its about landscaping

1. LANDSCAPE
ELEMENTS
SUBMITTED BY:
ANAMIKA PATIL

2. PURPOSE OF PLANTING TREES:
 1. TO PROVIDE SHADE AND SHADOWS AT THE CERTAIN AREA.
 2. SINCE IT PROVIDES SHADOW, IT REDUCES ARTIFICIAL COOLING COSTS.
 3. OBVIOUSLY, IT LOOKS BEAUTIFUL AND PURIFIES THE AIR WHICH IS SUBMERGED WITH VARIOUS
TOXIC GASES AND POLLUTANTS.
 4. IF WE INSTALLED IT ON THE BOUNDARY OF THE SITE, IT IS VERY USEFUL WHEN DUST STORM COMING
TO THE SITE AND TREES BARRICATES THAT STORM TO ALLOW PURIFIED AND COOL AIR.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CLIMATIC
REQUIREMENTS:-
1. TROPICAL PLANTS:- ORIGINATE IN TROPICAL CLIMATES WITH A YEAR-
ROUND SUMMER- LIKE GROWING SEASON WITHOUT FREEZING
TEMPERATURES. EX- BANANA, MANGO, PAPAYA. 2. SUB-TROPICAL:- PLANTS
CANNOT TOLERATE SEVERE WINTER TEMPERATURES BUT NEED SOME WINTER
CHILLING. EX- CITRUS, DATES, FIGS.
3. TEMPERATE-ZONE:- PLANTS REQUIRE A COLD WINTER SEASON AS WELL AS
A SUMMER GROWING SEASON, AND ARE ADAPTED TO SURVIVE
TEMPERATURES CONSIDERABLY BELOW FREEZING. EX- APPLES, CHERRIES,
PEACHES.
CLASSIFICATION BY GROWTH HABIT:
‘GROWTH HABIT’ REFERS TO THE GENETIC TENDENCY OF A PLANT TO GROW
IN A CERTAIN SHAPE AND TO ATTAIN A CERTAIN MATURE HEIGHT AND
SPREAD. • TREES:- TYPICALLY HAVE A SINGLE TRUNK AND MATURE HEIGHT
OVER 12 FEET. • SHRUBS:- TYPICALLY HAVE MULTIPLE-BRANCHES FROM THE
GROUND AND A MATURE HEIGHT LESS THAN 12 FEET. • VINES:- HAVE A
CLIMBING, CLASPING, OR SELF-CLINGING GROWTH HABIT.

3. CLASSIFICATION BY LEAF & STEM TEXTURE:
 • HERBACEOUS PLANTS HAVE NON-WOODY STEMS.
 • WOODY PLANTS HAVE WOODY STEMS THAT GENERALLY LIVE FOR SEVERAL YEARS, ADDING
NEW GROWTH EACH YEAR.
 • DECIDUOUS PLANTS SHED ALL LEAVES AT APPROXIMATELY THE SAME TIME ANNUALLY.
 • EVERGREEN PLANTS RETAIN SOME LEAVES LONGER THAN ONE GROWING SEASON SO THAT
LEAVES ARE PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
 • SEMI-EVERGREEN REFERS TO PLANTS THAT MAY RETAIN THEIR LEAVES, DEPENDING ON THE
WINTER TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE.
 • BROADLEAF PLANTS HAVE A BROAD LEAF BLADE (E.G. ASH, MAPLE, LILAC AND BEANS).
 • NARROWLEAF PLANTS HAVE NEEDLE-LIKE (E.G. PINE, SPRUCE) OR AWL-LIKE (E.G. JUNIPERS)
LEAVES.
 • GRASS-LIKE PLANTS HAVE NARROW LEAVES, USUALLY ARISING FROM THE BASE OF THE
PLANT. THE LEAVES MAY BE SOFT (ORNAMENTAL GRASSES) OR STIFF (YUCCA).
MANY LANDSCAPE PLANTS COULD BE CONSIDERED SMALL TREES OR LARGE SHRUBS.
THE TERMS "TREE" OR "SHRUB" WOULD BE APPLIED BASED ON THE GENERAL
APPEARANCE OF THE PLANT. PLANTS HAVE VASTLY DIFFERENT GROWTH HABITS. IT IS
IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND GROWTH HABITS IN ORDER TO MAKE KNOWLEDGEABLE
DECISIONS REGARDING PLANT PLACEMENT, PLANT SELECTION, PRUNING AND
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS. THE SPECIES, CULTIVAR, AND/OR VARIETY NAME
SOMETIMES INDICATES SOME CHARACTERISTIC OF GROWTH HABIT.

4. COMMONLY USED TREES:
1.KANAIR KA PEDH(KARNIKAR TREE):
ITS AN INSECTICIDE, PREVENTS INSECTS AND PESTS TO ENTER
INTO THE HOUSE. • COST:- RS. 20 SAMPLING.
2. BOTTLE PALM:
IT IS A MYTH THAT THE TRUNK IS A MEANS BY WHICH THE PALM
STORES WATER. HIS TREE IS SLOW GROWING BUT CAN REACH
HEIGHTS THAT RANGE FROM 12 TO 20 FEET. ITS SLENDER,
LANCED-SHAPED LEAFLETS ARE DARK GREEN, APPROXIMATELY
2 FEET LONG, AND GROW OPPOSITE FROM ONE ANOTHER TO
FORM A "V" SHAPE ON THE RACHIS PR MIDDLE OF THE FROND. •
COST:- RS. 100
3.ASHOKA TREE:
COMMONLY PLANTED DUE TO ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN
ALLEVIATING NOISE POLLUTION. THE LEAVES ARE USED FOR
ORNAMENTAL DECORATION DURING FESTIVALS. THE TREE IS A
MAIN ATTRACTION IN GARDENS THROUGHOUT INDIA. IN PAST,
THE FLEXIBLE, STRAIGHT AND LIGHT-WEIGHT TRUNKS WERE USED
IN THE MAKING OF MASTS FOR SAILING SHIPS. THAT IS WHY THE
TREE IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE ‘MAST TREE’. TODAY, THE TREE IS
MOSTLY USED FOR MANUFACTURING SMALL ARTICLES SUCH AS
PENCILS, BOXES, MATCHSTICKS, ETC. • COST:- RS. 30

5. 4. NAAG CHAMPA TREE:
THE FLOWERS, LEAVES, SEEDS AND ROOTS ARE USED
AS HERBAL MEDICINES IN INDIA AND IN NAG
CHAMPA INCENSE STICKS.
• COST:- RS.30.
5. NEEM TREE:
NEEM LEAVES ARE DRIED IN INDIA AND PLACED IN
CUPBOARDS TO PREVENT INSECTS EATING THE
CLOTHES AND ALSO WHILE STORING RICE IN TINS.
NEEM LEAVES ARE DRIED AND BURNT IN THE
TROPICAL REGIONS TO KEEP AWAY MOSQUITOES. AS
AN AYURVEDIC HERB, NEEM IS ALSO USED IN BATHS.
• COST:- RS.20.
6.GULMOHAR TREE:
ITS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES, BUT STILL IT IS WIDELY
CULTIVATED ALL AROUND THE WORLD. IN ADDITION
TO ITS ORNAMENTAL VALUE, IT IS ALSO A USEFUL
SHADE TREE IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS, BECAUSE IT
USUALLY GROWS TO A MODEST HEIGHT (MOSTLY 5
METERS, BUT IT CAN REACH AN MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF
12 METERS).
• COST:- RS. 15.

6. PATHWAYS
 WALKWAYS ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF
LANDSCAPING. A BEAUTIFUL WALKWAY WILL GREATLY
ENHANCE THE HOME'S CURB APPEAL AND PROVIDE A
WAY FOR YOU AND GUESTS TO GET TO YOUR FRONT
DOOR PROVIDING DEFINITE CIRCULATION. IT WILL SERVE
AS AN ENTRANCE TO YOUR HOME. WHETHER IT WILL
LEAD STRAIGHT TO YOUR FRONT DOOR, OR TO A SMALL
COURTYARD GARDEN OR PORCH, THERE ARE MANY
DESIGN OPTIONS FOR WALKWAYS.
 THREE IMPORTANT WALKWAY DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS:
 WIDTH
 SHAPE
 PAVING MATERIALS

7. TYPES OF PATH(ON BAIS OF SHAPE)
FORMAL PATHS:
 PATHS IN A FORMAL GARDEN ARE ALMOST ALWAYS
STRAIGHT.
 WHEN STANDING AT THE ORIGIN OF A WALKWAY,
ONE SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE ALL THE WAY TO THE
DESTINATION. THIS TYPE OF PATH DESIGN LEADS THE
EYE AND THE VISITOR DIRECTLY TO THE FOCAL POINT
OF THE GARDEN, WHICH MAY BE A FOUNTAIN,
STATUE, OR EVEN A GAZEBO.
INFORMAL PATHS:
 CURVED PATHS WORK BEST IN INFORMAL GARDENS
BECAUSE OF THEIR NATURAL, CASUAL APPEARANCE.
 THE NATURAL, FLOWING SHAPE OF A CURVED
WALKWAY ALSO EVOKES A FEELING OF RELAXATION.
 A SMALL GARDEN CAN BE MADE TO APPEAR LARGER
BY HIDING THE END OF A CURVED PATH BEHIND A
STRUCTURE OR PLANTS. INFORMAL PATHS

8. Pathway Materials
1)BRICK WALKWAYS ;
 BENEFITS OF A BRICK WALKWAY
EASY REPAIRS
TIMELESS APPEAL
DURABLE
VARIETY OF PATTERNS POSSIBLE
PERMEABLE IF DRY LAID
CAN BE USED TO RESURFACE CONCRETE
TRADITIONAL FEEL
PAVER WALKWAYS :
 PAVERS ARE A VERY VERSATILE WALKWAY PAVING
MATERIAL. THEY CAN BE USED TO CREATE A
SIMPLE PATH OR AN ELABORATE ENTRY WALKWAY.
 WALKWAY PAVERS COME IN MANY SHAPES,
COLOURS AND TEXTURES AND CAN BE LAID IN A
VARIETY OF PATTERNS.

9. FLAGSTONE PATHWAY
BENEFITS OF A FLAGSTONE WALKWAY
NATURAL LOOKING
NON-SLIP WALKING SURFACE
PERMEABLE SURFACE
DURABLE
CAN HAVE GROUND COVER GROWN IN BETWEEN STONES
VARIETY OF COLORS AVAILABLE
GRAVEL PATHS
 A GRAVEL PATH IS SIMPLE, NATURAL, AFFORDABLE AND
ATTRACTIVE. DEPENDING ON THE BORDER MATERIAL USED, A
GRAVEL PATHWAY CAN COMPLEMENT A FORMAL OR
INFORMAL GARDEN. GRAVEL COMES IN A RANGE OF EARTHY
COLOURS AND A VARIETY OF SIZES. SINCE GRAVEL IS A LOOSE
MATERIAL, WALKWAY EDGING IS ESSENTIAL TO KEEP THE
CRUSHED ROCK IN ITS PLACE.
CONCRETE PATHS
CONCRETE IS A VERY POPULAR MATERIAL FOR WALKWAYS
BECAUSE OF ITS VERSATILITY. CONCRETE CAN BE COLORED AND
TEXTURED TO MIMIC NATURAL STONE, TILE, BRICK AND MORE.
 CONCRETE WALKWAY DESIGN OPTIONS: STRAIGHT OR CURVED
LIMITLESS COLOR OPTIONS THROUGH STAINS OR INTEGRAL
COLORS STAMPED OR SAW-CUT DESIGNS AND TEXTURES
DECORATIVE BORDERS EXPOSED AGGREGATE

10. LANDSCAPE LIGHTING:
 LANDSCAPE LIGHTING HAS EXCESSIVE POTENTIAL TO ENHANCE THE
LANDSCAPE AND PROVIDES MANY BENEFITS FOR BOTH RESIDENTIAL AND
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS.*LANDSCAPE LIGHTING CAN ADD SAFETY,
SECURITY, AMBIANCE, MOOD AND DRAMA TO THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT.
LIMITED ONLY TO THE DESIGNERS IMAGINATION, THE PRACTICAL FUNCTIONS
AND VARIOUS MOOD EFFECTS OF LANDSCAPE LIGHTING ARE ENDLESS.
SAFETY:
 ONE OF THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF LANDSCAPE EXTERIOR LIGHTING IS TO
INSURE SAFE PASSAGE FOR PEDESTRIANS ON STEPS, SIDEWALKS, WALKWAYS
OR OTHER LIGHTING AREAS WHERE ASPECTS OF THE OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT
MAY BECOME A HAZARD AT NIGHT.
 SAFETY LIGHTING TYPICALLY PROJECTS DOWNWARD AND NEVER INTO ONES
EYES AND IS FREE FROM GLARE. 2SECURITY.
 LOW LEVELS OF LIGHT EVENLY SPREAD AROUND THE PERIMETER OF BUILDINGS
CAN ACT AS A PREVENTIVE TO INTRUDERS AND PROVIDE GREATER SECURITY
THAN FLOODS WHICH CREATE POOLS OF LIGHT ALONG WITH DARK SHADOWS
WHERE SOMEONE CAN HIDE.
 LIGHT SOURCES THAT EMIT LOW LEVEL LIGHT FROM THE KNEE DOWN
SILHOUETTE PROWLERS AND MAKE THEM VISIBLE FROM EVERY ANGLE.
3AMBIANCE AND DRAMA. BEAUTY, HOSPITALITY AND DRAMA ARE ENHANCED
BY THE PROPER SELECTION AND PLACEMENT OF LANDSCAPE LIGHTS.
 CHOOSING FOCAL POINTS OF ARCHITECTURE, ART, UNIQUE FEATURES AND
LANDSCAPE PLANT MATERIAL CAN ADD NIGHT TIME DRAMA TO THE
LANDSCAPE AFTER THE SUN HAS SET.

11. LIGHTING TECHNIQUES
1. PATH LIGHTING :
 THIS TECHNIQUE IS USED PRIMARILY FOR SAFETY TO HIGHLIGHT SIDEWALKS, DRIVES, OR ANY PATH
TO ENSURE SAFE PEDESTRIAN PASSAGE AT NIGHT.
 CHOOSE PATHWAY LIGHTS OFFERING DOWNLIGHTING WITH EMPHASIS PLACED ON FIXTURES THAT
INCORPORATE DIFFUSED OR SHIELDED LAMPS*
 AVOID LIGHTING THAT SHINES IN THE EYES. SINCE PATH LIGHT FIXTURES BECOME AN INTEGRAL
PART OF THE LANDSCAPE DURING THE DAY, ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO PLACEMENT AND
DAYTIME APPEARANCE.
 TYPICAL FIXTURES: MUSHROOMS, TULIP LIGHT, LANTERN, SPECIALTY LIGHTS
2 . STEP / DECK LIGHTING :
 STEP LIGHTING BRINGS DECK TO LIFE IN NIGHT AND HELP US TO NAVIGATE STAIRS SAFELY DURING
NIGHT.
 ITS FIXTURES CAN BE INSTALLED BENEATH BENCHES, AS RECESSED LIGHT IN THE RISERS OF STEP AND
AS A SURFACE LIGHTS ON VERTICAL LIGHTING POSTS.
 TYPICAL FIXTURES: SPOT/ACCENT LIGHTS , SPECIALTY LIGHTING.
3 . UNDERWATER LIGHTING:
 UNDERWATER LIGHTING HIGHLIGHTS UNDERWATER PLANT MATERIAL & CAPTURES LIGHT TO SHOW
OFF DEPTH OR IMAGINATIVE DESIGN.
 ILLUMINATING WATER BODIES NOT ONLY INCREASE THEIR ATTRACTIVENESS BUT ALSO ENSURES
SAFETY IN DARK.
 CASCADING FOUNTAINS AND FALLS REFLECT LIGHT INTHEIR MOVEMENT ADDING A VISUAL
PERSPECTIVE TOTHE SOUND OF RIPPLING OR SPRAYING WATER.

12. 4.UP LIGHTING :
 * UP LIGHTING MEANS TO LIGHT SOMETHING FROM BELOW.
 UP LIGHTING IS RARELY SEEN IN NATURE YET EFFECT IS TYPICALLY USED TO HIGHLIGHT TREES AND
STATUES.
 TO PRODUCE LARGE SHADOWS & DRAMATIC FACADES OR TO “WASH” WALLS WITH LIGHTS.
5.DOWN LIGHTING:
 MIRRORING THE EFFECT OF THE SUN OR THE MOON, DOWN LIGHTING IS THE MOST NATURAL FORM
OF LANDSCAPE.
 CHOOSE FIXTURES THAT CAN EASILY BE MOUNTED ON EAVES AND WALLS OR SUSPENDED FROM
TREES AND OTHER ELEVATED STRUCTURES.
 THE DOWN LIGHTING EFFECT IS USED TO PROVIDE GENERAL ILLUMINATION FOR SAFETY, SECURITY
OR OUTDOOR ENTERTAINMENT OR IT CAN BE USED TO FOCUS ON A SINGULAR OBJECT SUCH AS A
STATUE OR SPECIMEN TREE.
 6. ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
 *THE TECHNIQUES OF ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING ARE USED TO EMPHASIZE THE VARIATION IN
TEXTURE AS WELL AS ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES IN BRICK AND STONEWORK, SOFFIT DETAILS AND
FACADE.
 *ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING CAN ALSO BE USED TO ENHANCE GATEWAYS, STATUES
1. *SPOTLIGHTING OR HIGHLIGHTING
2. * SILHOUETTING
3. * SHADOWING
4. * GRAZING LIGHT SPOTLIGHTING OR HIGHLIGHTING
 THIS EFFECT UTILIZES A NARROW FOCUSED, DEEP BEAM OF LIGHT TO ACCENT OR HIGHLIGHT A
SPECIFIC LANDSCAPE OBJECT CREATING NIGHTTIME MAIN POINT. UP LIGHTING, DOWN LIGHTING
OR ANY COMBINATION CAN BE USED TO CREATE A SPOTLIGHTING EFFECT; HOWEVER, CARE
SHOULD BE GIVEN WHEN SPOT LIGHTING SINCE IT HAS SO MUCH POTENTIAL OF RUINING A SUBTLE
BEAUTY AND ENHANCEMENT OF THE NIGHTSCAPE IF TOO MUCH LIGHT IS INTRODUCED.

13. SILHOUETTING :
 SILHOUETTING IS CREATED WHEN THE IMAGE OF A DISTINCTIVE PLANT, TREE, STATUE
OR OTHER LANDSCAPE OBJECT IS REFLECTED AGAINST A WALL OR OTHER VERTICAL
SURFACE. LIGHTS ARE PLACED BEHIND THE PLANT MATERIAL OR OBJECT TO AND
DIRECT THE LIGHT UPWARD ONTO THE BACKDROP TO CREATE THIS DRAMATIC EFFECT.
SHADOWING :
 THIS EFFECT CREATES A VISUAL SIMILAR TO SILHOUETTING; HOWEVER; THE FIXTURE IS
POSITIONED IN FRONT OF THE PLANT OR OBJECT RATHER THAN BEHIND IT. SINCE THE
SHADOW OF THE OBJECT IS OFTEN MAGNIFIED THE EFFECT CAN BE MORE DRAMATIC
THAN SILHOUETTING.
GRAZING LIGHT :
 GRAZING LIGHT IS UTILIZED TO HIGHLIGHT AND ENHANCE THE TEXTURES OF
INTERESTING SURFACES SUCH AS COBBLESTONE, MASONRY, STUCCO OR TREE BARK.
HOODED FIXTURES WITH WIDE BEAM SPREAD LAMPS ARE IDEAL FOR THIS TECHNIQUE.
LIGHTING FIXTURES
1. SOLAR LIGHT
• SOLAR LIGHTS MAKE USE OF TINY PHOTO
VOLTAIC CELLS (PV CELLS) OR SOLAR
POWERED CELLS TO CHARGE THE BATTERY
THAT IS INTEGRATED INTO LIGHTING
FIXTURES.
• MOST MANUFACTURES PREFER TO INSTALL
PV CELL INTO THE LIGHTING FIXTURE ITSELF.
THESE CAN’T WORK IF THEY ARE PLACED IN
SHADE.
• OTHER SOLAR LANDSCAPING MODELS
TEND TO SEPARATE THE PV PANEL FROM
THE LIGHTING FIXTURE.
• THUS THE PV PANEL WILL BE ABLE TO
RECEIVE MAXIMUM SUNLIGHT. DRAWBACK
IS THAT WIRE HAVE TO BE BURIED.
2. FLUORESCENT LIGHTS
• A LONG STRAIGHT TUBE COATED WITH
PHOSPHOR CONTAINING LOW PRESSURE
MERCURY THAT PRODUCES WHITE LIGHT.
3. HALOGEN LIGHTS
• HIGH PRESSURE INCANDESCENT LAMPS
CONTAINING HALOGEN GASES SUCH AS
IODINE OR BROMINE ALLOWING
FILAMENT TO BE OPERATED AT HIGHER
TEMPERATURES.
4. LUMINAIRE
• A COMPLETE LIGHTING UNIT CONSISTING
OF A LAMP, BALLAST AS REQUIRED WITH
THE PARTS DESIGNED TO DISTRIBUTE THE
LIGHT, POSITION AND PROTECT THE LAMP
AND CONNECT THEM TO POWER SUPPLY.

14. 5. NEON LIGHTS*
 NEON LIGHTING CONSISTS OF BRIGHTLY GLOWING,
ELECTRIFIED GLASS TUBES OR BULBS THAT CONTAIN RAREFIED
NEON OR OTHER GASES.
 * NEON LIGHTS ARE A TYPE OF COLD CATHODE GAS-
DISCHARGE LIGHT. A NEON TUBE LIGHT IS A SEALED GLASS
TUBE WITH A METAL ELECTRODE AT EACH END, FILLED WITH
ONE OF A NUMBER OF GASES AT LOW PRESSURE.
 *NEON LIGHTS WERE NAMED FOR NEON, A NOBLE GAS
WHICH GIVES OFF A POPULAR RED LIGHT, BUT OTHER GASES
AND CHEMICALS ARE USED TO PRODUCE OTHER COLORS,
SUCH AS HELIUM (YELLOW), CARBON DIOXIDE (WHITE), AND
MERCURY (BLUE).
6. LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)
 *EARLIER ONLY HALOGEN OR FLUORESCENT LAMPS COULD
PROVIDE THE PUNCH, COLOR, AND ENERGY SAVINGS FOR
CERTAIN LANDSCAPE APPLICATIONS, LEDS ARE NOW
AVAILABLE WITH THESE IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES, AS WELL AS
ADDED BENEFITS OF VERY LONG LIFE AND DURABILITY.
 *LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED) ARE TINY LIGHT BULBS WITHOUT
FILAMENT THAT ARE ILLUMINATED SOLELY BY THE MOVEMENTS
OF ELECTRONS IN A SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL.

15. OUTDOOR FURNITURE:
SEATING:
 SEATING ATTRACT AND HIGHLIGHT SOME GARDEN DESIGN.
USED FOR RELAXED VIEWING THE SURROUNDING OR
READING BOOKS OR SIMILAR SUCH ACTIVITIES.
 SEATING DESIGN IS NORMALLY BASED ON THE GARDEN
DESIGN CONCEPT. COMFORT IS THE MAIN CRITERIA IN
DESIGN.
 DESIGN SHOULD AVOID INTRICATE CORNERS OR SPACES.
SCALE OR SIZE SHOULD BE ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE LOAD
AS WELL AS RELATE TO THE SURROUNDING LANDSCAPE
SCALE.
 MATERIALS USED SHOULD BE EASILY CLEANED OR PAINTED.
STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS SHOULD BE DURABLE.
 CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS SHOULD
COMPLIMENT THE SURROUNDING CONSTRUCTION COST
AND LANDSCAPE DESIGN.
 MODERN AND TRADITIONAL MATERIALS CAN BE CHOSEN
BASED ON THE CONTEXT WHETHER THEY ARE TO BE USED IN
AN URBAN OR RURAL AREA.
 SEATING COULD BE ACCOMMODATED UNDER BIG TREES
(LARGE CANOPY/ FOLIAGE) NEAR COVERED BUILDINGS,
NEXT TO A WALL OR PLANTS SHELTERED FROM SUNLIGHT,
AND WINDY AREAS NOT OBSTRUCTED BY OTHER
LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS. SELECT PLACES FOR SEATING
HAVING GOOD AND HAVE PLEASANT VIEWS.
WOOD WHETHER IF IT IS TEAK, REDWOOD, MAHOGANY
OR EVEN COMPOSITE WOOD, THEY ARE ONE OF THE
MOST POPULAR KINDS OF MATERIALS USED IN FURNITURE
MANUFACTURING. ONE OF THE HIGHEST DEMANDED
MATERIAL ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. THE LIFESPAN OF
WOOD ALSO BEATS MANY OTHER TYPES OF MATERIAL
AND IT’S ALSO VERY SIMPLE TO MAINTAIN. IT CAN ALSO
BE COMBINED WITH OTHER MATERIALS LIKE STAINLESS
STEEL OR EVEN LEATHER. STAINLESSSTEEL STAINLESS STEEL
DOES NOT EASILY CORRODE, RUST OR EVEN STAINED BY
WATER WHICH NORMAL STEEL DOES. THEY ARE HIGHLY
DURABLE AND LAST FOR A LONG TIME WITH PROPER
CARE AND MAINTENANCE. USING WATER JET CUTTING
TECHNOLOGY, STAINLESS STEEL CAN BE
MANUFACTURED IN MANY SHAPES AND SIZES AND CAN
BE STORED AWAY WITHOUT HAVING TO TAKE UP ALOT
OF SPACE. CANE AN ALL NATURAL MATERIAL, CANE IS
POPULAR IN THE OUTDOOR FURNITURE CATEGORY DUE
TO ITS HIGHLY DURABLE MATERIAL ASPECT. ABLE TO
BENT IT ANY SHAPE AND SIZE, CANE CAN CREATE MANY
DESIGNS THAT THE MIND CAN IMAGINE AND IS RATHER
AFFORDABLE FOR THE MASS MARKET. PLASTIC ONE OF
THE POPULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF PLASTIC MATERIAL
ARE THAT IT IS LIGHTWEIGHT AND ARE ABLE TO MEET THE
BUDGET OF THE LOW BUDGET CONSUMER. PLASTIC IS
VERY SUITABLE FOR THE OUTDOORS AND COMES IN A
VARIETY OF COLOURS. HOWEVER, PLASTIC MATERIAL
FURNITURE LOSES IT’S STRENGTH OVER TIME AND IF
EXPOSED TO HEAVY WEIGHT OVER A LONG PERIOD OF
TIME, THE PARTS MIGHT BEND AND ITS COLOR WILL FADE
OVERTIME. HIGHER GRADES PLASTIC MATERIALS ARE
MORE RESISTANT TO SUCH PROBLEMS EVEN THOUGH
THEY COST A BIT MORE THAN NORMAL PLASTIC
MATERIALS.
MATERIALS:

16. WATER ELEMENT IN LANDSCAPE:
ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE -WATER :
WATER IS ALSO ANOTHER MOST IMPORTANT LANDSCAPE ELEMENT.
WATER BODIES IMPROVE THE QUALITY AND THE WORTH OF THE SITE.IT MAKES THE SITE
ATTRACTIVE.
 THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF WATER BODIES :
1. FOUNTAINS
2. POOLS
3. PONDS
4. SPOUTS
5. ARTIFICIAL WATERFALLS. ETC.
WHETHER A SMALL BABBLING BROOK OR A TUMULTUOUS CASCADE, WATER FEATURES ADD
SOUND, MOVEMENT, AND ENJOYMENT INTO THE LANDSCAPE. THEY ALSO PROVIDE
OPPORTUNITIES FOR INCORPORATING POND AND WETLAND PLANTS INTO YOUR
LANDSCAPE DESIGN. THE CHOICE AND PLACEMENT OF BOULDERS, STONEWORK, AND
PLANTINGS CAN LINK THE WATER FEATURE WITH YOUR BUILDING AND PROPERTY,
CREATING A UNIFIED LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION
WATER FLOWS INEVITABLY, FROM THE SOURCE TO THE RECEIVING OCEAN BASIN. THIS
CONTINUITY OF RIVULETS , STREAMS AND RIVERS CAN BE READILY OBSERVED.
USES:
1. EXCELLENT LAND WATER INTERFACE GIVES AN ECOLOGICAL HOME FOR THE ANIMALS
AND PLANTS.
2. WATER RUNOFF REDUCED.
3. MICROCLIMATE CREATED.
4. MOISTURE LEVEL MAINTAINED.
5. WETLAND, MARSHES, SWAMPY AREAS ARE CONSERVED.
6. MAINTAINING VEGETATION INTO WETLANDS.
7. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE MAINTAINED.