1) The document discusses the use of graphs in economics to analyze relationships between variables like price and quantity. 2) It notes that Ibn Khaldun is considered one of the fathers of economics and was the first to develop the concept of using graphs, drawing the idea from sand watches. 3) The key components of graphs discussed are price and quantity lines, as well as demand and supply curves, and how they are used to show changes in price and quantity from shifts in demand or supply.

2. GRAPH
ANALYSIS

3. ECONOMICS
E = Economy
C = Consumer
O = Organizing
N = Neutral
O = Objectivity
M = Measurement
I = Investigation
C = Capability
S = Scarce

4. DEFINITION OF
“ECONOMICS”
“The science which studies Human
Behavior as a relationship between
Ends and Scarce means which have
Alternative Uses”
(Lionel Robbins)
Modern Economic Theory
K.K Dewett
Pg:08

5. GRAPH ANALYSIS
“It is a Diagram showing how Two
Variables are related to one another.
Graphs are the Language of
Economics”
The language of Graphs are lines
and curves.
(Paul Samuelson)
Economics
Pg:18

6. WHO GAVE THE
CONCEPT OF
GRAPHS ?
IBN KHALDUN was a Muslim
Historiographer who is often viewed as
one of the Fathers of Modern
Historiography, Sociology and
Economics.
He is best known for
his Muqaddimah (known
as Prolegomenon in English)
Wikipedia

7. FROM WHAT HE GAVE
CONCEPT OF GRAPHS
IN ECONOMICS?
IBN KHALDUN draw concept of
Graphs from Sand Watch and gave
philosophy in Economics.

8. WHAT IS A LINE?
Lines are Fixed and not
Flexible. We cannot make
lines always as per Data.

9. PRICE LINE
This Vertical Line is called
PRICE LINE in Economics.
It represent Price or any kind
of Financial Value

10. RISE & FALL IN
PRICE LINE
Arrow going Upwards show Rise in
price.
Arrow going Downwards show Falls in
Price

11. QUANTITY LINE
This Horizontal Line in
Economics is Called “Quantity
Line”. It represent Quantity and
any kind of Volume.

12. RISE & FALL IN
QUANTITY
Arrow going right side shows Rise in
Quantity .
Arrow going Left side show Falls in
Quantity.

13. DEMAND LINE
Demand Line Shows the change in
Demand and its effects on
Quantity and Price.

14. DOWNWARD CHANGE
IN “DEMAND LINE”
When there is Downward Change
in Demand line Quantity
Increases and Price Decreases.

15. UPWARD CHANGE IN
“DEMAND LINE”
When there is Upward Change in
Demand Line Quantity Reduce and
Price Increase.

16. SUPPLY LINE
Supply Line shows the Change in
Supply and its Effects on Price

17. DOWNWARD CHANGE IN
“SUPPLY LINE”
When there is Downward Change
Supply increases and Price
decreases.

18. UPWARD CHANGE IN
“SUPPLY LINE”
When there is Upward Change
Supply decreases and Price
increases.

19. CURVES
Curves are also Language of
Graphs. Curves are made on
Angles. Curves give us more
Flexibility to Present Data.

20. UPWARD CHANGE IN
“DEMAND CURVE”
In Upward Change Quantity
Increases and Price Decreases.

21. DOWNWARD CHANGE IN
“DEMAND CURVE”
In Downward Change Quantity
Increases and Price Decreases.

22. UPWARD CHANGE IN
“SUPPLY CURVE”
When there is Upward Change
Supply Decrease and Price
Increase

23. DOWNWARD CHANGE IN
“SUPPLY CURVE”
When there is Downward Change
Supply Increase Price Decrease.

24. SURPLUS &
SHORTAGE

25. EQUILIBRIUM
A situation in which the supply of an item is
exactly equal to its demand. Since there is
neither surplus nor shortage in the market,
price tends to remain stable in this situation.

26. DEMAND SHIFT

27. SUPPLY SHIFT

28. DEMAND & SUPPLY
SCHEDULE