AWS EC2 Foundations Guide

© 2018, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its Affiliates. All rights reserved.
Clinton Ford, Sr. Product Manager
August 27, 2018
EC2 Foundations

EC2 Foundations
Resources
Instances
Storage
Networking
Availability
Regions and AZs
Placement Groups
Load Balancing
Auto Scaling
Management
Deployment
Monitoring
Administration
Purchase Options
On Demand
Reserved
Spot

Amazon EC2:
Virtual servers in the cloud
Physical Servers in
AWS Global Regions
Host server
Hypervisor
Guest 1 Guest 2 Guest n

Amazon EC2 11+ years ago…
Scale up or
down quickly,
as needed
Pay for what
you use
M1
“One size fits all”

3
5
7
11 12 13
23
42
52
60
70
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
EC2 instance growth since then

EC2 instance characteristics
i3.xlarge
Instancefamily
Instancegeneration
Instancesize
Instance type
CPU
Memory
Storage
Network Perf

Amazon
maintained
Set of Linux and
Windows images
Kept up-to-date by
Amazon in each
region
Community
maintained
Images published
by other AWS users
Managed and
maintained by
Marketplace
partners
Your machine
images
AMIs you have
created from EC2
instances
Can be kept private
or shared with other
accounts
Amazon Machine Images (AMIs)

EC2 instances
General
purpose Dense
storage
Compute-
optimized
FPGAs
General-
purpose
GPU
Big data
optimized
Graphics
intensive
Memory-
optimized
High
I/OM5 D2 X1T3 R5m I3m C5d F1M5d P3H1 z1dG3X1e I3 C5
High
I/O
Burstable
Compute and
memory intensive
R5
C O M I N G
S O O N
Memory
intensive
z1dm
In-memory
Virtual
private
servers
C O M I N G
S O O N
Amazon
Lightsail
R5d

General Purpose instance workloads
Web/app servers Enterprise apps Gaming servers
Caching fleets Analytics applications Dev/test environments

M5: Next-Generation General Purpose instance
• Powered by 2.5 GHz Intel Xeon Scalable
Processors (Skylake)
• New larger instance size—m5.24xlarge with
96 vCPUs and 384 GiB of memory
(4:1 Memory:vCPU ratio)
• Improved network and EBS performance on smaller
instance sizes
• Support for Intel AVX-512 offering up to twice the
performance for vector and floating point workloads
14% price/performance
improvement With M5
M4 M5

L o w U t i l i z a t i o n
H i g h U t i l i z a t i o n
Opportunity: Most instances aren’t very busy

T3: General Purpose Burstable instances
T3 Burstable Performance instances
provide a generous baseline level of
CPU performance with the ability to burst
above the baseline
Lowest cost EC2 instance at $0.0052
per hour, and available on AWS Free Tier
With T3 Unlimited, burst
whenever you want for as long as
you want
Just $0.05 per vCPU-hour over
baseline, averaged over 24 hours
T3.nano
0.5GiB
2 vCPU
Base perf
5%
…7 sizes
T3.2xlarge
32 GiB
8 vCPU
Base perf
40%

R5: Memory Optimized instances
In-memory databases In-memory analyticsIn-memory caches
• 8:1 GiB to vCPU ratio
• Memory-optimized instances with Intel Xeon Platinum
8000 series processors
• Up to 25 Gbps NW bandwidth
• R5d instances are available in the same sizes as R5 and
include up to 3.6 TB of local NVMe storage
r5.large
16 GiB
2 vCPU
768 GiB
96 vCPU
r5.16xlarge
…6 sizes

z1d: High frequency instances
Relational databases GamingEDA
• 8:1 GiB to vCPU ratio
• High frequency instances with custom Intel Xeon
Scalable processors running at up to 4.0 GHz
• Up to 25-Gbps NW bandwidth and up to 1.8 TB of
local NVMe storage
z1d.large
16 GiB
2 vCPU
384 GiB
48 vCPU
z1d.12xlarge
…6 sizes
Electronic
Design
Automation

X1 and X1e—Large-Scale Memory-Optimized
For memory-intensive workloads
and very large in-memory workloads
32:1 GiB to vCPU ratio
High-performance databases, Large in-
memory databases (e.g. SAP HANA), and
DB workloads with vCPU based licensing
(Oracle, SAP)
For large in-memory workloads
16:1 GiB to vCPU ratio
In-memory databases (e.g., SAP
HANA), big data processing engines
(Apache Spark, Presto), in-memory
analytics
X1eX1
Roadmap through 2018: up to 16TB memory instances!
1 TB
64 vCPU
x1.16xlarge
2 TB
128 vCPU
x1.32xlarge
2 TB
64 vCPU
X1e.16xlarge
4 TB
128 vCPU
x1e.32xlarge
…6 sizes

I3: I/O optimized instances
9X as many IOPS
as I2
I2 I3
• Intel Xeon E5 v4 (Broadwell) processors, with
up to 15.2 TB of locally attached NVMe SSD
storage, 64 vCPUs, and 488 GiB memory
• Lowest cost per IOPS ($/IOPS)
• Offers very high Random I/O (up to 3.3 million
IOPS) and disk throughput (up to 16 GB/s)
• Up to 25 Gbps NW bandwidth
High-perf databases Real-time analytics
No SQL databasesTransactional workloads
SQL

EC2 Bare Metal
EC2 Bare Metal
Run bare metal workloads on EC2
with all the elasticity, security, scale,
and services of AWS
i3.metal
36 hyperthreaded cores
15.2 TB SSD-based NVMe storage
512 GiB RAM
Designed for workloads that
are not virtualized, require
specific types of hypervisors,
or have licensing models
that restrict virtualization
Powers the VMware Cloud on AWS

Dense Storage workloads—D2
Data warehousing
Log processing
HDFS
d2.8xlarge
244 GiB
36 vCPU
48 TB
HDD
• Lowest cost per
storage ($/GB)
• Supports high
sequential disk
throughput
• More vCPUs and
memory per terabyte
of disk
• Lower costs for big
data uses cases
256 GiB
64 vCPU
16 TB
HDD
h1.16xlarge
Big data
Kafka
MapReduce
and H1

Batch processing
Compute-intensive workloads
Distributed analytics High-perf computing (HPC)
Ad serving Multiplayer gaming Video encoding

C5: Compute-optimized instances based on Intel
Skylake
• Based on 3.0 GHz Intel Xeon Scalable Processors
(Skylake)
• Up to 72 vCPUs and 144 GiB of memory
(2:1 Memory:vCPU ratio)
• 25 Gbps NW bandwidth
• Support for Intel AVX-512
25% price/performance
improvement over C4
C4 C5
“We saw significant performance
improvement on Amazon EC2 C5, with up to a
140% performance improvement in industry
standard CPU benchmarks over C4.”
“We are eager to migrate onto the AVX-512
enabled c5.18xlarge instance size… . We expect
to decrease the processing time of some of our
key workloads by more than 30%.”

Accelerated computing on AWS
Parallelism increases throughout
CPU: High speed, highly flexible GPU/FPGA: High throughput, high efficiency
GPUs and FPGAs can provide massive parallelism and higher efficiency
than CPUs for many categories of applications

Seismic exploration and
analytics for oil and gas
“The exploration and production
models are increasingly complex
with very large datasets, 3D and
dynamic algorithms, security, and
global reach... . Amazon EC2 G3
instances enable Landmark to
deliver value to our clients in
ways that were not possible
before.”
- Chandra Yeleshwarapu,
Global Head of Services and Cloud
Landmark, Halliburton
High-performance graphics with G3
Ideal for workloads needing
massive parallel processing power
Visualizations
Cloud workstation
3D rendering
Video encoding
Virtual reality
4 GPUs, 64 vCPUs, 488 GiB of host
memory, and 20 Gbps of network
bandwidth
Tesla M60 GPU offers 8 GB of GPU
memory, 2048 parallel processing
cores and a hardware encoder
10 H.265 (HEVC) 1080p30 streams
18 H.264 1080p30 streams

Graphics Acceleration: Elastic GPUs
Allows customers to add
low-cost graphics
acceleration to Amazon EC2
instances over the network
Come in a wide range of sizes;
you can attach GPUs to a wide
range of EC2 instances to
achieve optimal performance
OpenGL compliant, giving you
the confidence to run any
graphics-intensive application
1GiB
GPU Memory
2 GiB
4 GiB
8 GiB
C u r r e n t
G e n e r a t i o n
E C 2
I n s t a n c e

Use Cases for GPU Compute
Machine learning/AI High-performance computing
Natural language
processing
Image and video
recognition
Autonomous vehicle
systems
Recommendation
systems
Computational fluid
dynamics
Financial and data
analytics
Weather
simulation
Computational
chemistry

Next Generation of GPU Compute Instances -
P3 Instances
• Industry’s most powerful GPU-based platform
• Based on NVIDIA’s latest GPU Tesla V100
• 1 PetaFLOP of computational performance in a single instance
• Provides up to 14X performance improvement over P2 for machine
learning use cases
• Up to 2.6X performance improvement over P2 for HPC use cases
P3

F1 instances—First cloud instance with FPGA
Speed up applications over 30x
 Financial computing
 Genomics sequencing
 Engineering simulations
 Image and video processing
 Big data and ML
 Security, compression
F 1 i n s t a n c e
W i t h y o u r c u s t o m
l o g i c
D e v e l o p , s i m u l a t e , d e b u g
& c o m p i l e y o u r c o d e
P a c k a g e a s
F P G A I m a g e s

World’s Record Genomics Processing on F1

Amazon EC2 instance store
• Local to instance
• Non-persistent data store
• Data not replicated
(by default)
• No snapshot support
• SSD or HDD
EC2 instances
Physical Host
Instance Store
or

Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)
EC2
instance
EBS
volume
• Block storage as a service
• Create, attach volumes through an API
• Service accessed over the network
• Select storage and compute based on
your workload
• Volumes persist independent of EC2
• Detach and attach between instances
• Choice of magnetic and SSD-based
volume types
• Supports Snapshots: Point-in-time
backup of modified volume blocks
Amazon S3
sc1st1
io1gp2
EBS
SSD-backed
volumes
EBS
HDD-backed
volumes
Elastic Volumes let you increase volume size or change volume type
EBS
Snapshot

Flow LogsNAT Gateway
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
Virtual Private Cloud
Provision a logically isolated
cloud where you can launch
AWS resources into a
virtual network
Security Groups & ACLs

10.1.0.0/16 10.2.0.0/16 10.3.0.0/16
VPC Peering
A networking connection between two VPCs
Now available: Inter-region Peering!

AWS PrivateLink
Share services privately
between VPCs and
on-premises networks
Secure, Scalable, Reliable
Customers
and Partners
Service VPC
Network
Load
Balancer
AWS
Direct
Connect
On-Premises
Resources
Client VPC 1
Client VPC 2
Client VPC 3
VPC Endpoint
VPC
Endpoint
VPC
Endpoint

EC2 Resources Recap
AMI
Virtual Machine
Configuration
Instance
Running or
Stopped VM
VPC
Amazon S3
EBS EBS EBS
VPC
EBS EBS EBS
EBS
Snapshots

AWS global infrastructure
*The AWS Cloud has announced plans to expand with 12 new Availability Zones in four new
geographic Regions: Bahrain, Hong Kong, Sweden, and a second AWS GovCloud Region in the U.S.
SLA of 99.99% availability
18 geographic regions, 1 local region
A region is a physical
location in the world where
we have multiple Availability Zones
55 Availability Zones
Distinct locations that are engineered
to be insulated from failures in other
Availability Zones

CLUSTER SPREAD
Placement Groups
Placement Groups enable you to influence our selection of capacity for
member instances, optimizing the experience for a workload
EC2 places instances closely
together in order to optimize
the performance of
inter-instance network traffic
EC2 places instances on
distinct hardware in order to
help reduce correlated
failures

Spread Placement Groups
Database
Cluster
When deploying a No SQL
database cluster in EC2, Spread
Placement will ensure the
instances in your cluster are on
distinct hardware, helping to
insulate a single hardware failure
to a single node

Load balancer used to
route incoming requests
to multiple EC2 instances,
Containers, or IP
addresses in your VPC
Elastic Load
Balancing provides
high-availability by
utilizing multiple
Availability Zones
ELB
EC2
Instance
EC2
Instance
EC2
Instance
Elastic Load Balancing

Auto Scaling groupAuto Scaling group
Auto Scaling
Fleet management Dynamic scaling
ELB
EC2 instances
ELB
CPU
Utilization
EC2 instances
Replace unhealthy instances Scale to demand

Launching Instances with Launch Templates
Tags
Launch
Parameters
User Data
Network Interface
Placement
AMI ID
EBS Volume
Instance Type Console
CLI
API
Instances
Launch
Block Device Mapping

CONSISTENT
EXPERIENCE
Launch Templates
Templatize launch requests in order to streamline and simplify future
launches in Auto Scaling, Spot Fleet, and On-Demand Instances
SIMPLE
PERMISSIONS
GOVERNANCE &
BEST
PRACTICES
INCREASE
PRODUCTIVITY

Amazon CloudWatch
• Monitoring service for AWS cloud resources and the applications
you run on AWS
• You can use Amazon CloudWatch to collect and track metrics,
collect and monitor log files, set alarms, and automatically react to
changes in your AWS resources

• Securely manage Windows and Linux
instances, EC2, or on-premises
• Stay compliant with patching, config drift
management, and software inventory
• Automate daily tasks with delegated
administration and approval
• Centrally manage secrets and config items
EC2 Systems Manager
AWS cloud
On-premise data
center
IT Admin, DevOps Engineer
Granular Role-based Access
Control with Audit Trail

Highly reliable service with redundant
array of satellite and atomic clock sources
Amazon Time Sync Service

On-Demand
Pay for compute capacity by the
second with no long-term
commitments
Spiky workloads, to define needs
Reserved
Make a 1- or 3-year commitment
and receive a significant discount
off of On-Demand prices
Committed, steady-state usage
Spot
Spare EC2 capacity at a savings of
up to 90% off of On-Demand prices
Fault-tolerant, dev/test,
time-flexible, stateless workloads
Per Second Billing for EC2 Linux instances & EBS volumes
EC2 Purchasing Options

EC2 Reserved Pricing
Discount up to 75% off of the
On-Demand price
Steady state and
committed usage
1- and 3-year terms
Payment flexibility with
3 upfront payment options (all,
partial, none)
Reserve Capacity or opt
for flexibility across AZs
and instance sizes
Convertible RIs
Change instance family, OS,
tenancy, and payment

Reserved Instance Recommendations

EC2 Spot Pricing
Turbo Boost your results
with Spot Fleet
Spare EC2 Capacity that
AWS can reclaim with
2-minutes notice
Savings up to 90% off of the
On-Demand price
Eliminate the bid! No need to learn
new APIs
Pause and resume with
Stop/Start and
Hibernate

1. Use Reserved Instances for
known/steady-state workloads
2. Scale using Spot, On-Demand or
both
3. AWS services make this easy and
efficient (e.g., Auto Scaling, Spot
fleet, ECS, EMR, Thinkbox
Deadline, AWS Batch)
To optimize EC2, combine all 3 options
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
/Spot
On-Demand
Spot
Reserved

Thank you!

AWS EC2 Foundations Guide

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