6. NEGATION IN LITERATURE
• IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, NEGATION IS A GRAMMATICAL
CONSTRUCTION THAT CONTRADICTS (OR NEGATES) ALL OR
PART OF THE MEANING OF A SENTENCE. ALSO KNOWN AS A
NEGATIVE CONSTRUCTION OR STANDARD NEGATION. IN
STANDARD ENGLISH, NEGATIVE CLAUSES AND SENTENCES
COMMONLY INCLUDE THE NEGATIVE PARTICLE NOT OR THE
CONTRACTED NEGATIVE NOT.
9. PASSAGE TO INDIA
PASSAGE TO INDIA NOVEL IS RACIAL , POLITICAL, AND CULTURAL ISSUES ARE IN INDIA
AFTER ITS OCCUPATION BY THE BRITISH COLONIZERS.
FORSTER HAS ATTEMPTED HIS BEST TO PORTRAY THIS STRIKINGLY IN HIS FICTION.
HE TRIES TO EXPEL THE CONTENTION BETWEEN THE COUNTRIES AND MAKE A DECENT
CONNECTION BETWEEN THEM.
BRITISH COLONIZATION OF THE INDIA WAS THE EXEMPLIFICATION OF THREE UNIQUE
CULTURES; ENGLISH, HINDUISM AND ISLAM.
FORSTER DELINEATES THESE DISTINCTIONS IN A FITTING PATH IN HIS NOVEL.
10. BRITISH COLONIALISM
THE BRITISH COLONIZED INDIA HAD LEFT AN EFFECT ON A WIDE RANGE OF LEVELS OF
LIFE.
PASSAGE TO INDIA IS ESSENTIALLY A POLITICAL NOVEL WITH INDIO- ENGLISH RACIAL
ISSUES.
THE BRITISH COLONIZERS ACTED LIKE AN ACE.
E. M. FORSTER PRESENTS THE CONTENTION BETWEEN THE INDIANS AND THE ENGLISH
AND AMONG THE INDIANS THEMSELVES. A PASSAGE TO INDIA STARTS AND CLOSURES
BY ASK WHETHER IT IS FEASIBLE FOR AN ENGLISHMAN AND AN INDIAN TO EVER BE
COMPANIONS. “IS IT POSSIBLE FOR THE INDIANS AND THE ENGLISHMAN TO BE
FRIENDS?”
11. • “BUT THE FORCE THAT LIES BEHIND COLOR AND MOVEMENT WOULD ESCAPE ADELA
EVEN MORE EFFECTUALLY THAN IT DID NOW. SHE WOULD SEE INDIA ALWAYS AS A
FRIEZE, NEVER AS A SPIRIT, AND SHE ASSUMED THAT IT WAS A SPIRIT OF WHICH MRS.
MOORE HAD HAD A GLIMPSE.”
• IN THIS LINE, THE CHARACTER OF ADELA IS SHOWING HER VIEW ABOUT INDIA, SHE
RELATES IT WITH A FABRIC TYPE WHICH SHOWS THAT INDIA HAS NO IMPORTANCE
AND IT NOTHING. ADELA IS CONVINCED THAT THE "REAL" INDIA WILL ALWAYS ELUDE
HER BECAUSE SHE WILL ALWAYS SEE INDIA THROUGH THE SCREEN OF OFFICIAL
ENGLISH CULTURE. SHE'S NOT FAR WRONG AS SHE CONSTANTLY BUTTS HEADS WITH
RONNY ABOUT GETTING TO SEE MORE OF INDIA. HERE IS A CLEAR EVIDENCE OF
NEGATION OF INDIA AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN VIEW OF ADELA.
13. • THE VISITOR FINDS IT DIFFICULT TO DISCUSS THE CAVES, OR TO KEEP THEM APART IN HIS
MIND, FOR THE PATTERN NEVER VARIES, AND NO CARVING, NOT EVEN A BEES'-NEST OR A BAT
DISTINGUISHES ONE FROM ANOTHER. NOTHING, NOTHING ATTACHES TO THEM, AND THEIR
REPUTATION – FOR THEY HAVE ONE – DOES NOT DEPEND UPON HUMAN SPEECH. IT IS AS IF THE
SURROUNDING PLAIN OR THE PASSING BIRDS HAVE TAKEN UPON THEMSELVES TO EXCLAIM
"EXTRAORDINARY," AND THE WORLD HAS TAKEN ROOT IN THE AIR, AND BEEN INHALED BY
MANKIND.
• "NOTHING IS INSIDE THEM …NOTHING, NOTHING WOULD BE ADDED TO THE SUM OF GOOD
AND EVIL.
• THE MARABAR CAVES HAVE OFTEN BEEN TAKEN TO BE A METAPHOR FOR INDIA IN GENERAL.
THIS IS A FIGURE OF SPEECH WE CALL A "SYNECDOCHE," WHEN A PART OF SOMETHING (THE
CAVES) STAND FOR A WHOLE (INDIA). THE CAVES ARE INDESCRIBABLE, AND THERE'S THAT
WORD "NOTHING" AGAIN. BUT JUST BECAUSE THEY'RE NOTHING DOESN'T MEAN THAT THEY
AREN'T ANYTHING. THAT IS, IT'S BECAUSE WE DON'T HAVE A CONCEPTUAL HANDLE ON THE
CAVES THAT THEY HAPPEN TO BE “EXTRAORDINARY."
