1. Validating a Solid-Static Single-
Armed Male Prototype Tasked
to Produce Dynamic Movement
from the Shoulder Through the
Preparation Phase
A.M. Gal1, A.D.C. Chan1 and D.C. Hay2
1 Ottawa Carleton Institute Biomedical Engineering – Carleton University Canada
2 School of Physical and Health Education – Nipissing University Canada

2. PURPOSE
to design, implement, and validate a
methodology to determine baseline measures
during the preparation phase (PREP) of seated
weight-bearing locomotion

3. Upright VS Seated Double Poling
1) contact phase known as
propulsion
2) return phase of the cycle
known as recovery
3rd phase introduced known as
preparation
a) shorter pole length
Full arm extension to plant
b) longer pole length
Pick-off to start of swing
return
Propulsion
Shoulder
short
pole
long
pole forward
cycle
PP: poling phase TP: transition phase RP: recovery phase

4. Why was this Phase Introduced?
Observable changes in sledge movement in con-
junction with biomechanical trends
However, currently the direct benefit of this
additional phase is unclear to the overall
biomechanics of the complete cycle
er-
ee
wo
ng
he
nar
ity
For
ed.
eal
ess
for
cal
ith
nt,
n, to
Figure 1. An illustration depicting previously outlined stages of propulsion for seated shoulder-dependent sports such as sledge
hockey; preparation (PREP), propulsion (PRO) and recovery (REC). PREP is defined as full arm extension to pick-plant; PRO from pick-
plant to pick-off; and REC from pick-off to full arm extension. A single cycle occurs between two identical consecutive phase exchanges
(REC-PREP1 to REC-PREP2).

5. The Connection to Societyable. If triceps function is limited, the generation
of friction in a downward or outward direction is
hampered. Therefore, the inwards-directed latero-
medial force component can serve as an effective
alternative for friction generation.
The finding that elite athletes show FEF values
well under 100% (table II) suggests that the non-
tangential force direction recorded is not the result
of insufficient experienceorpoorproficiency.Never-
theless, the strategy of force application, that is, the
distribution of forces over the push angle, is de-
pendent on the proficiency of the wheelchair user.[8]
Changing the external conditions will change the
direction of force application: FEF parameters de-
creasewith speed[37,51] and arein general lower under
maximal speed conditions compared with steady-
state wheeling (table II). However, the maximal
speed conditions in table II involved a Wingate an-
aerobic test (WAnT) with supplementary resistance
on the rear wheels. Therefore, a straightforward
conclusion about the underlying parameter of FEF
changes cannot be made.
Boninger et al.[11] calculated the maximal rate of
rise of Ft, Fr and Fy from the corresponding force-
versus-time curves. These parameters were chosen
to identify possible impact spikes and were assumed
to represent values that could be related to injury
mechanisms. For most strokes analysed by Bonin-
ger et al.,[11] there was an impact spike in the radial
direction following first hand contact. The rate of
Wrist
Elbow
Shoulder
Effective
force
direction
Wrist
Elbow
Shoulder
Actual
force
direction
Joint torque
Direction of joint rotation
Fig. 3. The relationship between force direction and calculated net joint torques around shoulder and elbow (from Veeger et al.,[52]
with permission).
 Adis International Limited. All rights reserved. Sports Med 2001; 31 (5)
Population that is shoulder dependent
for daily mobility
Overloading and/or
overuse of a joint
not designed for
weight-bearing
tasks

6. Solid-Static System - Limb
Limb morphology replicated average male 80kg
US Marine Corp & AR Tilley’s – The Measures of Man and Women
Isolated shoulder as pivot point (dynamic)
Fixed Elbow 135o Wrist-Stick 45o
Dynamic
movement
requires accurate
internal force
assumptions

7. METHODOLOGY
Mathematical Model – Inverse Dynamics
Physical Model – Average Male Torso Single Armed
+ , 0o and - to the horizon upper arm start height
3 drops / start height
Vicon Motion Capture
System
Bertec Force Plate
NOT Test Position

8. RESULTS

9. Trajectory – Limb Movement
Pick Wrist Elbow Shoulder (origin) ___ Vertical … Mediolateral --- Antroposterior

10. Vertical Trajectory – Start Heights
+ (yellow) 0o (blue) – (red)

11. Limitations & Corrections
Balanced bucket for the sledge à plate weights
instead of dumbbells
Factor +/- 10o start height à +/- 30o
Tripod to mark consistent start heights
Sampling rate force plates 1000Hz à 2000Hz
Remove filter for force plate data

12. CONCLUSION
Theoretical Model & Experimental results proved
mechanical testability of the prototype
Validated for future research to define baseline
measures for the preparation phase
n Sledge Hockey:
Analysis to Define Gait
n A.D.C. & Hay D.C.
r-dependent
gait for the
otion having
consisting of
ent and will
edge hockey
nalysis with
al shoulder-
utlines three
pared to two
nt gait using
ance of the
his tri-planar
g its stability
l failure. For
until healed.
may reveal
al soundness
ite a risk for
of physical
analysis with
PHASES OF PROPULSION
Figure 1. An illustration depicting previously outlined stages of propulsion for seated shoulder-dependent sports such as sledge
hockey; preparation (PREP), propulsion (PRO) and recovery (REC). PREP is defined as full arm extension to pick-plant; PRO from pick-
plant to pick-off; and REC from pick-off to full arm extension. A single cycle occurs between two identical consecutive phase exchanges
(REC-PREP1 to REC-PREP2).
ng hip-dependent motion having
lateral movements consisting of
or bilateral movement and will
ved. Propulsion in sledge hockey
mensional motion analysis with
for a forward cyclical shoulder-
dependent sports outlines three
recovery (Fig 1) compared to two
or shoulder-dependent gait using
f the exact importance of the
nvolved in creating this tri-planar
motion in turn leaving its stability
ity causing structural failure. For
tationary lifestyle until healed.
ing linear propulsion may reveal
tection and structural soundness
as sledge hockey, invite a risk for
has a diverse range of physical
dimensional motion analysis with
performance, skill development,
e hockey, known as propulsion, to
otion.
Figure 1. An illustration depicting previously outlined stages of propulsion for seated shoulder-dependent sports such as sledg
hockey; preparation (PREP), propulsion (PRO) and recovery (REC). PREP is defined as full arm extension to pick-plant; PRO from pick
plant to pick-off; and REC from pick-off to full arm extension. A single cycle occurs between two identical consecutive phase exchange
(REC-PREP1 to REC-PREP2).
dependent propulsion.
nation of the primary musculature involved in creating this tri-planar
ed to promote the largest range of motion in turn leaving its stability
that mobility could supersede stability causing structural failure. For
uld be detrimental leading to a stationary lifestyle until healed.
ody musculoskeletal movement during linear propulsion may reveal
may provide insight for enhancing protection and structural soundness
ulder-dependant movements, such as sledge hockey, invite a risk for
able-bodied sports, sledge hockey has a diverse range of physical
duced impairments. By combing 3-dimensional motion analysis with
ents can be made aiding in athletic performance, skill development,
tern found within the sport of sledge hockey, known as propulsion, to
n a forward cyclical weight-bearing motion.
PURPOSE
adult male sledge hockey players medically diagnosed with a physical
cally active adult males with no or limited knowledge of the physical
ture system (Vicon) with artificial ice surface (bladed-sledge) or rubber
sed in conjunction with surface electromyography (sEMG) electrodes
rs and stabilizers for shoulder-dependent weight-bearing locomotion
ome (anterior, medial, posterior), latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major,
d be made that the rotator cuff is ultimately the primary stabilizer for
on of this four muscle cuff presents issues for sEMG acquisition during
es (GRF) from pick-plant to pick-off will be acquired from force plates in
ft and right sticks, and sledge/participant data. Anthropometric
ction, and impairment history will be collected.
METHODOLOGY
Figure 2. Illustrations of sport-specific exchange points segmenting the stages of propulsi
motion capture (bottom) analysis; REC-PREP (left), PREP-PRO (middle) and PRO-REC (right)