk of various
diseases.
 They have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-
inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoregenerating and cardioprotective
activities.
 Use in aromatherapy, Lemon oil aroma does not influence the
human immune system, but may contribute to relaxation, and
reducing glycemic response.(6)
 Lemon juice is used to treat scurvy, sore throats, fevers,
rheumatism, high blood pressure, and chest pain.
 Lemon is also used for the common cold and flu, swine flu, ringing in
the ears (tinnitus), Meniere's disease, and kidney stones. (5)

8.  INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Preparation of the oil, used in perfumes, soap, and flavouring
extract.
 Citric acid is used in beverage manufacturing.
 They find application in food industry and food processing.
 Lemons were the primary commercial source of citric
acid before the development of fermentation-based processes.
(6)
8.SUBSTITUENTS:
 Lime juice is the best substitute for lemon juice.
 Orange juice.
 Apple cider Vinegar.
 Grapefruit.
 Celery.
9. ADULTERANTS:
 Common adulterations in lemon juice include undeclared
addition of sugar and water, peel and/ or pulpwash.
 Organic acid such as citric acid, ascorbic acid and malic acid,
and juices from other botanically related citrus species.(7)
10. CHEMICAL TEST:

9. PHYTOCHEMICAL TEST:
PEEL TEST:
JUICE TEST:
Phytochemical Test Presence in juice

10. REFERENCES:
1. https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/jamts
2.https://www.apnikheti.com/en/pn/agriculture/horticulture/citrus/l
emon
3. https://thepharmacognosy.com/lemon/
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7020168/.
5. https://www.drugs.com/npp/lemon.html
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon
7. https://www.jfda-
online.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3356&context=journal#:~:
text=Common%20adulterations%20in%20lemon%20juice,related
%20citrus%20species%20%5B5%5D.