The document summarizes the key aspects of the digestive system and liver anatomy and function. The digestive system breaks down food and includes the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The liver is the largest gland, located in the upper right abdomen, and has four lobes separated by connective tissue. It receives blood from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and performs important functions like regulating blood sugar, synthesizing proteins and bile, and detoxifying toxins.

1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

2. • The digestive system is made up of gastrointestinal tract-also called
the GI tract or digestive tract-liver,pancreas and gallblader

3. DIGESTION
• Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller
components,until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body
• The GI tract is a series of hollow organs which includes
mouth,esophagus,stomach,small intestine,large intestine and the
anus.
• The liver,pancreas and the gallbladder are the solid organs of the
digestive system.

4. LIVER

5. ANATOMY
• It is the largest gland in the body
• Weighs about 1.5kg in man
• It is reddish-brown in colour(as like animal liver)

6. LOCATION
• Located in the upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity and is
anchored to the diaphragm by the coronary ligament.

7. LOBES
• It has 4 lobes
• Mainly dived into 2 major lobes
• Large right lobe
• Smaller left lobe
• Right lobe includes 2 inferior smaller lobes.

8. • Lobes are separated by a sheet of connective tissue called faciform
ligament
• Each lobe consists of many hexagon shaped units called hepatic
lobules
• Lobules are formed by cubical shaped cells(hepastocytes)arranged in
colums of cells.in between 2 columns of each plate,lies a vessel called
bile canaliculus.

9. • At each corner of a lobule is a cluster of 3 vessels called hepatic
triad,which consists of a hepatic artery,branch of the hepaic portal
vein and a bile duct.
• At the centre of each lobule is along vessel called the central vein
• Bile is produced by the hepatocytes and drains into the bile
canaliculi,then into the larger bile ducts,which transport the bile away
from the liver and into the gallbladder storage
• The direction of the bile flow in the bile canaliculi is opposite to that
of blood in the sinusoids

10. BLOOD SUPPLY
• The liver is supplied with blood through 2 vessels
• Poratal vein
• Hepatic artery
• Heaptic artery carries oxygenated blood,where as the portal vein
carries blood that is rich in the end products of digestion.
• Blood filled capillaries lacted between the neighbouring hepaticplates
are called sinusoids

12. • Fixed to the inner liing of the sinusoids are the phagocyticcells called
Kupffer’s cells which remove most of the bacteria from the blood
cells.

13. Functions of the liver
• Regulation of blood sugar levels
• Synthesis of non-essential amino acids,plasma proteins,foetal red
blood cells,cholesterol,bile
• Control of lipid levels
• Storage of vitamis and minerals
• Generation of heat
• Breakdown of hormones
• Detoxification and destruction of red blood cells
• Converts toxic substance ammonia into urea