rs_crapaud_fowlers_toad_prpsd_0113_e

Species at Risk Act
Recovery Strategy Series
Adopted under Section 44 of SARA
Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad
(Anaxyrus fowleri) in Canada
Fowler’s Toad
2013
PROPOSED

Recommended citation:
Environment Canada. 2013. Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in
Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa.
19 pp. + Appendices.
For copies of the recovery strategy, or for additional information on species at risk, including
COSEWIC Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery
documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca).
Cover illustration: © David Green
Également disponible en français sous le titre
« Programme de rétablissement du crapaud de Fowler (Anaxyrus fowleri) au Canada
[Proposition] »
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment,
2013. All rights reserved.
ISBN
Catalogue no.
Content (excluding the illustrations) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to
the source.

RECOVERY STRATEGY FOR THE FOWLER’S TOAD
(Anaxyrus fowleri) IN CANADA
2013
Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and
territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect
wildlife species at risk throughout Canada.
In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of Ontario has given permission to the
Government of Canada to adopt the Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri)
in Ontario (Part 2) under Section 44 of the Species at Risk Act. Environment Canada has included
an addition which completes the SARA requirements for this recovery strategy.
The Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response Statement (Part 3) has also been included
as part of the adoption to clarify the priorities for implementation. A Government Response
Statement is the Ontario Government’s policy response to the recovery strategy that summarizes
the prioritized actions that the government intends to take.
The federal recovery strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada consists of three parts:
Part 1 – Federal Addition to the "Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus
fowleri) in Ontario", prepared by Environment Canada.
Part 2 - Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario, prepared by
David M. Green, Anne R. Yagi and Stewart E. Hamill for the Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources.
Part 3 – Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response Statement, prepared by the Ontario
Ministry of Natural Resources.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART 1– Federal Addition to the “Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus
fowleri) in Ontario”, prepared by Environment Canada......................................................1
PREFACE..........................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................3
ADDITIONS AND MODIFICATIONS TO THE ADOPTED DOCUMENT ...........................4
1. Species Status Information.........................................................................................4
2. Recovery Feasibility....................................................................................................4
3. Population and Distribution Objectives .......................................................................6
4. Broad Strategies and General Approaches to Meet Objectives..................................6
5. Critical Habitat ............................................................................................................6
5.1 Identification of the Species’ Critical Habitat.............................................................6
5.1.1. Suitable Habitat ................................................................................................7
5.1.2. Site Definition and Occupancy Criterion ...........................................................8
5.1.3. Dispersal Corridors ...........................................................................................9
5.1.4 Application of the Fowler’s Toad Critical Habitat Criteria .................................11
5.2 Schedule of Studies to Identify Critical Habitat.......................................................13
5.3 Examples of Activities Likely to Result in the Destruction of Critical Habitat ..........14
6. Statement on Action Plans .......................................................................................14
7. Effects on the Environment and Other Species ........................................................15
References ......................................................................................................................16
APPENDIX 1....................................................................................................................18
PART 2 – Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario ..........19
PART 3 – Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response Statement, prepared by the
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada 2013
Part 1 – Federal Addition
1
PART 1 – Federal Addition to the “Recovery Strategy for the
Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario”, prepared by
Environment Canada

2
PREFACE
The federal, provincial, and territorial government signatories under the Accord for the
Protection of Species at Risk (1996) agreed to establish complementary legislation and programs
that provide for effective protection of species at risk throughout Canada. Under the Species at
Risk Act (S.C. 2002, c.29) (SARA), the federal competent ministers are responsible for the
preparation of recovery strategies for listed Extirpated, Endangered, and Threatened species and
are required to report on progress within five years.
The Minister of the Environment is the competent minister for the recovery of the Fowler’s Toad
and has prepared this strategy, as per section 37 of SARA. SARA section 44 allows the Minister
to adopt all or part of an existing plan for the species if it meets the requirements under SARA
for content (sub-sections 41(1) or (2)). The Province of Ontario led the development of the
attached recovery strategy for the species (Part 2) in cooperation with Environment Canada. The
Ontario Government Response Statement has also been included as part of the adoption to clarify
the priorities for implementation (Part 3). A Government Response Statement is the Ontario
Government’s policy response to the recovery strategy that summarizes the prioritized actions
that the government intends to take.
Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of many
different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out in this
strategy and will not be achieved by Environment Canada or any other jurisdiction alone. All
Canadians are invited to join in supporting and implementing this strategy for the benefit of the
Fowler’s Toad and Canadian society as a whole.
This recovery strategy will be followed by one or more action plans that will provide information
on recovery measures to be taken by Environment Canada and other jurisdictions and/or
organizations involved in the conservation of the species. Implementation of this strategy is
subject to appropriations, priorities, and budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions
and organizations.

3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Development of the federal component of this recovery strategy (Part 1) was coordinated by
Angela Darwin and Kari Van Allen (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service – Ontario)
with input from the Fowler’s Toad Recovery Team: Anne Yagi (Chair), Sandy Dobbyn,
David M. Green, M. Alex Smith, Amy Brant, Tim Seburn, Jeff Robinson, Michael Oldham,
James Duncan, Kim Frohlich, Ron Gould, Bob Johnson, Jason Mask, Vicki Mc
Kay,
Mark Custers, Mike Potsma, Devin Mills, Diana Haywood and Scott Taylor. Sincere thanks are
extended to Talena Kraus (Artemis Eco-Works) for preparing earlier drafts of this recovery
strategy and to David Seburn (Seburn Ecological Services) for developing initial drafts of the
critical habitat component.
The recovery strategy benefitted from the input and suggestions from the following individuals
and organizations: Christina Rohe, Marie-Claude Archambault, Angela McConnell,
Barbara Slezak, Lesley Dunn and Madeline Austen (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife
Service – Ontario); Bree Walpole, Leanne Jennings, Joe Crowley, Sandy Dobbyn,
Jennifer Hoare, Joe Nocera, Allen Woodliffe and Anne Yagi (Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources); Kim Borg and Vicky Mc
Kay (Parks Canada Agency). Thanks are also extended to
David Green for the cover photo.

4
ADDITIONS AND MODIFICATIONS TO THE ADOPTED
DOCUMENT
The following sections address specific requirements of SARA that are not addressed in the
Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario (Part 2), and/or to
provide updated information, and/or modify sections for adoption by Environment Canada.
1. Species Status Information
Fowler’s Toad is listed as Endangered1
on Schedule 1 of the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA).
In Ontario, it is listed as Endangered2
under the provincial Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA
2007).
The global conservation rank for Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) is secure3
(G5) (NatureServe
2010). It is considered secure (N5) in the United States and imperiled4
in Canada (N2)
(NatureServe 2010). The Fowler’s Toad occurs throughout most of the eastern United States,
from southeastern Iowa in the west to southern New Hampshire in the east, and from Wisconsin
in the north to eastern Texas, the Gulf Coast, and northern Florida in the south. It is considered
secure (S5) or apparently secure5
(S4) in twenty of the thirty-one states in which it has been
documented to occur (Appendix 1).
In Canada, the Fowler’s Toad is found only in the province of Ontario, along the northern shore
of Lake Erie, where its subnational conservation rank is imperiled6
(S2) (NatureServe 2010).
The percentage of the global range found in Canada is estimated to be ≤1%.
2. Recovery Feasibility
Based on the following four criteria outlined in the draft SARA Policies (Government of Canada
2009), there are unknowns regarding the feasibility of recovery of the Fowler’s Toad. In keeping
with the precautionary principle, a full recovery strategy has been prepared as would be done
when recovery is determined to be feasible.
1. Individuals of the wildlife species that are capable of reproduction are available now or in
the foreseeable future to sustain the population or improve its abundance.
1
a wildlife species that is facing imminent extirpation or extinction
2
a species facing imminent extinction or extirpation in Ontario
3
a species that is considered common; widespread and abundant
4
a species that is at high risk of extinction or elimination due to very restricted range, very few populations, steep
declines, or other factors
5
a species that is considered uncommon, but not rare; there is some cause for long-term concern due to declines or
other factors
6
imperiled in the province because of rarity due to very restricted range, very few populations (often 20 or fewer),
steep declines, or other factors making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the nation or province

5
Unknown. Individuals capable of reproduction are currently available in Canada.
However, the Population Viability Analysis (PVA) for the Canadian populations resulted
in a greater than 20% probability of extirpation within 20 years and it is therefore
unknown whether the current populations are large enough to sustain themselves, or
improve their abundance. The Fowler’s Toad does have a large range in eastern North
America with many stable populations that occur in the United States (NatureServe
2010). Recent evidence indicates that populations located along the south shores of
Lake Erie in Pennsylvania and Ohio may be related to, and possibly derived from,
Canadian populations, but this is not known with certainty (Green et al. 2011).
Additionally, the subnational status rank of Fowler’s Toad in Pennsylvania is vulnerable
and in Ohio is unranked (NatureServe 2010; Appendix 1). It is therefore unknown
whether extant populations in the United States would be available to support recovery in
Canada, or if recovery efforts involving such populations would be feasible.
2. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the species or could be made available
through habitat management or restoration.
Unknown. Sufficient suitable habitat is available to support the three extant populations
in Canada. However, species abundance continues to decline and if re-establishing
self-sustaining populations is determined to be necessary to support species’ recovery, then
further investigation of available habitat of sufficient quality will need to occur.
3. The primary threats to the species or its habitat (including threats outside Canada) can be
avoided or mitigated.
Unknown. Some of the primary threats to the species’ habitat, including vegetation
succession on dune habitats by native and non-native plants and direct disturbance to habitat
by beach grooming processes and vehicular use can be mitigated through habitat
management activities. However, it is unknown whether other primary threats, such as
pollution and the impacts of genetic isolation can be avoided or mitigated sufficiently to
sustain the population or improve its abundance.
4. Recovery techniques exist to achieve the population and distribution objectives or can be
expected to be developed within a reasonable timeframe.
Unknown. Although techniques to facilitate species recovery are available now and/or can
be adapted within a reasonable timeframe, it is uncertain whether these techniques will be
sufficient to maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in Canada. Examples of
recovery techniques that may be employed include activities related to habitat management
such as the creation of dunes for hibernation habitat, the creation of breeding sites
(i.e., digging ponds), the removal of exotic species to improve dune quality, the removal or
mitigation of dispersal barriers (e.g. culverts, breakwalls) and the termination of beach
grooming activities.

6
3. Population and Distribution Objectives
The provincial recovery strategy contains the following recovery goal:
 Maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario, in the Rondeau area,
on the Long Point peninsula and along the Niagara peninsula, and re-establish
self-sustaining populations in other suitable areas, where feasible.
Under SARA, population and distribution objectives for the species must be established. The
population and distribution objectives established by Environment Canada for the Fowler’s Toad
in Canada are to maintain the three extant populations in the Rondeau area, on the Long Point
peninsula and on the Niagara peninsula, and to determine the feasibility of re-establishing
self-sustaining populations in other suitable areas of sufficient habitat quality. The population
and distribution objective is consistent with the recovery goal identified in the Ontario
Government Response Statement (Part 3).
4. BROAD STRATEGIES AND GENERAL APPROACHES TO MEET
OBJECTIVES
The Government-Led and Government-Supported Actions tables from Ontario’s Government
Response Statement (Part 3) are adopted as the broad strategies and general approaches to meet
the population and distribution objectives. These replace the approaches identified in Section 2
of the Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario (Part 2).
5. Critical Habitat
5.1 Identification of the Species’ Critical Habitat
Critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada is identified in this recovery strategy, to the
extent possible, based on the best available information. It is recognized that the critical habitat
identified below is insufficient to achieve the population and distribution objectives for this
species because it is known there are currently occupied sites on both the Long Point and
Niagara peninsulas that are undocumented (D. Green pers. comm. 2011; A. Yagi pers.comm.
2011), which may be necessary to ensure persistence of those populations. However, population
and habitat information must first be confirmed for these sites before critical habitat can be
identified. The Schedule of Studies (Section 5.2) outlines the activities required to identify
additional critical habitat necessary to support the population and distribution objectives.
The identification of critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad in Canada is based on the following
two criteria: suitable habitat and site occupancy. Suitable habitat for the Fowler’s Toad consists
of four habitat types, each of which is described in section 5.1.1. Additionally, where continuous
suitable habitat exists between two sites within ≤1 km of each other AND where there are no
barriers to movement (e.g., solid shorewalls, breakwalls) that completely divide the suitable
habitat, this habitat will be described as a dispersal corridor and will also be identified as critical
habitat as described in section 5.1.3.

7
5.1.1. Suitable Habitat
In Canada, extant populations of Fowler’s Toad occur only along the north shore of Lake Erie, in
southwestern Ontario. Generally, they are found in open to early successional shoreline habitat
within this region, but have specific habitat requirements that include both terrestrial and aquatic
communities.
In order to complete its life cycle, the Fowler’s Toad requires four types of habitat: hibernation
habitat; breeding, egg laying and tadpole development habitat; feeding and hydration habitat; and
daytime retreat and aestivation7
habitat. All four habitat types should be located within close
proximity (i.e. generally within a few hundred metres) of each other.
1. Hibernation habitat
In Ontario, the Fowler’s Toad hibernates inland from the lakeshore in open to moderately
vegetated sand dunes, beaches and other sandy areas along the Lake Erie shoreline (Green et al.
2011; COSEWIC 2010). Hibernation habitat must be sufficiently deep to allow Fowler’s Toads
to remain beneath the frostline, but above the watertable over the winter months, i.e., generally
from late September to mid-May (Green et al. 2008). The distance inland from the lake shoreline
can vary with changing lake levels, but always remains within the sand beach and dune habitat.
2. Breeding, egg laying and tadpole development habitat
For breeding, egg laying and tadpole development, the Fowler’s Toad requires the use of aquatic
environments that persist until at least midsummer in order to complete development
(COSEWIC 2010). Additionally, this habitat must include a sand or bedrock substrate and sparse
to moderate vegetation cover (primarily sedges and bulrushes) (COSEWIC 2010; Green et al.
2007; Yagi and Mills 2003). In Ontario, breeding, egg laying and tadpole development habitat
has been described in a number of ways including, the still water of semi-permanent ponds and
marshes, temporary pools and/or waterbodies, sandy bottom pools, shallow rocky shoals, rocky
pools, rocky headland pools, creek outlet areas on sandy beaches, and/or shallow bays along the
lakeshore (COSEWIC 2010; Green et al. 2007; Yagi and Mills 2003; COSEWIC 2000).
3. Feeding and hydration habitat
In Ontario, sandy beaches and adjacent inland early-successional habitat along Lake Erie are
used for feeding and hydration. Most active in the evening, the Fowler’s Toad can be found
feeding and re-hydrating on shorelines, including bedrock outcrop areas, dunes and beaches
(Green et al. 2011; COSEWIC 2010; Green 2008; Yagi and Tervo 2008).
4. Daytime retreat and aestivation habitat
Daytime retreat and aestivation habitat has been described as the areas on the inland part of the
beach near the base of a dune (Green 2008). Dune habitat may be open, or sparsely to
moderately vegetated with dune grasses or early successional herbs (Yagi and Mills 2003).
Rocks, woody debris and other objects that provide cover may also be present (Green et al.
2011). Fowler’s Toads will dig into these sandy areas during the day and when avoiding harsh
weather conditions (COSEWIC 2010).
7
an inactive state resembling deep sleep. Aestivation protects the toads against heat and dryness.

8
The four habitat types listed above can largely be described using the Ecological Land
Classification (ELC) for Southern Ontario (Lee et al. 1998). The ELC framework provides a
standardized approach to the interpretation and delineation of dynamic ecosystem boundaries.
The ELC approach classifies habitats not only by vegetation community, but also considers
hydrology and topography, and as such provides a basis to capture the ecosystem requirements
for the Fowler’s Toad. Suitable habitat for the Fowler’s Toad can be found within the following
ELC community series:
 Open Beach / Bar (BBO)
 Shrub Beach / Bar (BBS)
 Treed Beach / Bar (BBT)
 Open Sand Dune (SDO)
 Shrub Sand Dune (SDS)
 Treed Sand Dune (SDT)
 Open Sand Barren (SBO)
 Shrub Sand Barren (SBS)
 Treed Sand Barren (SBT)
 Meadow Marsh (MAM)
 Shallow Marsh (MAS)
 Floating-leaved Shallow Aquatic (SAF)
 Mixed Shallow Aquatic (SAM)
 Submerged Shallow Aquatic (SAS)
There are additional habitat types that can be considered suitable for Fowler’s Toads that are not
well described by ELC. In addition to the above listed ELC community series, shallow rocky
pools, creek outlets in sandy beaches, open shallow sand shorelines, cultural sand dunes
(i.e. habitats that focus on sand, rocky (limestone bedrock) and shallow water) where vegetation
is sparse and under the influence of Lake Erie’s dynamic environment are also included as
suitable habitat.
5.1.2. Site Definition and Occupancy Criterion
Site Occupancy Criterion
The site occupancy criterion is defined as sites (as defined below) where one or more Fowler’s
Toads have been observed between 2001 and 2010.
A ten year time period (2001 - 2010) recognizes that the absence of Fowler’s Toads for a
particular site may only be temporary as extirpation and recolonization of breeding areas is
natural in this species. A ten year time period also represents two times the maximum recorded
age of Fowler’s Toad (COSEWIC 2010). Additionally, survey effort may be limited in some
areas and a ten year time period will ensure there is sufficient time to survey the majority of
available suitable habitat within the three known extant populations. Records older than ten years
would require further investigation to confirm the presence of the Fowler’s Toad as well as the
continued presence of available suitable habitat.

9
Site Definition
Site Length
As a precautionary measure, a distance of 150 metres (measured parallel to the shoreline),
both up and down the shoreline from the observation, is considered the site length (Figure 1).
A distance of 150 metres was chosen because it represents approximately two times the
average seasonal movement observed for Fowler’s Toads per year (COSEWIC 2010; Green
2008; Yagi and Tervo 2008; Green and Sanderson 2007).
Site Width
As a precautionary measure, a distance of 700 metres (measured perpendicular to the
Lake Erie high water mark), representing the furthest approximate distance travelled inland by
the Fowler’s Toad in Canada (D.M. Green, unpublished data), AND the distance between the
high water mark down to the dynamic8
shoreline is considered the site width (Figure 1).
The site length and width measurements are applied to records of the Fowler’s Toad observed
between 2001 and 2010 (as per the site occupancy criterion) with overlapping areas merged as
larger sites (Figure 1). When barriers to movement, such as large rivers (e.g. Niagara River),
canals, steep bluffs, solid shoreline breakwalls, solid-wall piers or groynes, clay bluffs and
culverts or the end of continuous suitable habitat come prior to the end of the site length or
width, these constitute the edge of the site boundary.
5.1.3. Dispersal Corridors
In order to maintain connectivity between sites and reduce the probability of genetic isolation,
where continuous suitable habitat within sites (as defined in Section 5.1.2) are within ≤1 km of
each other AND continuous suitable habitat (as described in Section 5.1.1) is present between
sites AND sites are not separated by a barrier to movement9
, the intervening continuous suitable
habitat is identified as a dispersal corridor (Figure 2). The one kilometre value was derived based
on seasonal dispersal distances of Fowler’s Toad in Canada (COSEWIC 2010; Yagi and Tervo
2008; Smith and Green 2006).
Although the Fowler’s Toad likely disperses inland from the shoreline through a variety of other
habitat types, these habitats are not currently included in the identification of critical habitat.
8
characterized by continuous change or activity
9
barriers to movement include features such as large rivers (e.g. Niagara River), canals, steep bluffs, solid shoreline
breakwalls, solid-wall piers or groynes, clay bluffs and culverts.

10
Figure 1: Site length and site width determination (each "x" represents a Fowler’s Toad
observation between 2001 and 2010)
Figure 2: Dispersal corridor (≤1 km between sites)
Figure 3: A - the extent of suitable habitat; B – the extent of critical habitat (continuous suitable
habitat within the site boundaries; including dispersal corridor where applicable)

11
5.1.4 Application of the Fowler’s Toad Critical Habitat Criteria
Critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad is identified in this recovery strategy as the continuous
suitable habitat (Section 5.1.1) within the site boundary as described in the site occupancy
criterion (Section 5.1.2). In addition, where continuous suitable habitat exists between two sites
within ≤1 km of each other AND where there are no barriers to movement (e.g., solid shorewalls,
breakwalls that completely divide the suitable habitat) the continuous suitable habitat within the
intervening dispersal corridor is also identified as critical habitat (Figure 3). Where applicable,
the sites and dispersal corridor(s) are merged creating a critical habitat site.
Although the Fowler’s Toad may occupy only a small portion of the suitable habitat, the
continuous suitable habitat within the site is identified as critical habitat because maintaining
continuous suitable habitat facilitates species movement between and among areas where
individuals carry out essential aspects of their life cycle. The addition of suitable yet unoccupied
habitat that joins together occupied suitable habitat, allows movement between suitable habitat
patches and prevents suitable habitat patches from becoming isolated from each other. Although
individuals of the Fowler’s Toad may be observed in locations outside of suitable habitat, these
locations are not included in the identification of critical habitat.
Application of the critical habitat criteria to available information identified 28 sites in Canada as
critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad (Table 1). It is important to note that the coordinates
represent the site polygon that contains critical habitat, and not the extent or boundaries of the
critical habitat itself. The extent and boundaries of the critical habitat within each site are defined
by the extent of continuous suitable habitat as defined by the suitable habitat description, and
will vary by location.
Table 1. Sites containing critical habitat for the Fowler’s Toad.
Population Site Name County Description Land
Tenure
Coordinates
representing the site2
Latitude Longitude
Long Point Big Creek NWA1
– Big Creek Unit
to Hahn Unit –
Hastings Drive
Beach
Norfolk Big Creek National
Wildlife Area - Big
Creek Unit along
shoreline of Hastings
Drive to the Big
Creek National
Wildlife Area - Hahn
Unit shoreline
Federal,
Non-
federal
42.577 -80.488
Pines/Winston Norfolk North of Erie
Boulevard between
Buck Lane and
Norfolk Avenue,
midpoint at Winston
Parkway
Non-
federal
42.577 -80.427
Pond North of
Long Point
Provincial Park
West
Norfolk North of Erie
Boulevard at Long
Point Provincial Park
West
Non-
federal
42.577 -80.415

12
Austin Norfolk West of Austin
Parkway
Non-
federal
42.577 -80.415
Crown Beach to
Long Point
Provincial Park
and Thoroughfare
Beaches
Norfolk Along shoreline from
Crown Beach through
Long Point Provincial
Park beaches to Long
Point National
Wildlife Area –
Thoroughfare Unit
beach
Federal,
Non-
federal
42.577 -80.379
Long Point
Provincial Park
North
Norfolk Long Point Provincial
Park north of Erie
Boulevard
Non-
federal
42.577 -80.391
Long Point NWA
South Shore 1
Norfolk Long Point National
Wildlife Area South
Shore
Federal 42.54 -80.196
Long Point NWA
South Shore 2
Wildlife Area South
Shore
Federal 42.54 -80.196
Long Point NWA
Gravelly Bay
Wildlife Area
Gravelly Bay
Federal 42.548 -80.111
Long Point NWA
Squire’s Ridge
Wildlife Area
Squire’s Ridge
Federal 42.558 -80.233
Rondeau Rondeau
Provincial Park
Chatham-
Kent
Shoreline of Rondeau
Provincial Park to
Antrim Road
Non-
federal
42.25 -81.921
Erieau Chatham-
Kent
Erieau shoreline Non-
federal
42.269 -81.861
Niagara R.R. 50
Haldimand
Haldimand Shoreline at foot of
R.R. 50, Haldimand
County
Non-
federal
42.842 -79.752
Aikens
Road/Blott Point
Haldimand Shoreline at foot of
Aikens Road,
Haldimand County
Non-
federal
42.85 -79.678
James N. Allan
Park – Camp
Kiawa
Haldimand West side shoreline
of James N. Allan
Provincial Park
Non-
federal
42.841 -79.678
James N. Allan
Park – Low Point
Haldimand East side shoreline of
James N. Allan
Provincial Park at
Bryer Line
Non-
federal
42.841 -79.666
Sandy Bay Road Haldimand Shoreline at foot of
Sandy Bay Road,
Haldimand County
Non-
federal
42.841 -79.654
Long Beach
Conservation
Area
Niagara Long Beach
Conservation Area
shoreline
Non-
federal
42.865 -79.433
Long Beach Niagara East Willow Bay
along Long Beach
shoreline
Non-
federal
42.864 -79.396
Easter Seal Camp
and Morgan’s
Point
Niagara Shoreline from
Sideroad 18 to
Morgan’s Point
Non-
federal
42.855 -79.36

13
Rathfon Point,
Reebs Bay
Niagara Shoreline at foot of
Rathfon Road,
Niagara County
Non-
federal
42.872 -79.31
Gravelly Bay
West
Niagara West Gravelly Bay
shoreline
Non-
federal
42.872 -79.273
Gravelly Bay East Niagara East Gravelly Bay
shoreline
42.872 -79.273
Nickel Beach and
Lorraine Bay
Beach
Niagara Nickel Beach from
Gravelly Bay around
Lorraine Point to
Lorraine Bay
Non-
federal
42.871 -79.237
Centennial Beach Niagara Cedar Bay shoreline
at Humberstone
Centennial Park
Non-
federal
42.87 -79.188
Sherkston Shores
to Point Abino
Niagara Shoreline from foot
of Wyldewood Road
to Point Abino
Non-
federal
42.851 -79.127
Point Abino to
Crystal Beach
Pier
Niagara Abino Bay shoreline
to Crystal Beach Pier
Non-
federal
42.86 -79.127
Crystal Beach
Pier to Waverley
Beach
Niagara Shoreline from
Crystal Beach Pier to
Waverley Beach
Non-
federal
42.876 -78.992
1
NWA – National Wildlife Area
2
The listed coordinates represent the southwest corner of the 1 km Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Military
Grid Reference System square containing the critical habitat site centroid (see
http://maps.nrcan.gc.ca/topo101/mil_ref_e.php for more information on the reference system). The coordinates may
not fall within critical habitat and are provided as a general location only.
5.2 Schedule of Studies to Identify Critical Habitat
Table 2. Schedule of Studies to Identify Critical Habitat.
Description of Activity Rationale Timeline
Confirm/obtain additional
population and habitat
information at currently occupied
sites on the south shore of the
Niagara peninsula as well along
the Long Point peninsula.
Confirm location and extent of
populations. Identify additional
critical habitat.
2013 – 2018
Conduct surveys and habitat
assessments at priority sites
where there is suitable habitat,
but where no standardized
surveys have taken place in the
last ten years.
Determine whether or not suitable
habitat is occupied and therefore
can be identified as critical
habitat.
2013 – 2018

14
5.3 Examples of Activities Likely to Result in the Destruction of Critical Habitat
Destruction is determined on a case by case basis. Destruction would result if part of the critical
habitat were degraded, either permanently or temporarily, such that it would not serve its
function when needed by the species. Destruction may result from a single or multiple activities
at one point in time or from the cumulative effects of one or more activities over time
(Government of Canada 2009).
Activities that are likely to result in the destruction of Fowler’s Toad critical habitat include, but
may not be limited to:
 Activities that alter or disrupt the natural dynamic processes of sand dune and lake shore
habitats (i.e., development and stabilization of the shoreline through such activities as
installation of breakwalls, construction of shoreline protection measures and construction
of piers or groynes) may reduce or eliminate suitable habitat because these activities could
eliminate hibernation sites outright, or reduce access to habitats that the Fowler’s Toad
needs in order to complete its life cycle (e.g., foraging habitat, hibernation habitat).
 Activities that result in the compaction of sandy shoreline habitats, such as beach grooming
and grading, clearing of algae and intensive recreational use of beaches and dunes
(e.g., vehicle use), may prevent Fowler’s Toads from digging into the sand and thereby
reduce or remove habitat that was otherwise suitable for aestivation and/or daytime retreat.
 Activities that result in loss of habitat (e.g., draining and filling of backshore wetlands,
introduction of invasive species) may eliminate outright the habitats that the species needs
for survival.
 Activities that result in fragmentation of the habitat (e.g., isolation of backshore wetlands
by roads or infrastructure) may reduce access to the habitats that the species needs for
survival.
 Activities that result in contamination of Fowler’s Toad habitat (e.g., pollution from
agriculture and mosquito control measures [chemical] and contamination from heavy
metals) degrade the water quality in the habitats used by the species to the point that the
species or its prey bioaccumulates such toxins.
6. Statement on Action Plans
One or more action plans will be completed for the Fowler’s Toad by December 2018.

15
7. Effects on the Environment and Other Species
A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is conducted on all SARA recovery planning
documents, in accordance with the Cabinet Directive on the Environmental Assessment of
Policy, Plan and Program Proposals. The purpose of a SEA is to incorporate environmental
considerations into the development of public policies, plans, and program proposals to support
environmentally sound decision-making.
Recovery planning is intended to benefit species at risk and biodiversity in general. However,
it is recognized that strategies may also inadvertently lead to environmental effects beyond the
intended benefits. The planning process based on national guidelines directly incorporates
consideration of all environmental effects, with a particular focus on possible impacts on
non-target species or habitats. The results of the SEA are incorporated directly into the strategy
itself, but are also summarized below in this statement.
This recovery strategy will clearly benefit the environment by promoting the recovery of the
Fowler’s Toad and other species associated with the early successional shoreline habitat in which
they occur (Table 3).
Table 3. Some of the species expected to benefit from recovery activities directed
at Fowler’s Toad based upon confirmed records of overlapping occurrence.
Common Name Scientific Name COSEWIC status
Eastern Foxsnake Pantherophis gloydi Endangered
Five-lined Skink - Carolinian
Population
Plestiodon fasciatus Endangered
Eastern Prickly Pear Cactus Opuntia humifusa Endangered
Eastern Hog-nosed Snake Heterodon platirhinos Threatened
Common Hoptree Ptelea trifoliata Threatened
Blanding's Turtle Emydoidea blandingii Threatened
Spiny Softshell Apalone spinifera Threatened
Northern Map Turtle Graptemys geographica Special Concern
Cobra Clubtail Gomphus vastus Not at Risk
Green Cornet Milkweed Ascelpias viridiflora Not at Risk
While some of the proposed recovery activities will benefit the environment in general and are
expected to positively affect other sympatric native species, there could be consequences to those
species whose requirements differ from those of Fowler’s Toad. Consequently, it is important
that habitat management activities for the Fowler’s Toad be considered from an ecosystem
perspective through the development of multi-species plans, ecosystem-based recovery programs
or area management plans that take into account the needs of multiple species, including other
species at risk with input from responsible jurisdictions.

16
REFERENCES
COSEWIC. 2000. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Fowler’s toad Bufo
fowleri in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. v
+ 25 pp.
COSEWIC. 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Fowler’s Toad Anaxyrus
fowleri in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa.
vii + 58 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm)
Government of Canada. 2009. Species at Risk Act Policies, Overarching Policy Framework
588 [Draft]. Species at Risk Act Policy and Guidelines Series. Environment Canada.
Ottawa. 589 38 pp.
Green, David M., A. R. Yagi and Stewart E. Hamill. 2011. Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s
Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series. Prepared for the
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. vi + 21 pp.
Green, D.M. 2008. Movements and Habitat Use by Fowler’s Toads, Bufo (Anaxyrus) fowleri, at
Hahn Beach, Big Creek NWA, Long Point, Ontario. Unpublished report to Canadian
Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. 30pp.
Green, D.M. 2011. pers. comm. 2011. Correspondence to K. Van Allen. June 2011. Professor
and Director, Redpath Musem, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec.
Green, D.M., and N.K. Sanderson. Radio-tracking Fowler’s Toads in Long Point, Ontario –
Field Report for 2007. Unpublished report to Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment
Canada. 7pp.
Lee, H.T., W.D. Bakowsky, J. Riley, J. Bowles, M. Puddister, P. Uhlig and S. McMurray. 1998.
Ecological Land Classification for Southern Ontario: First Approximation and Its
Application. OMNR, Southcentral Science Section, Science Development and Transfer
Branch. SCSS Field Guide FG-02. 225 pp.
NatureServe. 2010. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application].
Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available
http://www.natureserve.org/explorer (accessed: February 12, 2011).
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR). 2011. Final Government Response Statement,
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Web site:
http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/2ColumnSubPage/STDPROD_075797.html
[accessed July 2011].
Smith, M. A. and D.M. Green. 2004. Phylogeography of Bufo fowleri at its northern edge of
range. Molecular Ecology 13(12): 3723-3733pp.

17
Smith, M.A. and D.M. Green. 2006. Sex, isolation and fidelity: unbiased long-distance dispersal
in a terrestrial amphibian. --- Ecography 29: 649-658pp.
Yagi, A.R. and D. Mills. 2003. Interim Report: Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) abundance and
habitat use at Morgan’s Point Conservation Area with habitat enhancement
recommendations. Unpublished report to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 8 pp.
Yagi, A.R. and R. Tervo. 2008. Species at Risk Habitat Mapping for the Fowler’s toad (Bufo
fowleri)- a Test of Draft Habitat Mapping Guidelines. Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources 19pp.
Yagi, A.R., pers. comm. 2011. Correspondence to K. Van Allen. June 2011. Niagara Area
Management Biologist – Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Vineland, Ontario.

18
APPENDIX 1
List and description of conservation status ranks for the Fowler’s Toad in the
United States (NatureServe 2010).
S1: Critically Imperiled; S2: Imperiled; S3: Vulnerable; S4: Apparently Secure; S5: Secure; SNR:
Unranked; SNA: Not Applicable; SH: Possibly Extirpated; SX: Presumed Extirpated
Global (G) Rank National (N)
Rank
(United States)
Sub-national (S) Rank
Fowler’s Toad
(Anaxyrus fowleri)
G5
(Secure – Common;
widespread and
abundant)
N5
(Secure –
Common,
widespread, and
abundant in the
nation or state)
Alabama (S5)
Arkansas (S5)
Connecticut (S4)
Delaware (S5)
District of Columbia (S5)
Florida (S4)
Georgia (S5)
Illinois (S5)
Indiana (S4)
Iowa (S3)
Kentucky (S5)
Louisiana (SNR)
Maryland (S5)
Massachusetts (S4)
Michigan (S5)
Mississippi (S5)
Missouri (S5)
New Hampshire (S3)
New Jersey (S3)
New York (S4)
North Carolina (S5)
Ohio (SNR)
Oklahoma (S4?)
Pennsylvania (S3S4)
Rhode Island (S3)
South Carolina (SNR)
Tennessee (S5)
Texas (SNR)
Vermont (S1)
Virginia (S5)
West Virginia (S5)

19
PART 2 - Recovery Strategy
for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario, prepared
by David M. Green, Anne R. Yagi and Stewart E. Hamill for
the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
The Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario was
translated by Environment Canada in order to be included in the French version of the
federal recovery strategy.

Recovery Strategy for the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario

RECOMMENDED CITATION
Green, David M., Anne R. Yagi, and Stewart E. Hamill. 2011. Recovery Strategy for the
Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) in Ontario. Ontario Recovery Strategy Series.
Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. vi + 21
pp.
Cover illustration: Sam Brinker
© Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2011
ISBN 978-1-4435-4957-8 (PDF)
Content (excluding the cover illustration) may be used without permission, with
appropriate credit to the source.
Cette publication hautement spécialisée Recovery strategies prepared under the
Endangered Species Act, 2007, n’est disponible qu’en anglais en vertu du Règlement
411/97 qui en exempte l’application de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir
de l’aide en français, veuillez communiquer avec Pamela Wesley au ministère des
Richesses naturelles au 705-755-5217.
i

ii
AUTHORS
Dr. David M. Green - Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal
Anne R. Yagi – Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Niagara
Stewart E. Hamill – Wildlife Biologist, Merrickville
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) Species at Risk Biologists, Karine
Bériault, Rhonda Donley, and Bree Walpole provided guidance and information. The
recovery team (listed on page 21) assisted in the preparation of this strategy. We thank
those who reviewed and commented on various drafts.

iii
DECLARATION
The recovery strategy for the Fowler’s Toad has been developed in accordance with the
requirements of the Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA). This recovery strategy has
been prepared as advice to the Government of Ontario, other responsible jurisdictions
and the many different constituencies that may be involved in recovering the species.
The recovery strategy does not necessarily represent the views of all of the individuals
who provided advice or contributed to its preparation, or the official positions of the
organizations with which the individuals are associated.
The goals, objectives and recovery approaches identified in the strategy are based on
the best available knowledge and are subject to revision as new information becomes
available. Implementation of this strategy is subject to appropriations, priorities and
budgetary constraints of the participating jurisdictions and organizations.
Success in the recovery of this species depends on the commitment and cooperation of
many different constituencies that will be involved in implementing the directions set out
in this strategy.
RESPONSIBLE JURISDICTIONS
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service - Ontario
Parks Canada Agency

iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Although widespread throughout the eastern United States, Fowler’s Toad (Anaxyrus
fowleri) has been found in Canada only on the shores of Lake Erie in Ontario, formerly
occurring along most of the northern shore. Populations are now known from only three
peninsulas: Rondeau, Long Point, and Niagara. In these areas the Fowler’s Toad is
sympatric with the American Toad (Anaxyrus americanus). Fowler’s Toad no longer
occurs in any localities along the shoreline of western Lake Erie. The species is listed
as endangered on the Species at Risk in Ontario (SARO) List under the Endangered
Species Act, 2007, and was classified as endangered by the Committee on the Status
of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).
In Canada, Fowler’s Toad is found on sandy or rocky points, sand dunes, and beaches
along Lake Erie, where it breeds in sandy-bottomed ponds or rocky pools in early
successional habitats. Because of this, it is profoundly affected by, but adapted to,
changes brought about by the lake. Both juveniles and adults are capable of dispersing
up to ten kilometres and can re-colonize habitats after local extirpations. However,
steep bluffs along much of the Lake Erie coastline can impede movements along the
beach. Required habitats include dunes for hibernation, beaches for hiding, shorelines
for feeding and hydrating, rocky or sandy shoreline pools for breeding and tadpole
development, and corridors for movement.
Limiting factors include a high mortality rate, short life span, and low genetic variability.
Most threats to the species in Ontario are related to intensive human use of the Lake
Erie shoreline. This includes industrial, commercial, housing, road development, and
recreational activities. These developments interrupt the natural processes of erosion
and deposition necessary to maintain habitat features for all of the Fowler’s Toad’s life
stages. Intensive alterations to nearshore, beach, and dune areas for human recreation
activities and aesthetics can cause direct mortality of all life stages and loss of habitat
features. Pollution may have been responsible for eliminating Fowler’s Toad from parts
of its historic range and could have continuing impacts. Spread of the invasive
European Common Reed (Phragmites australis) and of other invasive species can also
eliminate habitat.
The recovery goal is to maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in
Ontario, in the Rondeau area, on the Long Point peninsula, and along the Niagara
Peninsula, and to re-establish self-sustaining populations in other suitable areas, where
feasible.
The following objectives, each having a set of approaches, have been established:
1. Protect existing populations and habitats of Fowler’s Toad.
2. Gather more data about Fowler’s Toad, about human impacts on populations
and habitat, and about how to mitigate these impacts.

v
3. Mitigate existing human impacts on Fowler’s Toad populations and habitat,
reduce risks of predicted or impending impacts, and improve habitat.
4. Determine the feasibility of reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas.
5. Re-establish self-sustaining populations of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas,
where feasible.
6. Extend current monitoring programs to re-established populations and all areas
with suitable habitat.
Within the three areas of current Ontario occurrence, and within 0.5 km of the Lake Erie
shoreline,
 all sand beaches,
 all sand dunes,
 all sandy-bottomed ponds and marshes, rocky shoals, and seasonal pools, and
 all shorelines associated with or linking these features,
should be prescribed as habitat in a habitat regulation.
Because the species can disperse and re-populate areas where it has disappeared, all
areas of historic Fowler’s Toad occurrence should be monitored for re-appearance. If at
any time individuals of the species re-appear or are re-introduced, the four habitats
(described above) in that area should be prescribed as habitat in the habitat regulation.

vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
RECOMMENDED CITATION............................................................................................. i
AUTHORS..........................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.....................................................................................................ii
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................iii
RESPONSIBLE JURISDICTIONS ....................................................................................iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................................iv
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION.............................................................................. 1
1.1 Species Assessment and Classification......................................................... 1
1.2 Species Description and Biology.................................................................... 1
1.3 Distribution, Abundance and Population Trends ............................................ 2
1.4 Habitat Needs ................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Limiting Factors.............................................................................................. 6
1.6 Treats to Survival and Recovery .................................................................... 6
1.7 Knowledge Gaps............................................................................................ 7
1.8 Recovery Actions Completed or Underway.................................................... 8
2.0 RECOVERY............................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Recovery Goal ............................................................................................. 10
2.2 Protection and Recovery Objectives ............................................................ 10
2.3 Approaches to Recovery.............................................................................. 11
2.4 Area for Consideration in Developing a Habitat Regulation ......................... 15
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................... 16
REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 18
RECOVERY STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT TEAM MEMBERS...................................... 21
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Range of Fowler’s Toad in North America........................................................ 3
Figure 2. Distribution of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario ........................................................... 4
Figure 3. Locations around Lake Erie where Fowler’s Toad populations currently exist . 5
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Protection and recovery objectives................................................................. 10
Table 2. Approaches to recovery of the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario................................ 11

1
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.1 Species Assessment and Classification
COMMON NAME: Fowler’s Toad
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Anaxyrus fowleri
SARO List Classification: Endangered
SARO List History: Endangered (2010), Threatened (2004)
COSEWIC Assessment History: Endangered (2010), Threatened (2000),
Threatened (1999), Special Concern (1986)
SARA Schedule 1: Threatened (June 5, 2003)
CONSERVATION STATUS RANKINGS: GRANK: G5
NRANK: N2 SRANK: S2
The glossary provides definitions for the abbreviations above.
Fowler’s Toad is listed as a specially protected amphibian under the Fish and Wildlife
Conservation Act.
1.2 Species Description and Biology
Species Description
Fowler’s Toad is a medium-sized member of the family Bufonidae. The adult body is 50
to 80 mm in length, excluding legs, with females slightly larger than males. The back is
gray or buff coloured, with darker patches and numerous small dark brown warts on a
granular textured skin. There are usually three or more small warts per dark dorsal spot;
however, while diagnostic, this character is not always useful as the spots may be small
and indistinct in some specimens, particularly in Canada. The under surface is white or
cream coloured and is either without spots or with a single dark pectoral spot situated
between the forelimbs. The throat is dark in males but white in females. The snout is
short and blunt and the bony cranial crests on the head are weak (Wright and Wright
1949).
The mating call of the male Fowler’s Toad has been described as a “prolonged and
rather shrill scream” (Green 2004). Call characteristics vary with temperature: as the
temperature goes up, call pulse rate increases and call duration declines (Zweifel 1968).
Dominant frequency (pitch, in MHz) is closely correlated with body size. Males also
issue a grumbling, vibrating release call when handled, whether by humans or by other
toads, to announce their gender (Brown and Littlejohn 1972). Females are silent.

2
Species Biology
The Fowler’s Toad has a complex life cycle, which in Ontario involves the use of both
aquatic (egg and larval development) and terrestrial (juveniles and adults) habitats
within close proximity to Lake Erie. Toads hibernate during the winter months and
congregate in late spring to breed.
The Fowler’s Toad lives no longer than 5 years (Kellner and Green 1995) and suffers
high levels of mortality at all life stages, despite producing noxious and toxic skin
secretions. Hybridization with the sympatric American Toad is known to occur (Green 1984).
In Ontario, populations naturally fluctuate, locally and lake-wide, based on Lake Erie
storm events and water level cycles. Both juveniles and adults can disperse up to ten
kilometres and can recolonize habitats after local extirpations, provided there are no
barriers. Fowler’s Toad repopulated Big Creek National Wildlife Area at Long Point in
1991 after an absence of a few years (Smith and Green 2006).
Fowler’s Toad plays the role of small insectivore, specializing in ants and beetles (Judd
1957, Bush and Melnick 1962). Tadpoles are significant detritivores in small ponds,
rocky pools, and embayments. No other anurans in the Great Lakes region habitually
and primarily forage along lakeshores and dunes. In turn, higher-level carnivores
including snakes, birds, fish, mammals, and other frogs are the primary predators of
Fowler’s Toad.
1.3 Distribution, Abundance and Population Trends
Fowler’s Toad inhabits much of North America east of the Great Plains, excluding the
southern Atlantic coastal plain from the Carolinas to the western panhandle of Florida
(Figure 1).

3
Figure 1. Range of Fowler’s Toad in North America (Conant and Collins 1991).
The species is not listed as a species of concern federally in the United States or in any
of the states adjacent to Ontario. However, populations along the south shore of Lake
Erie in Pennsylvania and Ohio may be imperilled. These populations are disjunct from
the species’ primary range and recent evidence indicates that they are related to, and
possibly derived from, Canadian populations on the north shore of the lake, and are
subject to the same threats (Smith 2004, Smith and Green 2004).
Fowler’s Toad is documented in Canada from only 28 sites, including historical records,
all of which are in extreme southern Ontario, on sandy or rocky points and sandy
beaches along the northern shore of Lake Erie. To date, no verified records have been
documented at locations greater than half a kilometre from the Lake Erie shore [OMNR,
based on data from the Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC)] (Figure 2).

4
Figure 2. Distribution of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario (based on NHIC data).
Fowler’s Toad has not been recorded on the Point Pelee peninsula since 1949 or on
Pelee Island since 1960. The species no longer occurs in any localities along western
Lake Erie, where it is considered extirpated. Only three populations remain (Figure 3):
 on and near the Rondeau Peninsula, numbering about 400 individuals (Dobbyn
2008),
 on the Long Point peninsula, numbering over 1000 toads (Green and
Summerfield 2008) and,
 on the south shore of the Niagara Peninsula, numbering over 3000 individuals
(Yagi 2008), where disjunct populations occupy the shoreline from the Grand
River to the Niagara River, including Rock Point and James N. Allen Provincial
Parks, Morgan’s Point and Wainfleet Long Beach Conservation Areas (owned by
the Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority), and Nickel Beach (owned by the
International Nickel Company and leased to the City of Port Colborne).

5
Figure 3. Locations around Lake Erie where Fowler’s Toad populations currently exist. (Oldham and
Weller 2000).
1.4 Habitat Needs
Five types of habitat are needed by the Fowler’s Toad to complete its life cycle and to
continue to persist (Yagi and Tervo 2008):
 hibernation - sand dunes (open to moderately vegetated) and sufficiently deep
sand areas where the toads can successfully dig below the frost line to just
above the water table and remain over winter (7 to 8 months from mid
September to mid May);
 breeding, egg laying, and tadpole development - early successional wetlands,
drains and stream mouths that open onto sand beaches, bedrock pools, shallow
bays, and ponds within the full range of Lake Erie water levels; such breeding
sites need either a sand or bedrock substrate, and must have sparse vegetation;
 feeding and re-hydration habitat - shorelines, including bedrock outcrop areas,
dunes, and beaches;
 daytime retreat and aestivation - open to moderately vegetated beaches and
dunes with rocks, woody debris, and other objects that provide cover along the
shore;
 dispersal corridor - contiguous beach and dune sand shoreline habitat, without
barriers such as solid-wall piers or groynes, solid shorewalls or breakwalls,
canals, deep or fast-flowing water, or roads. These linkage requirements are
similar for all life stages, and are used for:
 active migration from hibernation to breeding sites by adults as well as
active movements from day time refugia to shorelines for feeding and re-
hydration (adults and juveniles);
 passive dispersal of tadpoles and toadlets, initiated by natural processes,
from growth and development sites to shoreline emergence areas;
 active dispersal of toadlets, juveniles, and adults to new sites.

6
1.5 Limiting Factors
High Mortality and Short Life Span
Fowler’s Toad lives no longer than five years (Kellner and Green 1995) and suffers high
levels of mortality at all life stages (Green 2004).
Low Genetic Variability
The Canadian populations of Fowler’s Toad are known to be genetically less variable in
comparison to sympatric populations of American Toad and are likely less variable than
Fowler’s Toad populations in the United States (Masta et al. 2002). This low genetic
variability has unknown consequences.
1.6 Threats to Survival and Recovery
Habitat Loss and Degradation
Specific threats (Green 2000) include:
 Dune and beach stabilization from the installation of breakwalls which removes
access to hibernation sites, interferes with natural maintenance of beaches, and
leads to colonization of the dunes by plants.
 Vegetation succession can cause over-vegetation of dunes by both native and
non-native plants, which eliminates open sand areas. This has been observed in
Fowler’s Toad habitat at Morgan’s Point Conservation Area, Rock Point
Provincial Park, and Nickel Beach in Port Colborne. Over-vegetation of dunes
may also directly occur due to human activities.
 Dune, beach and nearshore disturbances can remove cover objects, kill toads,
and compact beach soils. Such activities include beach grooming, vehicle use,
and the removal of dunes for housing developments and for regular road and
property maintenance activities. In the Point Pelee area, historic sand dredging
operations off of the tip, and shoreline protection measures on either side of the
national park resulted in reduced sediment delivery to the shoreline, and may
have contributed to the extirpation of the Fowler’s Toad there.
 Loss of breeding sites, which may be caused by climate-related changes in lake
levels, drainage of wetlands (such as in the Point Pelee area between the
national park and Hillman Marsh Conservation Area), accumulation of shells of
the invasive alien Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in rocky pool habitat,
and the draining, filling, or isolation of backshore wetlands by roads or
infrastructure. Roads and houses can shield breeding sites from storms and
allow them to be overgrown with vegetation.
 Elimination of habitat, including breeding sites, by the spread of the European
Common Reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis) and by the invasive aliens
Silver Poplar (Populus alba), Crown Vetch (Securigera varia), and Kentucky Blue
Grass (Poa pratensis).
 Pier or groyne construction and maintenance, which can change sand drift and
deposition processes and prevent natural dispersal of toads.

7
Lack of Connectivity and Population Rescue Effect
Each of the three remaining populations of Fowler’s Toad is a separate and distinct
population (Smith and Green 2004). There is little or no chance of a rescue effect
among them or from populations in the United States; the distances between these
populations are too great for individuals to traverse and there is no suitable intervening
habitat. Steep lakeshore bluffs along much of the Lake Erie coastline in Ontario
significantly limit movements and dispersal.
Pollution
Fowler’s Toad tadpoles and adults are known to be susceptible to chemicals for
agriculture and mosquito control (Ferguson and Gilbert 1968, Sanders 1970). These
chemicals may have contributed to the loss of Fowler’s Toad from Pelee Island and
Point Pelee National Park. Hecnar and Hecnar (2005) report that contaminant threats
persist at the national park. Contamination by heavy metals (e.g., from the smelter near
Nickel Beach) may constitute a significant threat due to the known sensitivity of Fowler’s
Toad to such pollutants (Birge and Black 1977).
Predation
Predation is a normal threat which would not affect normal populations, but it could have
negative impacts in smaller, disjunct areas. Near human settlements, an artificially
increased population of the Raccoon (Procyon lotor), a toad predator, could be a threat,
but domestic cats are not a threat due to the toad’s bad taste.
Hybridization
Hybridization with the sympatric American Toad does occur, but this was assessed and
determined not to be a threat (Green 1984).
1.7 Knowledge Gaps
 More information on the magnitude of human impacts on Fowler’s Toad habitat is
needed to determine the most severe threats and whether these threats can be
mitigated.
 An assessment of the effectiveness of habitat creation projects is lacking.
 Habitat mapping and modeling across the entire Canadian range of this species,
including all lake water level and storm regimes, is currently lacking. Mapping
would assist in recovery by determining whether suitable but currently
unoccupied habitat is present within the province.
 Biological data (survivorship, fecundity, recruitment and hybridization) is lacking
for the Niagara and Rondeau populations. Most of the existing biological data
comes from the Long Point population and may not accurately reflect other
populations.
 Predator-prey dynamics, including those involving the Raccoon near human
settlements, are not well understood.

8
 The impact of low genetic variability in the Canadian Fowler’s Toad population is
unknown.
 The impact of the heavy metal contamination at Nickel Beach is unknown.
 Information is needed to determine the feasibility of translocation projects,
including on the availability of genetically similar individuals from elsewhere
throughout the species’ range.
1.8 Recovery Actions Completed or Underway
The Fowler’s Toad Recovery Strategy Development Team was first formed in January
2003 and meets annually to discuss recovery projects. Population data collection began
in 1986 at Long Point, in 2001 at Niagara, and in 2004 at Rondeau. The data are
collected in a standardized way (Green and Summerfield 2008) for input into a
population viability analysis (PVA) model to assist in assessing an overall measure of
recovery action success (COSEWIC 2010).
Habitat mapping has been initiated using criteria established by the recovery team. An
element occurrence database for Aylmer and Niagara areas has been created and sent
to each OMNR administrative district for submission to NHIC. This database should
help determine habitat similarities and differences across the range. A geographic
information system (GIS) application of this information will help resource managers
make appropriate land use decisions along the shoreline.
At Point Pelee National Park a thorough repatriation study was completed for Parks
Canada Agency; the current assessment for reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad is negative
(Hecnar and Hecnar 2005). Habitat management tests are underway at Morgan’s Point
Conservation Area, Wainfleet Long Beach Conservation Area, James N. Allen
Provincial Park, Nickel Beach, and Rock Point Provincial Park (D. M. Green, M. A.
Smith, A. R. Yagi, pers. obs. 2010). These tests include:
 erecting snow fence to capture wind-blown sand and create dunes for
hibernation habitat,
 creating breeding sites by digging ponds,
 removing exotic species (Silver Poplar, Crown Vetch, Kentucky Blue Grass,
European Common Reed) to release successional dunes and to improve dune
quality,
 ending the removal and landfilling of groomed sand from beaches,
 piling sand at the west end of beaches in order that wind and storms can move
the sand naturally and replenish beaches and dunes downwind.
The termination of beach grooming to remove algae has increased toadlet abundance
by the provision of additional escape cover in algae mats. Juvenile toad numbers in
fringe areas increased after dune and beach quality improvement projects (A. R. Yagi,
pers. obs. 2010).

9
Radio-tracking at Morgan’s Point (Yagi and Mills 2003) and at Long Point (Green 2008)
has confirmed that toads require beaches for evening activity and sparsely vegetated
dunes for day-time retreats and long-term dormancy. A management plan with
recommendations was produced for Nickel Beach (Limnoterra 2006). Habitat mapping
and testing of habitat mapping guidelines has been done at Nickel Beach and Morgan’s
Point Conservation Area (Yagi and Tervo 2008).
Outreach, education and habitat enhancement project publications produced by the
recovery team include an identification compact disc, post cards, stickers, posters,
pamphlets, a stewardship guide, a landowner contact brochure, a workshop
presentation for adults and children, and other educational material. Several articles
were written for Rock Point, Long Point, and Rondeau Provincial Parks, focusing on
beach and dune communities and three species that inhabit them, including Fowler’s
Toad. These items were printed in park magazines and newsletters, and are offered to
the public during the summer season. They are available from the Niagara Area Office
of OMNR in Vineland Station and may be accessed online from Land Care Niagara
(www.landcareniagara.com).

10
2.0 RECOVERY
2.1 Recovery Goal
Maintain the three extant populations of Fowler’s Toad in Ontario, in the Rondeau area,
on the Long Point peninsula, and along the Niagara Peninsula, and re-establish self-
sustaining populations in other suitable areas, where feasible.
2.2 Protection and Recovery Objectives
Table 1. Protection and recovery objectives
No. Protection or Recovery Objective
1 Protect existing populations and habitats of Fowler’s Toad.
2 Gather more data about Fowler’s Toad, about human impacts on populations and habitat, and
about how to mitigate these impacts.
3 Mitigate existing human impacts on Fowler’s Toad populations and habitat, reduce risks of
predicted or impending impacts and improve habitat.
4 Determine the feasibility of reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas.
5 Re-establish self-sustaining populations of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas, where feasible.
6 Extend current monitoring programs to re-established populations and all areas with suitable
habitat.

11
2.3 Approaches to Recovery
Table 2. Approaches to recovery of the Fowler’s Toad in Ontario
Relative
Priority
Relative
Timeframe
Recovery
Theme
Approach to Recovery
Threats or
Knowledge Gaps
Addressed
1. Protect existing populations and habitats of Fowler’s Toad.
Critical Ongoing Protection,
Stewardship
1.1 Protect habitat through land acquisition,
stewardship agreements, conservation
easements, and pertinent legislation, policies,
and guidelines.
 Habitat loss and degradation
Stewardship,
Education and
Outreach,
Communications
1.2 Inform stakeholders of their potential role and
of the need for habitat protection. Distribute
resource materials and develop working
relationships.
Stewardship,
Education and
Outreach,
Communications
1.3 Contact landowners within the existing range of
the species and distribute education materials.
 Death of toads
2. Gather more data about Fowler’s Toad, about human impacts on populations and habitat, and about how to mitigate these impacts.
Necessary Short-term Inventory, Monitoring
and Assessment,
Research
2.1 Continue to collect standardized population
data and its spatial extent for input into PVA
modeling.
 Inadequate data
and Assessment,
Research
2.2 Design an amphibian-specific PVA model to
assess the effectiveness of recovery actions
and to re-assess recovery goals and actions.
 Inadequate data
and Assessment,
Research
2.3 Determine habitat use for input into GIS habitat
modeling.
 Inadequate data

12
Relative
Priority
Relative
Timeframe
Recovery
Theme
Threats or
Knowledge Gaps
Addressed
Necessary Ongoing Inventory, Monitoring
and Assessment,
Research
2.4 Investigate the following aspects of Fowler’s
Toad ecology to inform recovery:
– identify dune and beach features that
require protection
– identify pier or groyne structures of
concern
– identify dispersal corridors and barriers
between and within population areas
– assess watershed impacts on breeding
sites, impacts of predation on range
extension, and impacts of human activities
on habitat
– improve understanding of limiting factors
affecting colonization and dispersal
– identify existing and potential breeding
sites through the full range of Lake Erie
water levels
– identify pollution discharge areas of
concern and determine effects
– determine whether specific shoreline
stabilization designs affect habitat use
– determine whether shore disturbances are
limiting populations
– determine whether existing structures are
limiting dispersal mechanisms or affecting
natural sand erosion and deposition
processes
– examine predator-prey relationships at all
life stages
– assess vegetation dynamics in dune and
beach systems
 All knowledge gaps

13
Relative
Priority
Relative
Timeframe
Recovery
Theme
Threats or
Knowledge Gaps
Addressed
3. Mitigate existing human impacts on Fowler’s Toad populations and habitat, reduce risks of predicted or impending impacts, and
improve habitat.
Critical Short-term Protection,
Management
3.1 Develop a prioritized list of areas for
implementation of management activities.
Critical Short-term Protection,
Management
3.2 Prepare habitat management plans for public
and private lands, including habitat
improvement projects.
Management
3.3 Implement management plans, carry out
enhancement projects and mitigate impacts:
 remove invasive species, including
European Common Reed and Zebra
Mussel shells in breeding sites, and
invasive plants on dunes
 remove barriers, especially shorewalls, in
dynamic dune areas
 stop beach grooming and algae removal
 stop vehicle use on beaches, especially at
night
 Death of toads
Necessary Ongoing Protection,
Management
3.4 Establish new protected areas to encompass
Fowler’s Toad habitat when and where
feasible.
4. Determine the feasibility of reintroduction of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas.
Beneficial Short-term Management,
Research
4.1 Determine whether habitat suitable for future
reintroductions exists.
 Feasibility of translocation
Research
4.2 Investigate translocation options, including
decision mechanisms and protocols for the
source and receiving sites.
 Feasibility of translocation
Research
4.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing habitat
improvement projects.

14
Relative
Priority
Relative
Timeframe
Recovery
Theme
Threats or
Knowledge Gaps
Addressed
Research
4.4 Prepare re-introduction plans.  Feasibility of translocation
5. Re-establish self-sustaining populations of Fowler’s Toad in suitable areas, where feasible.
Beneficial Long-term Management 5.1 Implement re-introduction plans.  Feasibility of translocation
6. Extend current monitoring programs to re-established populations and all areas with suitable habitat.
Necessary Ongoing Monitoring and
Assessment
6.1 Extend current population monitoring programs
to re-established populations.
 Inadequate data
Assessment
6.2 Monitor suitable habitat in all areas, including
all areas of historic Fowler’s Toad occurrence.
Assessment
6.3 Monitor management projects and results  Habitat loss and degradation

15
2.4 Area for Consideration in Developing a Habitat Regulation
Under the ESA, a recovery strategy must include a recommendation to the Minister of
Natural Resources on the area that should be considered in developing a habitat
regulation. A habitat regulation is a legal instrument that prescribes an area that will be
protected as the habitat of the species. The recommendation provided below by the
recovery team will be one of many sources considered by the Minister when developing
the habitat regulation for this species.
The map in Figure 2 shows the extent of Lake Erie shoreline within which Fowler’s Toad
may occur, either currently or historically. Within the three areas of current Ontario
occurrence, and within 0.5 km of the Lake Erie shoreline,
 all sand beaches,
 all sand dunes,
 all sandy-bottomed ponds and marshes, rocky shoals, and seasonal pools, and
 all shorelines associated with or linking these features,
should be prescribed as habitat in a habitat regulation.
Monitoring of all areas of historic Fowler’s Toad occurrence is recommended as a
recovery approach in this strategy. Re-establishing Fowler’s Toad is also recommended.
If at any time individuals of the species re-appear or are re-introduced, the four habitats
(described above) in that area should be prescribed in the habitat regulation.
Areas within 500 m of the Lake Erie shoreline where Fowler’s Toad currently occurs, but
which lack suitable habitat or which have had their habitat permanently altered, should
not be considered Fowler’s Toad habitat. Such areas include:
 bluffs,
 canals,
 marinas,
 piers.

16
GLOSSARY
Aestivation: A behavioral strategy of inactivity used by reptiles and amphibians to escape
extreme summer temperatures or dry conditions.
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC): The committee
responsible for assessing and classifying species at risk in Canada.
Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO): The committee
established under section 3 of the Endangered Species Act, 2007 that is
responsible for assessing and classifying species at risk in Ontario.
Conservation status rank: A rank assigned to a species or ecological community that
primarily conveys the degree of rarity of the species or community at the global
(G), national (N) or subnational (S) level. These ranks, termed G-rank, N-rank and
S-rank, are not legal designations. The conservation status of a species or
ecosystem is designated by a number from 1 to 5, preceded by the letter G, N or S
reflecting the appropriate geographic scale of the assessment. The numbers mean
the following:
1 = critically imperilled
2 = imperilled
3 = vulnerable
4 = apparently secure
5 = secure
Detritivore: One that feeds on detritus (organic particles).
Disjunct: Separated.
Endangered Species Act, 2007 (ESA): The provincial legislation that provides protection
to species at risk in Ontario.
Extirpated: Eliminated from a portion of its range.
Fecundity: Fertility or the capacity to produce young.
Groyne: A structure built out from shore to protect the shore from erosion, to trap sand, or
to direct a current
Oligotrophic: Low in nutrient levels.
Refugia: Plural of refugium – a place of sheltered habitat.
Re-hydration: To take up water in order to restore fluid balance.

17
Species at Risk Act (SARA): The federal legislation that provides protection to species at
risk in Canada. This act establishes Schedule 1 as the legal list of wildlife species
at risk to which the SARA provisions apply. Schedules 2 and 3 contain lists of
species that at the time the Act came into force needed to be reassessed. After
species on Schedule 2 and 3 are reassessed and found to be at risk, they undergo
the SARA listing process to be included in Schedule 1.
Species at Risk in Ontario (SARO) List: The regulation made under section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act, 2007 that provides the official status classification of
species at risk in Ontario. This list was first published in 2004 as a policy and
became a regulation in 2008.
Sympatric: Occurring in the same area.
Toadlet: A toad that has recently transformed from the tadpole stage, i.e., young of the
year, and is thus still very small.

18
REFERENCES
Birge, W.J., and Black, J.A. 1977. Embryopathic Effects of Waterborne and Sediment-
Accumulated Cadmium, Mercury and Zinc on Reproduction and Survival of Fish
and Amphibian Populations in Kentucky. Research Report No. 100. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Brown, L.E., and M.J. Littlejohn. 1972. Male release call in the Bufo americanus group.
Pages 310-323 in W. F. Blair, editor. Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of
Texas Press, Austin, Texas.
Bush, F. M., and E. F. Melnick. 1962. The food of Bufo woodhousei fowleri.
Herpetologica 18:110-114.
Conant, R., and J.T. Collins. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians.
Eastern/Central North America. 3rd Ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
COSEWIC. 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Fowler’s Toad
Anaxyrus fowleri in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in
Canada. Ottawa. vii + 58 pp. (www.sararegistry.gc.ca/status/status_e.cfm).
Dobbyn, S. 2008. Rondeau Provincial Park Fowlers Toad Mark/Recapture Study
2004-2008. Draft report, Ontario Parks, Morpeth, Ontario.
Ferguson, D. E., and C. C. Gilbert. 1968. Tolerances of three species of anuran
amphibians to five chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Journal of the Mississippi
Academy of Sciences 13:135-138.
Green, D.M. 1984. Sympatric hybridization and allozyme variation in the toads Bufo
americanus and B. fowleri in southern Ontario. Copeia 1984:18-26.
Green, D. M. 2000. Status report update on Fowler’s toad; Bufo fowleri, in Canada.
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa Ontario.
Green, D.M. 2004. Bufo fowleri (Fowler’s toad) in M. J. Lannoo, editor. In Declining
Amphibians: a United States' Response to the Global Phenomenon. University of
California Press, Berkeley, California.
Green, D.M. 2008. Movements and Habitat Use by Fowler’s Toads, Bufo (Anaxyrus)
fowleri, at Hahn Beach, Big Creek NWA, Long Point, Ontario. Report to Canadian
Wildlife Service, Environment Canada.
Green, D.M., and A. Summerfield. 2008. Population ecology of Fowler’s Toad (Bufo
fowleri) at Long Point, Ontario. Field Report for 2008. Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources and Canadian Wildlife Service.

19
Hecnar, Stephen J. and Darlene R. Hecnar. 2005. Feasibility of Repatriation of
Extirpated Herpetofauna to Point Pelee National Park. Lakehead University,
Thunder Bay, ON. Prepared for Parks Canada Agency, Point Pelee National
Park, Leamington, ON.
Judd, W. W. 1957. Fowler’s toads on the Lake Erie shore. Bulletin of the Federation of
Ontario Naturalists 78:13-15.
Kellner, A., and D.M. Green. 1995. Age structure and age at maturity in Fowler’s toads,
Bufo woodhousii fowerli, at their northern range limit. Journal of Herpetology
29:485-489.
Limnoterra Limited. 2006. Draft Nickel Beach, Port Colborne, Fowler’s Toad (Bufo
fowleri) Data Analysis and Management Implications. Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources Report.
Masta, S.E., B.K. Sullivan, T. Lamb, and E.J. Routman. 2002. Molecular systematics,
hybridization, and phylogeography of the Bufo americanus complex in Eastern
North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24:302-314.
Oldham, M.J. and W.F. Weller. 2000. Ontario Herpetofaunal Atlas. Natural Heritage
Information Centre, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/herps/ohs.html (updated 15-01-2010).
Sanders, H. D. 1970. Pesticide toxicities to tadpoles of the western chorus frog,
Pseudacris triseriata, and Fowler’s toad, Bufo woodhousei fowleri. Copeia
1970:246-251.
Smith, M.A. 2004. Spatial ecology of Bufo fowleri. PhD. Thesis. Department of Biology,
McGill University, Montreal.
Smith, M.A. and D.M. Green. 2004. Phylogeography of Bufo fowleri at its northern range
limit. Molecular Ecology 13:3723-3733.
Smith, M.A, and D.M. Green. 2006. Sex, isolation and fidelity: unbiased long distance
dispersal in a terrestrial amphibian. Ecography 29:649-658.
Wright, A. H., and A. A. Wright. 1949. Handbook of Frogs and Toads, 3rd edition.
Comstock, Ithaca, New York.
Yagi A.R. 2008. Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) distribution and abundance in the Niagara
Population Region 2001 to 2006. Ontario Ministry of NaturalResources.
Yagi, A. and D. Mills. 2003. Interim Report: Fowler’s Toad (Bufo fowleri) Abundance and
Habitat Use at Morgan’s Point Conservation Area with Habitat Enhancement
Recommendations, Summer 2003. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Report.

20
Yagi A.R and R. Tervo. 2008. Species at Risk Habitat Mapping for the Fowler’s Toad
(Bufo fowleri)- a Test of Draft Habitat Mapping Guidelines. Ontario Ministry of
NaturalResources.
Zweifel, R.G. 1968. Effects of temperature, body size and hybridization on mating call of
toads, Bufo a. americanus and Bufo woodhousei fowleri. Copeia 1968:269-285.

21
RECOVERY STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT TEAM MEMBERS
NAME AFFILIATION and LOCATION
Anne Yagi (Chair) Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Niagara
Sandy Dobbyn (Co-Chair) Ontario Parks, London
Advisors
David M.Green Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal
M. Alex Smith University of Guelph
Amy Brant Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Niagara
Tim Seburn Bert Miller Nature Club, Fort Erie
Jeff Robinson Canadian Wildlife Service, London
Michael Oldham Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough
James Duncan Nature Conservancy of Canada
Kim Frohlich Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority
Ron Gould Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Aylmer
Bob Johnson Toronto Zoo
Jason Mask Ontario Parks, Long Point Provincial Park
Vicki Mc
Kay Parks Canada Agency
Mark Custers Ontario Parks, Turkey Point Provincial Park
Mike Potsma Ontario Parks, Rock Point Provincial Park

PART 3 – Fowler’s Toad Ontario Government Response
Statement, prepared by the Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources

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